CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Intensive agriculture using modern technologies and innovative
Schemes has been the answer to increasing food production for the
Growing population (Rohret al., 2019) . However, this approach has
Brought negative effects to humanhealth and the environment Hence,
alternative means have been addressed forboth problems. One Such
means is organic farming. Advocates of sustainableagriculture, Both
local and abroad, believe that organic agriculture is the remedyto

The world Problem of environmental degradation (Meemken & Qaim,

2018) .However, these effects are strongly influenced by the nature of
The organicmaterials, the nutrient content, and the process of the
decomposition of the soil

According to Toth et al., 2018) . A diverse array of organic materials

can be processed andcomposted for application on the farm. Most of
these are called wastes, but someare by-products that can be put to
good use by a simple process or treatment(Epelde et al., 2018) .Tere is
an increased demand for organically produced vegetables, given
itshealth and nutritional benefts (Timsina, 2018). Tere is a paucity of
informationon the use of organic fertilizers for vegetable production in
the province, especiallyon evaluating the effects of using A different
substrate for vermiculture on thegrowth and yield of Pechay
Vermicomposts contains most nutrients in plant-available forms.
According to Such asnitrates, phosphates, and exchangeable calcium
and soluble potassium (Lim etal., 2015) . Tese include plant residues,
animal Manures, green manures, agroindustrial wastes, and garbage.
Such materials are abundant in Philippine farmsand urban areas (Vital
et Al., 2018) . Some earthworm species consume andbreakdown a wide
range of organic residues such as sea wage sludge, animalwastes,Crop
residues, and industrial refuse is well known (Francisco et Al
2019) .Organic farming produces nutrient-rich fertile soil, which
Nourishes theplants. Keeping chemicals off the land protects water
Quality and wildlife. It doesalso rejuvenate depleted soils and sustains
Fertility levels. Crops respond more to the addition of organic fertilize,
Than to chemicals (Prado, 2014) .

Bok choy, pak choi (Brassica rapa), or Pechay is a popular table

vegetable in the Philippines. Chinensis varieties do not form heads.
Instead, they have smooth, dark greenleaf blades forming clusters
reminiscent of mustard or celery.They are easily grown and are
consumed as raw and cooked. It is mostly taken inraw to prevent
possible loss of its nutritional value when heated (Prado, 2010) . It is an
excellent source of income and a hobby even for limited space,
adopting thevery popular vertical gardening using recycled containers
aspotting media and an important commodity in the Philippines society
(Matejowsky, 2013) .

There is a growing concern to decrease the application of chemical

fertilizers to soil because of their adverse effects on soil fertility, human
health and the environment (Nagavallemma et al., 2004). Inorganic
fertilizers are proven to be destructive in every way that is,
environmentally, socially, agronomically and economically (Sinha et al.,
2011). Rampant application of chemical fertilizers to crops has negative
effects on the soil flora, fauna and enzymes which help to maintain the
natural fertility of the soil (Gupta et al., 2014). Horticulturists are
advocating the adoption of vermicomposts as a switch from the
destructive chemical fertilizers (Sinha et al., 2011).

Vermicomposts are nutrient-rich, microbiologically-active organic

materials that result from the interactions between earthworms and
mesophilic microorganisms, in a non-thermophilic process, during the
breakdown of organic matter to produce fully-stabilized materials
(Lazcano and Dominguez, 2011; Thiruneelakandan and Subbulakshmi,
2014; Joshi et al., 2014). According to Dominguez (2011)
vermicomposts are produced using a mesophilic bio-oxidative process
in which earthworms, primarily epigeic or litter-feeding species such as
Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubellus and associated microorganisms
and other soil decomposers interact to break down organic wastes.
They are highly fragmented, soil-like, organic materials with exceptional
biological, chemical and physical properties (Brown, 2000; Edwards,
1998; Orozco, 1996).

This vermicomposting is an organic farming technique that is gaining

recognition amongst small scale farmers across the globe as a natural
means of soil fertility management, fitting well into the integrated plant
nutrient management strategies for sustainable agriculture (Sharma,
2001). Organic fertilizers from animal manure, yard waste, human
waste and food waste that have been bio-stabilised using
vermicomposting are now becoming a preferred source of local
fertilizer Input by small scale farmers in many parts of the world for soil
amendments and improved crop production.
The use of vermicomposts is not an unusual practice in most countries
in Sub-Saharan Africa, although its adoption by farmers in the region is
still very low. Many small scale farmers in the region cannot afford
chemical fertiliser inputs and depend on organic fertilisers like compost
and manure, but are oblivious of vermicomposts (Svotwa, 2009).
Evidence has been provided that the application of vermicompost on
cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) field plots enhances the crop’s aerial
biomass production. A few small scale farmers in Southern Africa,
mainly South Africa, Malawi and Zimbabwe have also adopted the use
of vermicomposts.

Some small scale farmers in Matebeleland who have been using

chicken manure vermicompost for several years in their gardens have
reported enhanced soil productivity and plant growth and crop yields
over the years. In other parts of Zimbabwe,demonstration by the
Agricultural Technical and Extension Services on vermicomposting has
promoted the adoption of these vermicomposts. Small scale farmers in
Hwedza, Zimbabwe are reaping the fruits of using vermicomposts as
they are able to harvest and sell tomatoes on a daily basis from green
houses and open fields (Mangwarara, 2014).Vegetables and cereal
crops grown in soils amended with vermicompost display excellent
growth performances in terms of plant height, colour and texture of
leaves and appearance of fruiting structures when compared to
conventional compost and chemical fertilisers (Sinha, 2009).

According to Sunitha (2000), application of recommended dose of

fertilizer and vermicompost was significantly superior in increasing
growth performance and lower pest incidence in Chilli nursery.
Significantly lower number of leaf hoppers and thrips (Ramesh, 2000)
Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armiger (Rao et al., 2001; Rao, 2002)
and their damage in field crops. The application of vermicompost
prevents built up of aphids and leaf hoppers on bhendi (Surekha and
Arjunarao, 2000). Yardim et al. (2006) reported substitution of 20 and
40% vermicompost rate have decreased damage caused by adult
striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum) and spotted cucumber
beetles (Diabotrica undecimpunctata) on cucumber and Larval
hornworms on tomatoes (Manduca Quinquemaculata). The
vermicompost have significant suppression effects on mealy bug
attacks (Pseudococcus) on cucumbers and tomatoes, twospotted spider
mite attacks (Tetranychus urticae) on bush beans and egg plants and
attacks by aphids (Myzuz persicae) on cabbages by low application
(Arancon et al., 2005, 2007; Edwards et al., 2010).

