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S 4 TGre E89 U

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23 views1 page

S 4 TGre E89 U

Uploaded by

vigarpit154
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Here are the updated notes with combination circuit formulas: Introduction - Electricity is a form of energy generated by the

movement of
charged particles, such as electrons. - Electricity powers devices, homes, and industries. Electric Charge - Electric charge is a fundamental
property of matter. - Two types of electric charges: positive (+) and negative (-). - Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. - Unit of electric
charge: coulomb (C) - Formula: Q = ne (Charge = number of electrons x charge of an electron) - Charge of an electron (e) = -1.6 x 10^-19 C
Electric Current - Electric current is the flow of electric charge. - Unit of electric current: ampere (A) - Formula: I = Q/t (Current = Charge / Time) -
Types of electric current: - Direct Current (DC): flows in one direction - Alternating Current (AC): changes direction periodically Electric Circuit -
An electric circuit is a path through which electric current flows. - Components: - Conductors (wires) - Switches - Load (devices) - Source
(battery or generator) - Types of electric circuits: - Open Circuit: broken circuit, no current flows - Closed Circuit: complete circuit, current flows -
Short Circuit: zero resistance, high current flows Resistance - Resistance opposes electric current flow. - Unit of resistance: ohm (Ω) - Formula:
R = ρ (L/A) (resistance = resistivity x length / area) - Factors affecting resistance: - Length (L) - Area (A) - Material (ρ) - Temperature (T) - Types
of resistors: - Fixed Resistors - Variable Resistors Ohm's Law - V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance) - I = V/R (Current = Voltage / Resistance) -
R = V/I (Resistance = Voltage / Current) - Limitations: - Applies only to linear resistors - Does not account for temperature effects Series Circuits
- Components connected one after the other. - Current remains constant throughout. - Voltage divides among components. - Resistance adds
up: R_total = R1 + R2 + ... Parallel Circuits - Components connected across each other. - Voltage remains constant throughout. - Current divides
among components. - Resistance combines: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... Combination Circuits - Circuits with both series and parallel
components. - Examples: - Series-Parallel Circuit: series circuit with parallel branches - Parallel-Series Circuit: parallel circuit with series
branches - Analysis: - Simplify circuit by identifying series and parallel components - Apply series and parallel circuit formulas - Formulas: -
R_total = R1 + (R2 x R3) / (R2 + R3) (Series-Parallel) - R_total = (R1 + R2) x (R3 + R4) / (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4) (Parallel-Series) - I_total = I1 + I2
(Current in parallel branches) - V_total = V1 + V2 (Voltage in series components) Electric Power and Energy - Electric Power (P): - Rate of electric
energy consumption - Unit: watt (W) - Formulas: - P = V x I - P = I^2 x R - P = V^2 / R - Electric Energy: - Total work done by electric current - Unit:
kilowatt-hour (kWh) - Formula: E = P x t Important Formulas - Q = ne - I = Q/t - R = ρ (L/A) - V = IR - P = V x I - E = P x t - R_total = R1 + R2 + ...
(series) - 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... (parallel) - R_total = R1 + (R2 x R3) / (R2 + R3) (Series-Parallel) - R_total = (R1 + R2) x (R3 + R4) / (R1 + R2
+ R3 + R4) (Parallel-Series) Key Terms - Electromotive Force (EMF) - Potential Difference (PD) - Short Circuit - Open Circuit - Fuse - Circuit
Breaker - Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - Watt (W) - Ohm (Ω) - Ampere (A) - Coulomb (C) - Volt (V) Important Questions - What is the difference between
electric current and electric charge? - State Ohm's Law. - Explain series and parallel circuits. - Define

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