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Detailed Notes Poverty As A Challenge Cleaned

The document discusses poverty as a significant challenge in India, highlighting its prevalence despite economic growth and the various forms it takes in urban and rural settings. It outlines social indicators, vulnerable groups, and the limitations of the poverty line, while also addressing historical, economic, and social causes of poverty. Additionally, it reviews anti-poverty measures, the challenges ahead, and emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts to improve the quality of life for the poor.

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18 views13 pages

Detailed Notes Poverty As A Challenge Cleaned

The document discusses poverty as a significant challenge in India, highlighting its prevalence despite economic growth and the various forms it takes in urban and rural settings. It outlines social indicators, vulnerable groups, and the limitations of the poverty line, while also addressing historical, economic, and social causes of poverty. Additionally, it reviews anti-poverty measures, the challenges ahead, and emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts to improve the quality of life for the poor.

Uploaded by

aadyagazibuzi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Detailed Notes on 'Poverty as a Challenge'

Comprehensive notes on Chapter 3: 'Poverty as a Challenge' from the Class 9 NCERT Economics

book.
Introduction

Poverty is a condition in which individuals lack the financial resources to meet their basic needs,

such as food, clothing, and shelter. It remains one of the biggest challenges for India and the world.

Despite economic growth, a significant proportion of the population in India lives in poverty.
Two Typical Cases of Poverty

Urban: Ram Saran, a daily-wage laborer in Ranchi, struggles to support his family. He earns a

meager income, lacks job security, and cannot afford healthcare or education for his children.

Rural: Lakha Singh, a landless agricultural laborer, lives in a small village. He depends on seasonal

employment, faces underemployment, and cannot meet basic needs during the off-season.
Poverty as Seen by Social Scientists

1. Social Indicators of Poverty:

- Illiteracy

- Malnutrition

- Lack of access to healthcare

- Unemployment and underemployment

2. Social Exclusion:

- Poverty leads to exclusion from societal benefits like education and employment.

- Marginalized groups face systematic barriers.

3. Vulnerability:

- Certain groups (e.g., Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes) are more vulnerable to poverty due

to socio-economic disadvantages.
Poverty Line

Definition: The poverty line is the income threshold below which individuals are considered poor.

Criteria in India:

- Rural Areas: 2400 calories per person per day.

- Urban Areas: 2100 calories per person per day.

Limitations of the Poverty Line:

- Does not include essential aspects like education, healthcare, housing, and sanitation.
Poverty Estimates in India

1. Trends Since 1973:

- Decline in poverty from 55% (1973) to 22% (2011-12).

- Still, 270 million people lived in poverty as of 2011-12.

2. Challenges in Measuring Poverty:

- Data collection issues.

- Variations in poverty levels across states.


Vulnerable Groups

1. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Most affected by poverty.

2. Urban Casual Laborers: Struggle with job insecurity.

3. Rural Landless Laborers: Depend on seasonal agricultural jobs.


Interstate Disparities

1. States like Kerala, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh have lower poverty rates due to effective

welfare programs.

2. States like Odisha, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh face high poverty levels due to economic

underdevelopment.
Global Poverty Scenario

1. International Comparison:

- Countries like China have made significant progress in reducing poverty due to rapid economic

growth and investments in health and education.

- Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia still face high poverty levels.

2. Global Efforts:

- United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to eradicate extreme poverty by

2030.
Causes of Poverty

1. Historical Factors:

- Colonial exploitation led to economic stagnation.

- Land policies deprived farmers of ownership and security.

2. Economic Factors:

- Low levels of income and employment opportunities.

- High levels of inflation and unequal income distribution.

3. Social Factors:

- Caste system and discrimination.

- Lack of education and healthcare infrastructure.


Anti-Poverty Measures

1. Government Initiatives:

- Public Distribution System (PDS): Provides subsidized food grains.

- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): Guarantees 100

days of employment to rural households.

2. Evaluation of Programs:

- Successes: Helped reduce hunger and unemployment.

- Challenges: Corruption, inefficiency, and leakages in the system.


The Challenges Ahead

1. Achieving sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

2. Expanding welfare programs to cover healthcare, education, and housing.

3. Strengthening social security systems to protect vulnerable populations.


Conclusion

Poverty is a multi-dimensional challenge requiring coordinated efforts. Policies need to focus not

only on economic growth but also on improving the quality of life for the poor. Empowering people

through education and skill development is crucial for poverty eradication.

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