Vermicompost and chemical fertilizers Should be used combined to get

higher yield and to maintain soil health as well as cost effective
production system. Thus, it is necessary to carry out studies by using
fertilizers and vermicompost in an integrated way to find out the
appropriate dose or proportion of chemical fertilizers and
vermicompost use to maintain a desirable yield level.

Background of Study
Vermicompost is nothing but the excreta of earthworms, which is rich
in humus and nutrients. Vermicompost can be produced in any place
with shade, high humidity and cool. Abandoned cattle shed or poultry
shed or unused buildings can be used. If it is to be produced in open
area, shady place is selected. A thatched roof may be provided to
protect the process from direct sunlight and rain. The waste heaped for
vermicompost production should be covered with moist gunny bags.
The pH is a very important property to determine the availability of
nutrients, microbial activity and physical conditions of the soil. pH
range of 6.5 to 7.5 for soil is considered to optimal level in which most
soil nutrients are available to the plants (7). The measurement of
Electrical conductivity is directly related to the soluble salt
concentration of the vermicompost these salts may be acidic, neutral or
basic. In case of excess salt in soil, the plant growth in such soil is
affected adversely (6).

To achieve consistency in plant traits across experimental groups,

uniform genetic makeup Brassica rapa seeds will be obtained.
Vermicompost will be used as the organic fertiliser in different
concentrations based on the experimental treatments. It will be
obtained from a reputable supplier. For seed germination and plant
growth, pots or planting trays filled with standardised soil substrate will
be used, guaranteeing consistency in growing conditions. Watering
tools, including drip irrigation systems or watering cans, will be used to
provide experimental plants with preset volumes of water at
prearranged intervals. Throughout the course of the
experiment,measurement tools including rulers and measuring tapes
will be used to quantify growth metrics such plant height, leaf area, and
stem diameter.

The use of permaculture practices ”uch as hugelkultur, Rainwater

harvesting, sheet mulching, intensive rotational grazing and in
particular vermicomposting and its end Products has the potential to
allow small scale farmers to realise increase in crop production and
prevent harmful pests without polluting the environment. Therefore,
Integration of vermicomposts into nutrient management plans by small
scale farmers could result in significant reduction in their cost of
production. The present study was undertaken to investigate the
effects of vermicompost produced from cattle manure, food waste and
garden waste as a soil supplement on growth and yields of rape
(Brassica Napus) in potting media.

Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to determine if the vermicompost is effective
on enhancing Growth and yield of brassica rapa.

1. How does the application of vermicompost affect the growth

parameters of Brassica rapa, such as plant height, leaf area, and stem
diameter?

2. Does vermicompost application improve the overall yield of Brassica

rapa, including the number of harvested heads or weight of harvested
produce?

3. What are the potential long-term effects of vermicompost

application on soil health and fertility in Brassica rapa cultivations?

Hypothesis
The following hypothesis were formulated below.

•There is no significant that vermicompost affect the growth

parameters of brassica rapa.

•There is no significant relationship between the vermicompost and

enhancing the growth and yield of brassica rapa.
•There is no significant relationship between vermicompost and on soil
health and fertility of Brassica rapa.

Scope and Delimitation

This experimental study investigates the growth performance of
Barassica Rapa The scope encompasses evaluating the impact of
transplantation on plant growth under these specific conditions.And
this study focused on enhancing of growth and yield of brassica rapa
using the vermicompost. In addition, the two species of earthworm
used in this experimentation is red wigglers and white worms.

Planting 50 seeds initially in a basin, then transplanting the seedlings

after 15 days into a field measuring 190 meters in length, 130 meters in
width, and 1 foot in height, located in Sitio Cutad Panda. The
delimitation includes the use of a single variety of Barisca Rapa, the
fixed transplantation timing, and the specific experimental setup and
location. External variables such as soil quality variations, weather
changes, and additional cultivation practices are not considered within
this study.

Significance of the study

The study on the effectiveness of enhancing vermicompost growth and
yield of brassica rapa is significant for various stakeholders:

Farmers. Farmers can benefit from this study as it provides valuable

insights into the use of vermicompost as a natural and sustainable
fertilizer. Understanding the impact of vermicompost on the growth
and yield of Brassica rapa can help farmers improve their agricultural
practices, reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers, and enhance crop
productivity.

Students. The findings of this study will help students, to further

expand their knowledge when it comes to planting and the types of
fertilizers used.

Teachers. The findings of this study will help teacher, to expand their
knowledge in the different types of fertilizers used in planting, and
because of this, they can also teach it to students who want to know
the importance of earthworm in the planting.
Community. The finding of this study will help the community by
improving food security, boosting economic development and
promoting sustainability.

Researchers. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on

sustainable agriculture and organic farming. Researchers can build
upon these findings to further explore the mechanisms behind the
positive effects of vermicompost on Brassica rapa and investigate its
applicability to other crops.

Future Researcher. The findings of this study wll help to the future
researchers by building upon this knowledge, defining research
methods, and future researchers can contribute to a more sustainable
and production.

Definition of Terms
This study delves into the significance of effectiveness, vermicompost,
growth, yield, and Brassica Rapa in agricultural research, aiming to
enhance sustainability and productivity in farming practices.

Brassica Rapa.Brassica rapa is a vegetable plant with green leafy leaves,

small in size, have white stalk of the leaves and usually called
petchay.Pechay is a leafy vegetable that is commonly grown and
consumed in the Philippines. It is also known as Brassica rapa L. Cv and
is popular for its nutritional value, including calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, and vitamin A. Pechay is used in various dishes such as
soups and stir-fried dishes.

Effectiveness. Effectiveness is defined as the degree to which

something is successful in producing a desired result; success.It is the
ability to achieve the desired outcome, fulfilling the stated objectives
and goals. It is all about doing the right things in the right manner to
achieve the goals.

Growth. An increase of the size of an organism,usually the result of

increase the size show in number of leaves in the
plant.Additionally,growth is the process of something becoming bigger.

Vermicompost. It is fertilizer to the plant with an organic materials.Is a

process in which the earthworms convert the organic waste into
manure rich in high nutritional content.

Yield. The full amount of an agricultural or industrial product.In

agriculture, the yield is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown,
or product such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land.
The seed ratio is another way of calculating yields.

