Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Fall 2024
 Reviews
At every point, we will have 9 stress components

Δ𝐹!
Normal Stress 𝜎! = lim 𝜎' 𝜎&
"#→% Δ𝐴
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Δ𝐹&
𝜏!& = lim 𝜏'& 𝜏&'
"#→% Δ𝐴
Shear Stress
Δ𝐹' 𝜏'! 𝜏&!
𝜏!' = lim
"#→% Δ𝐴
1
 Normal Stress – Axial Loading
The internal force at every section is equal to the external force.
𝑃 𝑃 = + 𝑑𝐹 = + 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝜎𝐴
# #
Cross-sectional Internal Force
Area
𝑃 𝑃
Region of 𝜎=
𝐴
Uniform
Deformation
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

External Force
𝑃
𝑃 Stress distribution will also be uniform
Away from the loading points, a bar deforms
uniformly when it is loaded with equal and opposite
forces applied at the centroid of its section

2
 Normal Stress – Saint-Venant’s Principle
The stress, strain, and displacement fields caused by two different statically
equivalent force distributions on parts of the body far away from the loading points
are approximately the same.
𝑃
Cross-sectional Internal Force
Ø The standard stress formulas for cross
Area
sections are applicable only when the
𝑃
Region of cross section is sufficiently distant from the
Uniform load concentration source.
Deformation
Ø Oftentimes, a concentrated load generates
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

a uniform stress distribution within the bar

at a distance equal to the bar's width or
External Force
𝑃 diameter.
𝑃

3
 Normal Stress – Axial Loading
By definition ∫# 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃, the normal stress distribution is statically equivalent to
the internal force P, in other words, the uniform normal stress distribution is in
equilibrium with the axial external force.

Moreover, P produces no moment about the x and y axes.

x is a centroidal axis + 𝑦𝑑𝐹 = + 𝑦𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝜎 + 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 0

# # #

y is a centroidal axis + 𝑥𝑑𝐹 = + 𝑥𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝜎 + 𝑥𝑑𝐴 = 0

Stress | Mechanics of Materials

# # #

Hence a uniform normal stress distribution is in equilibrium with an

external axial force applied at the centroid of the section.

4
 Normal Stress – Example
The cylinder is made of steel having a specific weight of 490𝑘𝑔/𝑚(. Determine the
average compressive stress acting at points A and B.
Solution:
1. Determine the internal loading
2. Calculate the average compressive stress acting
at Points A and B
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

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 Normal Stress – Example
The cylinder is made of steel having a specific weight of 78.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚(. Determine the
average compressive stress acting at points A and B.
Solution:
Draw the Free-body diagram of the top
segment where the cross section passes
Point A and B
+↑ Σ𝐹! = 0 𝑃 − 𝑊)* = 0
0.75 +
𝑊)* = 78.5×𝜋 ×2.75 = 95.37𝑘𝑁
2
𝑃 = 95.37𝑘𝑁
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Calculate the average compressive stress

𝑃 95.37
𝜎= = + = 215.875𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐴 0.75
𝜋 2

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 Normal Stress – Example 2
The bar has a constant width of 35 millimeter and a thickness of 10 millimeter.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the
loading shown.

Solution:

1. Determine the internal loading

Stress | Mechanics of Materials

2. Determine the location of the maximum internal loading

3. Calculate the average stress acting at the location of maximum loading

Why?

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 Normal Stress – Example 2
The bar has a constant width of 35 millimeter and a thickness of 10 millimeter.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the
loading shown.

Solution:

1. The internal axial force

in region AB, BC, and
CD are all constant yet
have different
magnitude.
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

2. Determine the loadings

at each of the points.

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 Normal Stress – Example 2
The bar has a constant width of 35 millimeter and a thickness of 10 millimeter.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the
loading shown.

Solution: 3. Represents the results graphically.

4. The largest loading is in region BC where PBC = 30kN. Because the bar
has a constant cross-section, the largest average normal stress also
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

occurs within region BC of the bar.

𝑃,- 30𝑘𝑁
𝜎,- = = = 85.7𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐴 35𝑚𝑚×10𝑚𝑚

9
 Normal Stress – In Class
The bar has a constant width of 35 millimeter and a thickness of 10 millimeter.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the
loading shown.

Show that you get these same results using the right segments (analyze the bar
starting from Point D).
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

10
 Shear Stress
Consider the effect of applying a large enough force F
to the element supported by rigid supports, F will
cause the material of the bar to deform and fail along
the planes identified by BC and DE.
The free-body diagram of the unsupported center
segment of the bar indicates that the shear force V =
F/2 must be applied at each section to hold the
segment in equilibrium.

