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Poverty As A Challenge Notes

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Poverty As A Challenge Notes

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Poverty as a Challenge - Class 9 Economics Notes

1. Introduction to Poverty
- Poverty refers to the lack of basic needs such as food, shelter, education, clean water, and
employment.
- India has the largest concentration of poor, with 260 million people living in poverty.
- Key indicators include malnutrition, illiteracy, and lack of healthcare.

2. Case Studies of Poverty


a) Urban Case: Ram Saran, a daily wage laborer in Jharkhand, earns Rs. 1500/month. He
supports a family of six in poor living conditions with no healthcare or education access.
b) Rural Case: Lakha Singh, a landless laborer in Uttar Pradesh, earns Rs. 50/day and lives
in a kuccha hut without basic amenities or healthcare.

3. Analysis of Poverty
- Social exclusion: Being excluded from benefits and opportunities.
- Vulnerability: Likelihood of certain groups becoming poor due to limited options in
education, jobs, and assets.

4. Poverty Line in India


- The poverty line is based on income or consumption levels required for basic needs.
- Calorie requirements: 2,400 calories/day (rural) and 2,100 calories/day (urban).
- In 2000, poverty line: Rs. 328/month (rural) and Rs. 454/month (urban).

5. Poverty Estimates
- Significant decline in poverty ratio but the absolute number of poor remains high.
- Vulnerable groups: Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, rural agricultural laborers, and
urban casual laborers.

6. Global Poverty Scenario


- Global poverty declined from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001.
- Decline in China and South Asia; increase in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- United Nations aimed to halve extreme poverty by 2015.

7. Causes of Poverty in India


- Colonial policies ruined traditional industries and hindered economic growth.
- High population growth and unequal distribution of resources.
- Limited impact of agricultural and industrial reforms.

8. Anti-Poverty Measures
- National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA, 2005): Provides 100 days of assured
employment annually.
- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY, 1999): Promotes self-employment through
self-help groups.
- National Food for Work Programme (NFWP, 2004): Focuses on rural wage employment.

9. Challenges and Future Prospects


- Reducing rural-urban disparities.
- Addressing education, healthcare, and job security for all.
- Empowering women and weaker sections.

10. Question Bank


a) MCQs:
- What is the average calorie requirement in rural areas? (Answer: 2400 calories/day)
- When was NREGA passed? (Answer: 2005)
b) Short Questions:
- What are the causes of poverty in India?
- How is the poverty line determined?
c) Long Questions:
- Describe the anti-poverty measures undertaken by the Indian government.

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