Reference
Rohr, J. R., Barrett, C. B., Civitello, D. J., Craft, M. E., Delius, B., DeLeo, G.
A., … & Tilman, D. (2019). Emerging human infectious diseases and The
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Retrieved on August 23 2024from https://go.nature.com/3imFSGg

Tóth, Z., Hornung, E., & Báldi, A. (2018). Effects of set-aside

management on Certain elements of soil biota and early stage organic
matter decomposition in A High Nature Value Area, Hungary. Nature
Conservation, 29, 1. Retrieved On August 23 2024 from
https://bit.ly/38J0IME

Timsina, J. (2018). Can organic sources of nutrients increase crop yields

to meet Global food demand?. Agronomy, 8(10), 214. Retrieved on
August 23 2024 from https://bit.ly/2LCP4Kq

Lim, S. L., Wu, T. Y., Lim, P. N., & Shak, K. P. Y. (2015). The use of
vermicompost In organic farming: overview, effects on soil and
economics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(6), 1143-
1156. Retrieved on 23 2024 from https://bit.ly/2LrjIGV

Prado, A. J. (2014). Effect of organic fertilizer on the growth

performance of Brassica rapa under La Union, Philippines. E-
International Scientific Research Journal, 5(4), 1-6. Retrieved on August
23 2024 from https://bit.ly/38InRyU

Nagavallemma, K.P., S.P. Wani, S. Lacroix, V.V. Padmaja, C. Vineela, M.

Babu Rao and K.L. Sahrawat. 2004. Vermicomposting: Recycling Wastes
into Valuable Organic Fertilizer. Global Theme on Agro-ecosystems;
Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: Retrieved on August 23 2024,
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 20(8).
Sinha, R., K. Hahn, G.P.K. Singh, R.K. Suhane and A. Reddy. 2011.
Organic Farming by Vermiculture: Producing Safe, Nutritive and
Protective Foods by Earthworms (Charles Darwin’s Friends of
Farmers).Retrieved on August 23 2024, Amer. J. Exp. Agric. 1: 363-399

Gupta, R., A. Yadav and V.K. Garg. 2014. Influence of Vermicompost

Application in Potting Media on Growth And Flowering of Marigold
Crop. Int. J. Recycl. Organic Waste Agric. 3:1-7.

Lazcano, C. and J. Dominguez. 2011. The use of Vermicompost in

sustainable agriculture: Impact on Plant growth and soil fertility. In:
Miransari, M. Soil Fertility. 1st ed. India: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2-
23.

Sharma, R. 2001. Vermiculture for sustainable agriculture: Study of the

agronomic lmpact of earthworms and their vermicompost on growth
and production of wheat Crops. Ph.D. Thesis, submitted to the
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.

Svotwa, E., R. Baipai and J. Jiyane. 2009. Organic Farming In the Small
Holder Farming Sector of Zimbabwe. J. Organic Sys. 4: 8-14.

Mangwarara, A. 2014. Garden Affair: Make money from Growing

organic crops. The Sunday Mail, 2nd Nov, p.6.

Sunitha, N.D., 2000. Insecticidal and growth regulatory Activity of

vermicompost. Progress report for 1999-2000. Agricultural College,
Bijapur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharward, India.

CHAPTER II
Review Related Literatures
This chapter aims to assess the suitability of vermicomposting for
various type of organic waste based on earthworm growth and
reproduction as well as nutrient content in final vermicompost.

Foreign Literature
According to Nurhidayati (2017),this study was a field experiment
conducted at Landungsari Village, Dau District, Lang-regency in March-
July 2017 with an attitude of 544m above sea-level.This study collected
data were statistically confirmed using analysis

of variance (F test) and the differences between each treatment were

determined by Tu key test using Mini tab Version. This study was also
found in the residual effect for the second cropping.This study the
second cropping,the productivity increased,whereas the third and
fourth sequential cropping decreased in the vermicompost.

Emphasized by Mugwendere Terence (2018), this study investigates the

effects of vermicompost as a soil supplement on growth and yield of
rape compared to chemical fertilizers.This study the analysis of variance
(ANOVA)was done according to Gomez (1976) and mean separated
using the least significant difference (LSD).This study the data regarding
cumulative number of leaves should significant differences for media.

As stated by Archana (2014) this study previous work has demonstrated

trated the potential of compost tea to enhance plant growth and
nutritional status. The objectives of this study were to determine the
effects of concentration of vermicompost tea. This study the analysis of
variance plants growth parameters,mineral nutrients,nutritionists in
plant tissue,and soil biological properties was performed using
PROCGLM in SAS. This study greenhouse experiments application of
vermicompost tea significantly increased plant
biomass,height,leatherette,root length,and root surface are compared
with those of the control treatment a cross both trials. This study there
was a non-significant interaction between tea types and trial on
measured growth parameters.

As mentioned by T Sabrina ET Al.(2022) this study aimed to examine the

combination of vermicompost and kasgot from cow dung and banana
stems on the growth of pakchoy in Ultison soil. This study the result of
the analysis of variance ANOVA showed that there was an effect of
compost type with the dose given of Pakchoy plant the age of 7 weeks
after transplanting (WAT). This study the result of the variance ANOVA
showed that the application of the three types of compost with
different doses gave a significant on the fresh weight and dry weight of
Pak choy plant.

As explained by Fulya Gul et al. (2023) this study evaluate the

yield ,quality snd unit production cost of broccoli grown under green
manure,vermicompost and chemical fertilization. This study the data
obtained were processed by SPSS 18.0 and the variation was classified
by Duncan test. According to the result obtained,except for chemical
fertilization before and after all three treatment,the amount of soil
organic matter increased significantly after the pre-plant or fertilizer
treatment compared to the initial values.

As demonstrated by Maduwanthi et al.(2021) this study was conducted

to evaluate how vermicomposting effect on growth and yield of
radish,amd also this study focuses on collected data was analyzed using
SAS for continuous data and Minitab for discontinuous data. This study
the plant height showed significant difference at 2 nd and 4 th week
after planting (WAP).

On the authority of Mudawanthi et al.(2021) this study focuses on the

experiment of chemical fertilizers and other plant growth regulators
increased the crop yield. The result from the experiment showed that
vermicomposting played a significant role in the growth and yield in
radish. It was found that the most of the growth and yield parameters
was affected with different levels of vermicomposting. This study there
was no significant difference in leaf dry weight,however,a significant
difference was observed in tuberous root dry weight at harvest .

Based on D.Prisa (2020) this study investigates the improve of quality

and protection of horticultural crops,and also this study question the
horicultural species are grown ingreenhouses where biotic and abiotic
stresses are very important and finding sustainable methods to reduce
their effects is essential.The experiment was carried out in a
randomized complete block design.Collected data were analyzed by
one-way ANOVA,using

GLM univariate procedure,to access significant differences among

treatments.The experimentation also showed that the theses
(CHAMUS20)and (CHAHUM20) are those where there is a greater
increase in agronomic parameters.