The average shear stress over each sectioned area is

Stress | Mechanics of Materials

1
defined by 𝜏./0 = #
Distribution of average Note: this is not the actual shear stress distribution. We will
shear stress learn in a few weeks that the actual distribution is not uniform.
But this average value is often used in preliminary
dimensioning of bolted and glued connections.

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 Shear Stress Equilibrium
A B C D

A. We take a volume element of material from a point located on the surface of

a sectioned area.
B. The element is subjected to a shear stress 𝜏!' .
C. Force and moment equilibrium requires the shear stress acting on this face
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

to be accompanied by shear stress acting on three other faces.

Stress Area
Σ𝐹' = 0; 𝜏!' Δ𝑥Δ𝑦 − 𝜏!'2 Δ𝑥Δ𝑦 = 0 2
𝜏!' = 𝜏!'

Force

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 Shear Stress Equilibrium
A B C D Pure Shear

A. We take a volume element of material from a point located on the surface of

a sectioned area.
B. The element is subjected to a shear stress 𝜏!' .
C. Force and moment equilibrium requires the shear stress acting on this face
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

to be accompanied by shear stress acting on three other faces.

Σ𝑀& = 0; −𝜏!' Δ𝑥Δ𝑦 Δ𝑧 + 𝜏'! Δ𝑥Δ𝑧 Δ𝑦 = 0 𝜏!' = 𝜏'!
2 =𝜏
𝜏!' = 𝜏!' 2
'! = 𝜏'!

13
 Shear Stress Equilibrium
A B C D Pure Shear

A. We take a volume element of material from a point located on the surface of

a sectioned area.
B. The element is subjected to a shear stress 𝜏!' .
C. Force and moment equilibrium requires the shear stress acting on this face
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

to be accompanied by shear stress acting on three other faces.

D. The complementary property of shear indicates that all four shear stresses
must have equal magnitude and be directed either toward or away from
each other at opposite edges of the element.

13
 Reviews
At every point, we will have 9 stress components

Δ𝐹!
Normal Stress 𝜎! = lim 𝜎' 𝜎&
"#→% Δ𝐴
Stess | Mechanics of Materials

But there are only 6 independent

Δ𝐹&
𝜏!& = lim components
"#→% Δ𝐴 𝜏'& 𝜏&'
Shear Stress
Δ𝐹' 𝜏'! 𝜏&!
𝜏!' = lim
"#→% Δ𝐴
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 Shear Stress – Example
If the wood joint has a thickness of 150 millimeter, determine the average shear stress
along shear planes a–a and b–b of the connected member.
For each plane, represent the state of stress on an element of the material.

Solution:
1. Determine the internal loading
2. Calculate the average shear stress acting
at the sectioned area
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

15
 Shear Stress – Example
Solution:
Draw the free-body diagram of the member.
+
Σ𝐹 = 0 −𝐹 − 𝐹 + 6𝑘𝑁 = 0 𝐹 = 3𝑘𝑁
→ &
Consider the equilibrium of segments cut across
shear plane a–a
+
Σ𝐹 = 0 𝑉. − 3𝑘𝑁 = 0 𝑉. = 3𝑘𝑁
→ &
Consider the equilibrium of segments cut across
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

shear plane b–b

+
Σ𝐹 = 0 𝑉3 − 3𝑘𝑁 = 0 𝑉3 = 3𝑘𝑁
→ &

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 Shear Stress – Example
If the wood joint has a thickness of 150 millimeter, determine the average shear stress
along shear planes a–a and b–b of the connected member.
For each plane, represent the state of stress on an element of the material.

Solution:
Calculate the Average Shear Stress

𝑉. 3𝑘𝑁
𝜏. = = = 200𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴. 0.1𝑚×0.15𝑚
state of stress on
sections a-a
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

𝑉3 3𝑘𝑁
𝜏3 = = = 160𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴3 0.125𝑚×0.15𝑚
state of stress on
sections b-b

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 Shear Stress – Example 2
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 600N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact at
planes AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane DB.
Solution:
1. Draw the free-body diagram
2. Determine the internal force at each cross
section
3. Calculate the average shear stress acting
at the sectioned area
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

