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Structural Systems in Architecture
Dr. Shankha Pratim Bhattacharya
Department of Architecture & Regional Planning
IIT KHARAGPUR
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Module 01: Statics and Structural Systems
Lecture 05 : Structural Loading and Reactions
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 Understanding The Unit of Force

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 Concept of Concentrated Load
 Concept of Uniform Distributed Load
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Learning Objectives

• Understanding the Structural Loading.

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• Evaluating support reactions due to concentrated and uniform distributed load.

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Understanding The Unit of Force
Density of Water = 1000 Kg /m3
Force = Mass X Acceleration Density of Water = 1 Kg /Lit = 1 gm/ml

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1 Newton = 1-Kg X 1 m/s

1 Newton = (?)Kg X Acceleration due to Gravity (g)

1 Newton = (?)Kg X 9.8 m/s

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1 Newton = (?)Kg X 10 m/s

Weight of 0.1 Kg = 1 Newton

Weight of 100 gm. = 1-Newton

100 ml water = 100 gm = 1 Newton
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Force = Mass X Acceleration
1 Kilo-Newton = 1000 Newton = 1000 Kg X 1 m/s

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1 KN = 1000 Newton = (?)Kg X Acceleration due to Gravity (g)

1 KN = 1000 Newton = (?)Kg X 9.8 m/s

1 KN = 1000 Newton = (?)Kg X 10 m/s

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Weight of 100 Kg = = 1000 Newton =1 KN

Two persons a total weight of

about 100 Kg is Equivalent to
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Weight of 100 Kg = 1 Killo Newton
1 KN
Concept of Concentrated Load

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Self Weight of the Truck = 1200 Kg
Total Load (LPG Cylinder) = 3.4 tons

1 Ton = 1000Kg

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Total Weight of the Vehicle = 1200 + 3400 = 4600 Kg
Total force on Four Wheels= 46 KN
Force in each Wheel = 11.5 KN
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11.5 KN
 Reaction of Secondary Beam acts as Pointed or
Concentrated Load to the Primary Beam

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Loading of the

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Secondary Beam

Reaction of Primary Beam as Pointed or

Concentrated Load to the Supporting Column
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Example :
10KN 4KN
A B

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1m 2m 3m
RA =? RB=?

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F y 0 RA + RB = 10+4 = 14 KN

M A 0 6RB = (10X 1)+(4X3) = 10+12 = 22

RB = 3.67 KN
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RA = (14 – 3.67) = 10.33 KN
Concept of Uniform Distributed Load
Density of Brick Masonry = 1900 Kg/m3 Density of Concrete (RCC) = 2500 Kg/m3

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Length = 4m, Thickness=250mm, Height = 2m Length = 3m, Thickness=150mm, Height = 2m

Volume = 4X2X0.25 = 2m3 Volume = 3X2X0.15 = 0.9m3

Weight = 2X 1900 = 3800 Kg Weight = 0.9X 2500 = 2250 Kg
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Force = 3800 Kg = 38KN Force = 2250 Kg = 22.5KN
 RCC Beam Cross section: 300X500mm

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3.75 KN per meter length of the beam

5m

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1m Force due to RCC beam of 1m length
5m
Volume: 0.3X0.5X1=0.15 m3
Force : 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN
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Density of RCC =2500 Kg/m3 = 25KN/m3
 Intensity of loading: 3.75 KN/m 3.75 KN per meter length of the beam

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A B

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5m A

18.75 KN 5m

A B

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5m

F y 0 RA + RB = 3.75X5 = 18.75 KN
RB = 9.375 KN
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M
A 0 5RB = (3.75X 5)X(2.5) = 18.75X2.5 = 46.875
RA = (18.75 – 9.375) = 9.375 KN
RCC Beam Cross section: 300X500mm Density of RCC =2500 Kg/m3 = 25KN/m3
Brick Wall Cross section: 4500X250mm Density of Brick Work =1900 Kg/m3 = 19KN/m3

Force due to RCC beam of 1m length =(0.3X0.5X1)X25 = 3.75 KN

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Force due to Brick Work of 1m length = (4.5X0.25X1)X19 = 21.375KN
Total UDL = (3.75 + 21.375) = 25.125 KN/m

Intensity of loading: 25.125 KN/m

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A B
5m

F y 0 RA + RB = 25.125X5 = 125.625 KN

M A 0 5RB = (25.125X 5)X(2.5) = 125.625X2.5 = 314.0625

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RB = 62.8125 KN
RA = (125.625 – 62.8125) = 62.8125 KN
Example:

10 KN/m

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A B

6m
RA =? RB=?