From the point of view of Salima Benazzouk et al.(2019) this study

investigate the salinity is a major constraint hampering germination and
early seedling growth,especially in aged seed lots,and also this study
focuses on ion analysis that the dried plant materials were ground and
digested in 4 ml of 35% until complete evaporation.The results were
corrected by subtracting the non-specific absorbance component as
measured at 600 nm.

According to Dody Priadi and Fiqolbi Nuro (2017) In this study ,it was
used as a plant model to identify the appropriate organic hydroponic
nutrient solution for leaf vegetable seeding production.Therefore,this
study need to be done to obtain organic susbstances for hydroponic
seedling production towards the organic product,and also this study
focuses on the result found that the inorganic nutrient in the
hydroponic solution could be decreased by using biofertilizer.

Local Literature
According to Marife P. Aglosolos(2021)Sanga-Sanga,Bongao,Tawi-tawi
Philippines ,This study was conducted to determine the effects of
vermicasts produced by cow dung,saw dust,and shredded paper on the
growthrate and yield of pechay for 35 day or five(5) weeks.The
experiment research design used was a complete blocked design (CBD)
wherein the first three(3) groups were enhancement, and the fourth
group was controlled.this show that cow dung yielded higher than
showdust and shredded paper but was a little cut from the controlled
variable.

Emphasize by Thi-thuy-hai luu(2023)Nueva Ecija,Philippines this study

aimed to examine the effects of growing media and vermicompost tea
on the growth and yield of chinese kale under pot conditions,the
experiment of the present study included six treatments,including a
control treatment. A one way ANOVA determined the significance of
differences between treatments in the growth and yield parameters of
chinise kale.the result of the two-way analysis of variance show the
effect of VT on the stem diameter was not significant but the effect of
GM was significant.

As stated by MARIA LYCA et al (2023) Mati City,Davao

Oriental,Philippines, this study evaluated and compared the effects of
supplementing irradiated carrageenan based foliar fertilizers with the
same source Kappaphycus alvarezii,on the growth yield, and pest
incidence of petchay (Brassica rapa l.) plants, as well as to determine
their profitabilityb. There were ten randomly selected plants per plot
that were used as samples.the results suggest that supplementation of
irradiated and non-irradiated carrageenan based foliar fertilizers
effectively increases the number of leaves of pechay plants.

As mentioned by ULYSSES P. BESAS (2017) Mabini,Davao de Oro,this

study aims to look into the potential of vermicompost drippings as a
possible foliar fertilizer for lettuce. The application of vermicompost
drippings,vermitea, and vermicompost significantly improved
growth,yield and nutrient uptake of lettuce grown in acidic soil
conditions,which is comparable with those fertilized by synthetic
fertilizers.the effect of vermicompost dripping and other vermi
products on lettuce. This finding showed the importance of the
nutrients present in both inorganic and organic fertilizers,as fertilizer
application significantly improved experimental plant growth and yield
compared to the unfertilized treatment.

As explained by JENNIFER ET Al (2021)Malaybalay

City,Bukidnon,Philippines, this study investigated the effects of growing
mixtures GMM) with different amounts of chicken manure and
vermicast on the growth and productivity of the selected
vegetables.plant growth parameters include average plant
height,average leaf width,average number of leaves and the parameter
on average fresh weight for plant productivity. The results show that
the growing media mixture with optimum pH range,high OM,N,P, and K
contents have biological and nutrient essential for plant growth and
productivity.

On the authority by Jose Romeo ET AL (2022)Davao City 8022

Philippines, this study explored how these compost amendments affect
the growth and yield of potted Black Be hi pechay under screen-house
conditions using a completely randomized design. The experiment was
laid out in a completely ramfomized design with eight nutrient (six with
composts,one with urea and one with potting mix alone ). the results
revealed that germination was higher in seeds sown in pure potting mix
(90 to 94%) and vermicompost-amented potting mixes (94 to 100%)
than with Dr.Bo’s bio fertilizer (DBB)(75 to 92%).

Based on Narcisa S. Aganon(2016)College of Agriculture,Quirino State

University-Madella Campus, this study revealed the effect of
vermicompost and in organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of NSIC
Rc 298 rice as well as its return on investment. This was conducted on
november 2013 to april 2014 at QSU maddela experimental area. Data
were subjected to analysis of variance based on the design used.
Significant mean differences among treatments in specific parameters
were determined using HSD with SPSS applications. The experiment for
the evaluation of the performance of NSIC Rc 298 as affected by varying
levels of QSU vermicompost are presented and discussed in this
portion.

As demonstrated by Richmund A. Palma (2016)Misamis Oriental,This

study was conducted to determine the effects of rate and timing of
vermicompost application on: root collar diameter; height increment;
number of leaves; and root –shoot ratio of Jatropha curcas L. planted in
degraded soil.Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
of a two – factor experiment in RCB design with an experiment
involving three rates of vermicompost and three periods of
vermicompost application and three replications.The results showed
that addition of vermicompost significantly increased root collar
diameter, number of leaves and height increment while, timing of
application has also increased the root collar diameter and number of
leaves but not the height increment.

From the point of view Emma Ruth V. Bayogan( 2014)Philippines

Mindanao, this study conducted to verify the benefi ts of alum spray
and newspaper wrapping in reducing soft rot incidence in cabbage (cv.
Rareball). Th e cabbages were packed in polyethylene bags and
transported from the trading post in La Trinidad, Benguet (in Northern
Luzon) to Los Baños, Laguna (in Southern Luzon).In experiment A, the
lowest soft rot infection upon arrival and opening of the bags was
noted in heads sprayed with a single application of 15% alum and then
wrapped with newspaper.

According to Samantha Pauline Et Al (2018)Quezon City, PH,This study

aimed to determine the effectiveness of mustard green leaf decoction
asan adjunct to drug treatment in controlling blood glucose among
Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Participants were randomly
assigned to receive mustard green decoction or a placebo solution for
eight weeks on top of their oral anti-hyperglycemic medication. Fasting
blood sugar and complete blood counts were determined at baseline,
Week 4 and Week 8, and compared within and across the two groups.
There was a decreasing trend in the blood sugar level in the mustard
green group while theopposite was noted in the placebo group. The
mean FBS levels of the mustard green group were significantly lower
than that of the placebo group at the Week 8 determination (6.10 vs
8.69 mmol/L, p = 0.004). The decrease in blood sugar level on the
eighth week in the mustard green group was significant compared with
the baseline level (p = 0.008).