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 Shear Stress – Example 2
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 600N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact at
planes AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane DB.
Solution:
Illustrate the free-body diagram of the inclined member.
Calculate the compressive forces acting on the areas of
contact via the force equilibrium:
+ 3
Σ𝐹& = 0 𝐹#, − 600𝑁( ) = 0 𝐹#, = 360𝑁
→ 5
4
+↑ Σ𝐹' = 0 𝐹,- − 600𝑁( ) = 0 𝐹,- = 480𝑁
5
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Also, the shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal

plane DB
+
Σ𝐹 = 0 𝑉 − 360𝑁 = 0 𝑉 = 360𝑁
→ &

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 Shear Stress – Example 2
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 600N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact at
planes AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane DB.
Solution:
Calculate the average compressive stresses along the
vertical and horizontal planes of the inclined member
𝐹#, 360𝑁
𝜎#, = = = 24𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴#, 0.1𝑚×0.15𝑚
𝐹,- 480𝑁
𝜎,- = = = 16𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴,- 0.2𝑚×0.15𝑚
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Calculate the average shear stress acting on the

horizontal plane defined by D B
𝑉 360𝑁
𝜏./0 = = = 8𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴4, 0.3𝑚×0.15𝑚

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 Example: Design of Simple Connection
Determine the largest load P that can be applied to the plates of the lap joint.
The bolt has a diameter of 10 millimeter and an allowable shear stress of 80
MPa. Each plate has an allowable tensile stress of 50 MPa, an allowable bearing
stress of 80 MPa, and an allowable shear stress of 30 MPa.

Solution:
1. Draw the free-body diagram
2. Determine the internal force for each possible
failure condition
3. Determine the most critical condition and P
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

21
 Example: Design of Simple Connection
Determine the largest load P that can be applied to the plates of the lap joint.
The bolt has a diameter of 10 millimeter and an allowable shear stress of 80 MPa.
Each plate has an allowable tensile stress of 50 MPa, an allowable bearing stress
of 80 MPa, and an allowable shear stress of 30 MPa.
Solution:
Failure of Plate in Tension
𝑁
𝜎.5567 *89):69 =
𝐴
𝑃
50𝑀𝑝𝑎 =
2×20𝑚𝑚×15𝑚𝑚
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Solve and find

𝑃 = 3×10(𝑁

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 Example: Design of Simple Connection
Determine the largest load P that can be applied to the plates of the lap joint.
The bolt has a diameter of 10 millimeter and an allowable shear stress of 80 MPa.
Each plate has an allowable tensile stress of 50 MPa, an allowable bearing stress
of 80 MPa, and an allowable shear stress of 30 MPa.
Solution:
Failure of Plate by Bearing
𝑁
𝜎.5567 38.;:90 =
𝐴
𝑃
80𝑀𝑝𝑎 =
10𝑚𝑚×15𝑚𝑚
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Solve and find

𝑃 = 12×10(𝑁

23
 Example: Design of Simple Connection
Determine the largest load P that can be applied to the plates of the lap joint.
The bolt has a diameter of 10 millimeter and an allowable shear stress of 80 MPa.
Each plate has an allowable tensile stress of 50 MPa, an allowable bearing stress
of 80 MPa, and an allowable shear stress of 30 MPa.
Solution:
Failure of Plate by Shear
There is the possibility for the bolt to tear through the
plate along the sections. This is a shear failure along
each plane, where
𝑉 𝑃 𝑃
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

𝜏.5567 <5.*8 = = 30𝑀𝑝𝑎 =

𝐴 2𝐴 2×20𝑚𝑚×15𝑚𝑚

Solve and find 𝑃 = 18×10(𝑁

24
 Example: Design of Simple Connection
Determine the largest load P that can be applied to the plates of the lap joint.
The bolt has a diameter of 10 millimeter and an allowable shear stress of 80 MPa.
Each plate has an allowable tensile stress of 50 MPa, an allowable bearing stress
of 80 MPa, and an allowable shear stress of 30 MPa.
Solution:
Failure of Bolt by Shear
The bolt can fail in shear along the plane between
the plates.
𝑉 𝑃 𝑃
𝜏.5567 365* = = 80𝑀𝑝𝑎 =
𝐴 𝐴 𝜋× 5𝑚𝑚 +
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

Solve and find 𝑃 = 6.28×10(𝑁

Comparing all the results, the largest allowable load for the connections
depends upon the bolt shear. Therefore, 𝑃.5567 = 6.28×10(𝑁

25
 Allowable Stress Design
To ensure the safety of a structural member or mechanical element, the applied load
must be kept below its maximum capacity.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load 𝐹=.:5 to the allowable load 𝐹.5567 .
Mathematically, it is defined by:
𝐹=.:5
𝐹. 𝑆. =
𝐹.5567

F.S. is chosen based on experience and/or statistical analysis to account for

uncertainties, ensuring reliable performance when the member is used under similar
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

loading and geometric conditions.

26
 Pre-Study Questions
Determine the required diameters of the steel pins at A and C if the factor of
safety for shear is F.S. = 1.5 and the failure shear stress is 𝜏 = 1.2𝑘𝑃𝑎. Round your
results to 1mm.
Stress | Mechanics of Materials

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