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From Symmetry F y 0 RA = RB = (10 X 6)/2= 30 KN
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Example:
24 KN/m
A B

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1m 2m 3m
RA =? RB=?

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F y 0 RA + RB = (24 X 2) = 48

M A 0 6RB = (24 X 2)X(1+1) = 48X2 = 96

RB = 16 KN
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RA = (48 – 16) = 32 KN
Example:
18 KN/m 9 KN 6 KN/m

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A

1m 3m 2m
RVA =? RVB=?

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F y 0 RA + RB = (18 X 1) + 9 + (6 x 2)= 18+9+12 = 39

M A 0 6RB = (18 X 1) X 0.5 + 9 X 1 + (6 x 2) X 5= = 9+9+60 = 78

RB = 78/6 = 13 KN
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RA = (39 – 13) = 26 KN
 18 KN/m
Example:

A B

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2m 2.5m 2m
2.5m

RA =? RB=?

F

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y 0 RA + RB = 18 X 4.5 = 81

M A 0 5RB = (18 X 4.5) X (2.5 + 0.5 X 4.5) = 81 X 4.75 = 384.75

RB = 384.75/5 = 76.95 KN
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RA = (81 – 76.95) = 4.05 KN
Example:
P 4 KN/m

A B

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2m 5m 2m

RA =? RB=0

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For reaction at B is Zero, Equating the moment at A as

M A 0 (4 X 7) X 3.5 = P X 2

P = 98/2 = 49 KN
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RA = 49 +4X7) = 77 KN
Cantilever Beam

Free End
Cantilever Beam

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Fixed End

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Fixed End
Free End

Cantilever Beam
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 Astra Tower, Hamburg (1971)

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Photo Source: http://content.time.com
Example:

20 KN/m

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MA = ?
A B
5m

RA = ?

F y 0

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RA = 20 X 5 = 100 KN

MA = (20 X 5) X ( 0.5 X 5) = 100 X 2.5 = 250 KN-m

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Example:

12 KN
10 KN/m

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MA = ?
A B
2m 2m 2m

RA = ?

F

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y 0 RA = 12+ (10 X 2) = 32 KN

MA = [12 X 6] + (10 X 2) X (2 + 1) = 72 + 60 = 132 KN-m

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 EL
 Basic Structures for Engineers and Architects By Philip Garrison, Blackwell Publisher
 Understanding Structures: An Introduction to Structural Analysis By Meta A. Sozen & T. Ichinose, CRC Press

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The exact estimation of loading on any structure is essential.
The type of structural loading depends upon the material, dimension and density parameters.

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The support reaction depends upon the type and placement of loading

Next Lecture:
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Module 02: Structural Mechanics-I
Home Work:1
Home Work

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2m 1m 3m

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A boy (weight: 40 Kg) is riding a bicycle (weight: 20Kg) over a simply supported wooden plank of span 6m.
Find the reactions ( in Newton, assuming, g = 10 m/s2 ) at the left and right supports at a position of the
bicycle given in the figure above. The distance between the wheels of the bicycle is 1m.
Assume that the loads are equally distributed between two wheels.

Plot the graph to show the changes in the left and right support reactions, if the bicycle moves
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the entire span from left to right
Home Work:2
Home Work

1.5m

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2.5m
1.5m
A B A B

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2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

A wall profile (250mm thick) is shown in the figures, having material density 2000 Kg/m3
The wall is simply supported at A & B. Find the support reaction in KN
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Home Work:2

12 KN

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A 18 KN/m B C

2m 2m 2m 2m

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Find the Reaction at A & B for the overhanging beam shown in the figure above

What should be the intensity of the additional UDL within BC should be placed so that the reaction
at B become 40KN?
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 End of Lecture 05

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