FOREIGN STUDIES
According to Nursahaida et al.(2021) this study provides data about the
effect of organic fertilizers in brassica rapa,they use comparative
analysis to get the four types of organic fertilizers ,and this study found
tha organic fertilizers application is one of the safer alternatives with
many beneficial effects.

Based on Abdullah Anasari(2018) this study focused of effect using of

vermicompost in cultivation of brassica rapa. They use comparative
analysis to get the effect of vermicompost to the brassica rapa and
chinensis. In addition, this study foumd that vermicompost are
beneficial in long terms in maintaining a soily fertility and should be
incorporated for sustainable organic.

On the authority by Mulusew Getnet (2014) this study examined to

produced vermicompost and checking the influence on growth
performance. This study analysis of variance ( ANNOVA) to determine
the impact of vermicopost , in addition this study found that
vermicompost have a nutrient rich compost produced by the activities
of earthworm.

As demonstrated by kelly chin(2018) this study investigate to determine

a combination of animal dung would make a more potent manure. They
used comparative analysis to see the different animal dungs (cow and
horse dung), this study found that agriculture produces larde quantities
of organic waste.It allows to be broken into a safe and environment
using different subrates on the growth and development of Pak choi.

Emphasize by Atlantic Press SARL(2020) this research aimed at this

studying the production of Bio compost conditioned as a means of
forming a virtous circle for the development of the binary ecological
and economic systems of rural areas green economy, And also this
study focuses in analysis of influemce of vermicompost in
agribiocenoses the prospect, the row material use for its production, as
well as used for its production, as well as replicability and scabilty of
these technologies, and the

conditioned of intensive of intentional agriculture, the processed of

fertility reduction due to its removal with Crafts, require increase Chemi
zation for the sake of simple,rather than expanded reproduction of soil
fertility in crop yields.

For the point of view by Su lin lim(2024) this study investigated the
effects of vermicompost on soil properties of plant growth include
Singh and Wasnik, as a results many plants diseases are suppressed
when vermicompost is applied in sample quantity and the field and also
this study shown the supress plant parasitic nematodes and enhance
the activity of the circular aibuscular mycorhizae.also, it was found that
the populations of plant parasitic nematodes were reduced by
introducing eight lumbid species.

On demonstrated by Elena Shetinina(2019) The purpose of this study is

to develop recommendations and find alternatives ways to solve
environmental problems associated with the use of chemical fertilizers.
This study analysis of the literature has led to the conclusion that there
are contradictions in the assumptions of scientist and their
contradictory statistical data regarding some environmental issues to
fertilizer applications to the soil. In this study, special attention is paid
to crop production.

As stated by Anilkumar et al (2015) this study focus in the problem

forced us to revive the old traditional techniques of compost
production and organic farming, the data related to the effect of
different composts processed by A, magna and E, fetida on the growth
parameters. The results revealed that the plant growth on flower
wastes processed by A. Magna attained maximum height compared to
vermicompost to compost.

Based by Mainoo et al. (2016), this study was about introducing

pineapple waste vermicomposting in Accra, Ghana. In this study, the
qualitative data were collected through open-ended interviews with
farmers. The result of study all of vegetables farmers farmers also
applied inorganic fertilizers on their farms.

According to Mr Sopheak Tith{2021)this study aimed to investigate the

efficacy of vermicompost of the productivity of the cucumber improve
of soil fertility ,And enhancement and microbial population, and also
the analysis of the bacterial population demonstrated that significantly
increased the soil of bacteria in the soil. the results revealed that the
application of vermicompost has a significant effect of promoting plant
height ,leaf , leaf area, Number of leaves ,suppressing the leaf spot
disease incidence.

LOCAL STUDIES
According to Mugwendere Terence (2015) this study investigates the
effect of using vermicompost post as a soil supplement.The analysis of
variance (ANOVA)was done according to Gomez (1976)and means
separated using the least significant difference (LSD)at P=0.05.This
study the data regarding cumulative number of leaves showed
significant differences (P<0.05)for media.

Based on Mulusew Getnet (2014) this studies are focuses on what are
the big impact of vermicompost post on growth and development of
cabbage,oleracea linn and their sucking pest.The data collected from all
the parameters were subjected yo descriptive analysis and one way
ANOVA for the comparison of statistical significance.This study the
effect of vermicompost on cabbage leaf width;The impact of
vermicompost on plant leaf width result significantly varied in
vermicompost applied plants.

As demonstrated by Archana P. Pant (2015) this study were conducted

to investigate the effects of various extraction ratios on the growth
mineral nitrogen (N)and phytonutrient content of pak choi (Brassica
Rapa Chinensis) and on soil biological properties.This study statistical
analysis of variance of plant growth parameters, mineral
nutrients ,phytonutrients in plant tissue,and soil biological properties
was performed using PROCGLM in SAS 9.1 statistical software (SAS
Institute Inc,2003),and also this study focuses on application of
vermicompost tea significantly increased plant bio-mass,height,leaf
area,root length,and root surface are compared with those of the
control treatment acrossbooth trials.

Emphasized by Ulysses P. Besas (2020) this study aims to look into the
potential of vermicompost drppings as a possible foliar fertilizer for
lettuce. This study focuses on soil analysis was conducted to determine
the actual nutrient contents of the soil media and fertilizer
requirements of the experimental crops,and also the effect of
vermicompost drippings and other vermicomposting products in the
horticultural characteristics of lettuce.

From the point of view K.M.Tripathi (2014) this study was conducted to
evaluate the effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on the
performance of Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa).This study focus on the
parameters were analyzed by using the ANOVA procedure as described
and also focuses on the plant height the different levels of NPK fertilizer
were significantly effective in increasing plant height of Brassica Rapa.

On the authority by Manuel Blouin (2019) this study the positive effects
of vermicompost on plant growth reached a maximum when
vermicompost represented 30to 50% of the soil volume,also focuses on
meta-analysis calculation of effects sizes,to the four dependent
variables characterizing plant growth (total,root,yield).This study
focuses on the impact of mineral fertilizers on the effect of
vermicompost .The addition of vermicompost increased biomass values
whatever the mineral fertilization.

As explained by Yvonne Indrani Ramnarain(2018)this study focus on the

investigation consisted of a field and laboratory study in order to
evaluate theb effect of vermicompost on crop production of 2 varieties
Brassica rapa var.chinensis,white and green pak choi,nutrient
availability in the soil after the use of vermicompost and nutrient value
of crop. For the statististical analyisis of the SIgma plot 12.0 software
was used The data use was pocessed using an analysis of variance of
simple of classification and differences between means (one way
ANOVA) This research conducted on the use of vermicompost on the
productivity of two varieties of Pak Choi are highlighted by the impact
in terms of plant growth and soil parameters.

According to Lydia Ordi(2017 )this study the evaluation of the effect of

vermicompost as a bio fertilizrs on the plant growth parameters of
Brassica Rapa proved that the plants treated with vermicompost had
similar results as those treated with cow manure,The experiment
conducted using vermicompost on the growth of Brassica Rapa had a
postive effect on soil structure and plant growth parameters.

For the point of view Sahriyi Sonmez(2023) this study is was aimed to
determine the effects of different vermicompost dozes at different
incuvation various on the soil properties and nutrients concentration of
the tomato plant.and also this study using the ja mo software means
were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD test at the
p0.05 significant on soil properties.

As explained by Ruel F. Tuyogon (2020) this study aimed to develop and

test a locally made vortex brewer. The statistical tool used in the study
was One way Analysis of variance ( ANOVA) to test if there are
significant differences among the parameters of the significant effect of
the independent variable to the dependent variable. This study Brewing
Time there are common microorganisms present during the brewing of
vermiteanematodes and protozoans.Evaluation of percent yield it can
be gleaned that the brewer with the highest percent yield of 93.39% is
T1, followed by T3 ith 91.25%, T4 with 91.07% and T2 with the least
percent yield with only 90.71%. It can be deduced that the longer the
brewing time and the least number of pumps, the higher the brewing
yield.

SYNTHESIS OF THE ART

According to Mugwendere Terence (2015) and Marife P. Aglosolos
(2021) both them are analyzing the effects of using manure and
biodegradable fertilizer.The differences between this two study about
the effect of vermicompost produced from cattle manure,food waste
and garden waste as a soil supplement on growth and
yield.Additionally,the study of Marife P. Aglosolos the increasing
population due to in migration has produced garbage and wastes in
every establishment and house causing solid waste problems both land
and ocean despite existing laws mi-gating this issue.In contrast by the
study of Mugwendere Terence.

M.Tripathi (2015) and Muguenders terence (2015) there is growing

concern to decrease the application of chemical fertilizers to soil
because of their adverse effect on soil fertility human health and the
environment.

Mugwendere Terence (2018) Maduranthi et al: (2021) and Narcisa S.

Aganon (2016) both them investigate the effect of vermicompost and
organic fertilizer on the growth and yield.

Futya Gul et al.(2023)Maduwanthi et al.(2021)both them was

conducted to evaluate how collected data for continuous data and
discontinuous data.
According to Thi-thuy-hai luu(2023)JENNIFER et al.(2021)Mugwendere
Terence(2015)both them investigates the effect of using vermicompost
as a soil supplement.

Mudawanthi et al.(2021)Abdullah Ana Sari(2018)this two study was

focused of effect using vermicompost in cultivations of brassica rapa.

Nurhidayati(2017)Nursahaida et al.(2021)both them collected data

were statistically confirmed using analysis.This study provides data
about the effect of organic fertilizer in brassica rapa.

Ruel F. Tuyogon(2020)Ma rife P. Aglosolos(2021)Thi-thuy-hai

luu(2023)this three study both them determine the effect of vermicast
and also examine the effects of growing and yield in brassica rapa.

Theoretical Framework
Improved Soil Structure by Stella(2021) this theory focuses on the
physical and chemical changes vermicompost brings to the soil.This
improved structure is beneficial for Brassica rapa because it allows for
better root growth and easier access to nutrients and water.By
integrating this theory,our research can highlight to released
gradually,providing a sustained supply for the Brassica rapa plants and
reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers.

Enhanced Microbial Activity by Ramnarain(2018)This theory highlights

the role of beneficial microorganisms within vermicompost.These
microbes play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter, releasing
essential nutrients for plant uptake.By integrating this theory,our
research highlights to promoting healthy growth and increased yield.
Theoretical Paradigm
 Effectiveness of Vermicompost on
Enhancing Growth and Yield of Brassica
Rapa

Improved Structure, Stella(2010) Enchanted Microbial Activity, Ramnarian(2018)

Improved Soil Structure by
Stella(2012)

Enhanced Microbial Activity by

Conceptual Framework
Ramnarain (2018)

How does The

the researchers
application of have formulated the conceptual framework of the
vermicompost
studyaffect the growth
to further explain the Effectiveness of vermicompost on
parameters of brassica
enhancing the growth and yield of brassica rapa. The conceptual
rapa,such as plant height,leaf
area, andframework
stem diameter? served as the basis for the design and development of the
study. This
Does vermicompost is the guide and the foundation for determining
application
improve Effectiveness
the overall yield ofof vermicompost on enhancing the growth and yield of
brassica brassica
rapa,including the Observation
rapa. Effectiveness of
number of harvested heads or Experimental
weight ofShown
harvested Vermicompost on
inproduce
the illustration below the conceptual paradigm of the study.
Descriptive
Enhancing Growth and
What areAs thepresented in the framework, the components are the input, process,
potential long-
term effect of output.
vermin The input -process – output system model Yield of Brassica Rapa
and has historical
application on soil health and
fertility inbeen therapa
brassica dominant approach to understanding and explaining
performance and continues to exert a strong influence on group
cultivations?
research today. The framework is based on classic systems theory,
which states that the general structure of a system is as important in
determining how effectively it will function as an individual
components.

The input consist of determining the effectiveness of vermicompost on

enhancing the growth and yield of brassica rapa. It includes
observations and inquiries to get more responses function for the
study.

Moreover, the process required in data collection is a observation

experimental to be analyzed and present to formulate solutions and
generate answer for the research problems presented. The output,
therefore, presents the possible outcome of the research as well as the
benefits.
FEEDBACK
NOTES
N.Nurhidayati(2017) Direct and residual effect of various
Vermicompost on soil nutrient and nutrient uptake dynamics and
productivity of four mustard Pak- Choi ( Brassica Rapa L.) sequence in
organic farming system https://doi.org/10.10007/s40093 018-0203-0

Mugwendere Terence (2018) Use of Vermicompost as a soil

supplement on growth and yield of rape(brassica Rapa)
http://www.jgiass.com

Archana P. Pant(2014) Par Choi(Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) Yield,

Phytonutrient content, and soil Biological Properties as Affected by
Vermicompost to-water Ratio used for Extraction Department of
Tropical plant and soil sciences. University of hawai,3190 maile
way,Honolulu,Hi 96822

T Sabrina (2022) Application of Vermicompost, kasgot (BSF Compost)

Vermigot for growth and production on Pak Choy (Brassica Rapa L.) in
Ultisol

Fulya Gul Tasci and Canan Oztokat Kuzucu (2023) The effect of
vermicompost and green Manure Use on yield and Economic Factors in
Broccoli. Holticulturae 2023,9,406
https://doi.org/10.3390/.holticulturae 9030406

A.K.M.R.B. Maduwanthi(2021) Impact of Vermicompost as a base

fertilizer radish(Raphanus Sativus L.) Cultivation

Salima Benazzouk(2019)Vermicompost Lechate as a promising agent

for priming and rejuvenation of salt -treated germinating seeds in
Brassica Napus https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019 1614608
D. Prisa (2020) Chabatitic Zeo lites with earthworm humus added to the
growing media to improve Germination and growth of horticultural
plants www.isroset.org

Dody Priadi. Fiqolbi Nuro(2017) seedling Production of Pak Choy

(Brassica Rapa L.) using organic and inorganic nutrient
http://journal.unnes.ac.id//inju/index php biosaintifika

Marife P. Aglosolos https://orcid.org/0000-0002.4116-5907

Thi- Thuy -Mai Luu 10.35382/TVUJS.13.4.2023.2847

Maria lyca C. Trangia https://orcid.org/009-0004-6891-9125

Ulysses P. Besas Ulysses.besas@usep.edu.ph.orchid:0000-0001-9232-

742X

Jennifer P. Barroso Bukidnon State University ORCID No.0000-0001-

9794-0514

Haruthai Thaisuchat Faculty of science, Lampang. Rajabhat university,

lampang Thailand

Jose Romeo M. Lagon, Reynaldo G. Abad, Emma Ruth V. Bayogan and

Cyrose Surie C. Silvosa – Millodo Collage of science and mathematics
university of the Philippines Mindanao davao city, 8022 phillipines
csmillado@up.edu.ph

Narcisa S. Aganon Collage of agriculture, quirino state university -

maddela campus. QSU Research Journal, volume 5,2016

Amjad Ahmad compost science & utilization, 22:199-206,2014 copy

right taylor & francis group , LLC ISSN: 1065-657X print/ 2326-2397
online DOI.10.1080/1065657X.2014.920282
Abd Rahman Jabir Mohd Din
http:/dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1269793

Atlantis Press SARL(2020) Vermicompost Production as a means of

Inclusive Green Economy Development in Rural Settlements
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

Su Lin Lim(2014) The use of Vermicompost in Organic

Farming:overview,effects on soil and economics
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.6849 by wageningen

Elena Shetinina(2019)Efficiency of Vermicompost Production and Use in

agricultural https://doi.org/10.1051/ e3sconf/20199106066

C.ANILKUMAR * CHRIS IPE S. BINDO C.R.CHITRA P.J.MATHEW

P.N.KRISHNAN (2015) Evaluation of millicompost versus vermicompost

Mainoo S. Barrington & J.K.Whalen (2016) Vermicompost as a feryilizer

for urban and peri-urban farms:Perceptions of farmers in
Acera,Ghana,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental
Sciences,Macdonald Campus of McGill University,21 111 Lakeshore,ste
Anne de Bellerue,Quebe Canada,H9X 3V9

Mr.Sopheak TITH(2021)The influence of vermicompost on

Growth,Yields,and Disease occurances of cucumber Plant(cucumis
satiru SL.)in the greenhouse condition

K.M. Tripathi D.D.Dhakal,S.C.Sah D.R. Baral and M.D. Sharma.

Evaluation of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on performance of
Pak Choi (brassica rapa cv. Hong Tae) and soil biological process. J.Inst.
Agric. Anim. Sci. 33-34:243-250 (2015).
Mulusew Getnet and Nagappan Raja. Impact of vermicompost on
Growth and Development of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea Linn. and their
Sucking Pest, brevicoryne brassicae Linn (Homoptere:Aphididae).
Research Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 5(3): 104-112,
2014

Mugwebdere Terence, Mtaita Tuarra* Mutetwa Moses* and Tabarira

Jefta. USE OF VERMICOMPOST AS A SOIL SUPPLEMENT ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF RAPE (Brassica napus).J.Glob. Innov. Agric. Soc. Sci.,
2015, 3(1) 25-31.

Archana P.Pant ,Theodore J.K.Radovich,Nguyen V. Hue,and Susan C.

Miyasaka . Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group)Yield,
Phoytonutrient Content, and Soil Biological Properties as Affected by
Vermicompost-to-water Ratio used for Extraction. HORTSCIENCE
47(3);395-403.2012

Mustafa CERITOGLU ,Sezer SAHIN , Muran ERMAN Effects of

Vermicompost on Plant Growth and Soil Structure .Selcuk J Agr Food
Sci, (2018)32(3),607-615

Sahriye Sonmez & Filiz Okturen Asri, Importance of Vermicompost in

Tomato Plant Cultivation and Improvement of Some Soil Properties ,
Compost Science & Utilization ,
10.1080/1065657X.2023.2216696,https;//doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2
023.2216696.

YVONNE INDRANI RAMNARAIN, LYDIA ORI, ABDULLAH ADIL ANSARI,

Evaluation of the use of vermicompost on the crop production of two
varieties of Pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) and on the soil
structure in Suriname, ASIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE,E-ISSN: 2580-
4537DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g010204
Kzyl Mae S. Albiso, Ryan M. Abenoja, Roger C. Montepio, Ruel F.
Tuyogon, Development and Optimization of Vermitea Vortex Brewer,
Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development.

YVONNE INDRANI RAMNARAIN, LYDIA ORI AND ABDULLAH ADIL

ANSARI, EFFECT OF THE USE OF VERMICOMPOST ON THE PLANT
GROWTH PARAMETERS OF PAK CHOI (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) AND
ON THE SOIL STRUCTURE IN SURINAME
ASIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE,10.13057/asianjagric/g010204.

Ulysses P. Besas, Sinneth Caniones,

and Larry V. Aceres, Potential of Vermicompost Drippings and Other

Vermicomposting Products on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce,
Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research method to be used in this
undertaking. Also the method of collecting data, the development of
research instrument of the study, and the statistical are also discussed
in this chapter.

RESEARCH DESIGN
This study is important as it examines the use of earthworm
vermicompost to enhance the growth and yield of Brassica rapa. It
could lead to more sustainable farming by reducing the need for
synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Brassica rapa is an important
vegetable crop. Additionally, it has environmental benefits by
minimizing soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss, thus
promoting sustainable development.

This study is a quantitative investigation employing an experimental

design to evaluate the effectiveness of earthworm vermicompost in
enhancing the growth and yield of Brassica rapa. The design aims to
assess the growth and yield of Brassica rapa cultivated with earthworm
vermicompost in comparison to established benchmarks for Brassica
rapa growth. This will allow us to determine if earthworm
vermicompost has a positive impact on the growth and yield of Brassica
rapa.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Simple Random Sampling will be used in this study to know each plant
of brassica rapa will have a population has an equal chance of being
selected. This sample research can help to monitor and record the
plant height,number of leaves, and overall growth of plants .These
sampling research will help to identify the potential of vermicompost
on Brassica Rapa.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Days of Height Length Number of
observation leaves
Week 1 1 inch 4cm 3
Week 2 2½inch 7cm 4
Week 3 5½inch 9cm 6

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

This study we used tools to organize the process of our experimental
study we used Shovel, Rake, Plastic Gloves, to speed up the collection
of red worm Rake to quickly dig the soil and Shovel to move the soil
quickly and the Red worm Plastic Glove collectionto avoid the bacteria
that we can get from collecting the Red worm that will be used in the
study of Vermicompost, this was done to find out if Vermicompost is
effective in the growth of Brassica rapa For our experimental study, we
carefully selected a range of tools to streamline and enhance the
efficiency of collecting red worms. Initially, we used a rake to
thoroughly and quickly loosen the top layers of soil. This step was
crucial as it made the soil more accessible and facilitated the
subsequent retrieval of worms. Once the soil was sufficiently loosened,
we employed a shovel to efficiently move and transport the soil. This
tool allowed us to manage larger quantities of soil at a time, which sped
up the overall process of collecting the worms. The combination of the
rake and shovel proved essential in expediting our collection efforts. To
maintain proper hygiene and avoid potential contamination, we wore
plastic gloves throughout the process. This precaution was important
not only for protecting ourselves from possible bacteria present in the
soil but also for ensuring that the red worms were collected in a clean
and uncontaminated manner. By using these tools in conjunction, we
were able to effectively gather the red worms needed for our
vermicomposting research, thereby improving the efficiency of our data
collection and supporting the overall success of our experimental study.
we arranged the transfer of Brassica rapa 1 meters away from each
other so that they are arranged and easy to study and will not crowd
and maintain the orderly condition of Brassica rapa so that they grow
healthy.

Statistical tools/ formula

This study about the effectiveness of vermicompost on enhancing
growth and yield of brassica rapa, is using the formula of mean and
percentage to measure the length, height and the number of leaves.

Mean = sum of all the observation / Total number of observation.

Mean = x/n

x = the number of height and length.

n = the total numbers of observation from brassica rapa.

X = 1+2½+5½+4+7+9 / 6

X = 24.5

The total numbers of means is 4.08 from all of observation in height

and length of brassica rapa.

Percentage = Parts / total × 100%

P = x/n

x = the highest number of leaves.

n = the total days of observations from leaves of brassica rapa.

M

P = 1/3 × 100%

P = 33.33%

The percentage is always use 100% as the denominator. The highest

number of leaves is 5 and the number of days of observations is 3. The
observation from the number of leaves of brassica rapa is 1out of 3 and
the total of percentage is 33.33%.

CHAPTER IV
1.How does the application of vermicompost affect the growth
parameters of Brassica rapa, such as plant height, leaf area.

Table 2.1

Variables Traditional Vermicompost

Plant height (m) 6 9
Leaf length (cm) 31.69 37.01

From the 20 plants of brassica rapa the highest height is 10m and the
lowest is 8m, the mean height of brassica rapa is 9m. And the highest
length of leaves is 37.50cm and the lowest is 36.46cm, the mean of
length of leaves is 37.01cm.

2.Does vermicompost application improve the overall yield of brassica

rapa, including the number of harvested heads or weight of harvested
produce?

Table2.2

Variables Traditional Vermicompost

Weight of harvested 108.8 120.4
(g)

The overall yield of brassica rapa, including the weight of harvested

produce, the lowest mass is 90.54g and the highest mass is 140g. From
the 20 plants of brassica rapa, the mean mass is 120.4g.

3. What are the potential long-term effects of vermicompost

application on soil health and fertility in brassica rapa cultivations
 Table 2.3

Variables Vermicompost (mg) Traditional (contro)

(mg)
Nitrogen 14.8 0.8
Phosphorus 40.3 0.1
Potassium 1.5 3.0
Calcium 24.6 10.7
Magnesium 8.3 14.5

The nutrients of brassica rapa, based on the application of

vermicompost is presented in table 3. Nitrogen was significantly
affected by the application of vermicompost, it have higher nutrients
uptake compared to unfertilized brassica rapa. Phosphorus and calcium
was significantly because it same have higher nutrients compared to
traditional, the potassium was no significant because traditional have
higher nutrients than vermicompost have lowest nutrients.
 CHAPTER V
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusion is
proposed for the results who got the highest.

1. Demonstrate that using vermicompost in the plants of brassica are

highest (9 m) ,and the leaf length (37.01cm),compared to the
traditional soil-based methods. This means that vermicompost is more
efficient than traditional in terms of resource usage, resulting in a
higher yield and grow and a more sustainable farming practice.

2.Brassica Rapa grown using vermicompost have a better quality and

appearance compared to traditional method of brassica rapa. Brassica
rapa plant have a right green color,and healthy leaf . This because
vermicompost provides a more consistent and controlled environment
for the brassica rapa to grow and yield , resulting to have a better
quality product.

3. Vermicompost is effective at adapting to different places and

weather conditions compared to traditional farming. Vermicompost,it
have a higher nutrients uptakes compared to unfertilized brassica
rapa.This means that vermicompost is a more adaptable and flexible
method of growing brassica rapa and to have more sustainable farming
practice, especially in areas with unpredictable weather.

Recommendation
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendation is
proposed for the results who got the lowest.

1. Traditional farming methods have lower results in terms of plant

height and leaf length,compared to application of vermicompost. The
traditional have lowest height (6m) and the length of leaves is 31.69
cm.

2. The overall yield of brassica rapa using traditional methods have

lower results in terms of weight of harvested produced comparedto
vermicompost.The traditional have 108.8 gram and the vermicompost
have 120.4 gram.

3. Traditional farming methods have lower results in terms of

nutrients,compared to vermicompost.The soil health and fertility of
traditional method have lower nutrient because of no organic fertilizer
and chemical fertilizer . The application of vermicompost it can help the
farmers to improve their yield and the nutrient of brassica rapa.