Java Notes
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lks992004Java Notes
Uploaded by
lks992004JAVA
1. I nstall Java
a. Install JDK(h ttps://www.oracle.com/in/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html)
b. Install IntelliJ (https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/#section=mac)
2. Sample Code
unctions
F
A function is a block of code which takes some input, performs some operations
and returns some output.
The functions stored inside classes are called methods.
The function we have used is called main.
lass
C
A class is a group of objects which have common properties. A class can have
some properties and functions (called methods).
The class we have used is Main.
3. Our 1st Program
package
com.apnacollege
;
public class
Main {
public static void
main
(String[] args) {
/ Our 1st Program
/
System.
out
.println(
"Hello World"
)
;
}
}
4. Variables
variable is a container (storage area) used to hold data.
A
Each variable should be given a unique name (identifier).
package
com.apnacollege
;
public class
Main {
public static void
main
(String[] args) {
// Variables
String name =
"Aman"
;
int
age =
30
;
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tring neighbour =
S "Akku"
;
String friend = neighbour
;
}
}
5. Data Types
ata types are declarations for variables. This determines the type and size of
D
data associated with variables which is essential to know since different data
types occupy different sizes of memory.
There are 2 types of Data Types :
- Primitive Data types : to store simple values
- Non-Primitive Data types : to store complex values
rimitive Data Types
P
These are the data types of fixed size.
Data Type Meaning S ize Range
(in Bytes)
byte 2’s complement integer 1 -128 to 127
short 2’s complement integer 2 -32K to 32K
int Integer numbers 4 -2B to 2B
long 2’s complement integer 8 -9,223,372,036,85
4,775,808
(larger values) to
9,223,372,036,85
4,775,807
float Floating-point 4 Upto 7 decimal
digits
double Double Floating-point 8 pto 16
U
decimal digits
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char Character 2 a , b, c ..
A, B, C ..
@, #, $ ..
bool Boolean 1 True, false
on-Primitive Data Types
N
These are of variable size & are usually declaredwith a ‘new’ keyword.
Eg : String, Arrays
tring name =
S new
String("Aman"
)
;
int
[] marks =
new int
[
3
]
;
marks[
0
] =
97
;
marks[
1
] =
98
;
marks[
2
] =
95
;
6. String Class
trings are immutable non-primitive data types in Java. Once a string is created
S
it’s value cannot be changed i.e. if we wish to alter its value then a new string
with a new value has to be created.
This class in java has various important methods that can be used for Java
objects. These include:
a. Concatenation
tring name1 =
S new
String(
"Aman"
)
;
String description =
new
String(
"is a good boy."
)
;
tring sentence = name1 + description
S ;
System.
out
.println(sentence)
;
b. CharAt
tring name =
S new
String(
"Aman"
)
;
System.
out
.println(name.charAt(
0
))
;
c. Length
tring name =
S new
String(
"Aman"
)
;
System.
out
.println(name.length())
;
d. Replace
tring name =
S new
String(
"Aman"
)
;
System.
out
.println(name.replace(
'a'
,
'b'
))
;
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e. Substring
tring name =
S new
String(
"AmanAndAkku"
)
;
System.
out
.println(name.substring(
0
,
4
))
;
7. Arrays
rrays in Java are like a list of elements of the same type i.e. a list of integers, a
A
list of booleans etc.
a. Creating an Array (method 1) - with new keyword
nt
i [] marks =
new int
[
3
]
;
marks[
0
] =
97
;
marks[
1
] =
98
;
marks[
2
] =
95
;
b. Creating an Array (method 2)
int
[] marks = {
98
,
97
,
95
}
;
8. Casting
asting in java is the assigning values of one type to another. The types being
C
considered here are compatible i.e. we can only assign values of a number type
to another type storing numbers (vice-versa is not allowed i.e. floating values
cannot be assigned to boolean data types).
Casting in Java is of 2 types:
a. Implicit casting
This casting is done by java implicitly i.e. on its own. It is assigning
smaller values to larger data types.
loat
f price =
100.00F
;
int
gst =
18
;
float
finalPrice = price + gst
;
b. E
xplicit casting
This casting is done by the programmer. It is assigning larger values to
smaller data types.
nt
i price =
100
;
float
gst =
18.00F
;
int
finalPrice = price + (
int
)gst
;
9. Constants
constant is a variable in Java which has a fixed value i.e. it cannot be assigned
A
a different value once assigned.
package
com.apnacollege
;
Apni Kaksha
public class
Main {
public static void
main
(String[] args) {
/ Constants
/
final float
PI =
3.14F
;
}
}
10.Operators
There are 4 types of operators in Java :
a. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are just like operators we used in Math. These
include:
1. ‘+’ Add
nt
i a =
30
;
int
b =
40
;
int
sum = a + b
;
2. ‘-’ Subtract
nt
i a =
30
;
int
b =
40
;
int
diff = a - b
;
3. ‘*’ Multiply
nt
i a =
30
;
int
b =
40
;
int
mul = a * b
;
4. ‘/’ Divide
nt
i a =
30
;
int
b =
40
;
int
div = a / b
;
5. ‘%’ Modulo - Remainder of a/b
nt
i a =
30
;
int
b =
40
;
int
modulo = a % b
;
6. Unary Operators
nt
i a =
30
;
a++
;
a--
;
Pre-incrementer : It increments the value of the operand instantly.
ost-incrementer : It stores the current value of the operand
P
temporarily and only after that statement is completed, the value
of the operand is incremented.
Apni Kaksha
re-decrementer : It decrements the value of the operand
P
instantly.
ost-decrementer : It stores the current value of the operand
P
temporarily and only after that statement is completed, the value
of the operand is decremented.
b. Assignment Operators
Operator Operation Example
= Assigns value of right operand to left operand =B will put
A
value of B in A
+= dds right operand to the left operand
A +=B means A
A
and assigns the result to left operand. = A+B
-= S ubtracts right operand from the left A-=B means A=A-B
operand and assigns the result to left
operand.
*= ultiplies the right operand with the left
M A*=B means A=A*B
operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
/= ivides left operand with the right operand
D /=B means
A
and assigns the result to left operand. A=A/B
c. Comparison/Relational Operators
elational operators define the relation between2 entities.
R
They give a boolean value as result i.e true or false.
Suppose : A=5 and B=10
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Operator Operation Example
== Gives true if two operands are equal ==B is not
A
true
!= Gives true if two operands are not equal A!=B is true
> ives true if left operand is more than
G >B is not
A
right operand true
< ives true if left operand is less than right
G A<B is true
operand
>= ives true if left operand is more than
G >=B is not
A
right operand or equal to it true
<= ives true if left operand is more than
G A<=B is true
right operand or equal to it
d. L
ogical Operators
Logical operators are used to connect multiple expressions or conditions
together.
We have 3 basic logical operators.
Suppose : A=0 and B=1
Operator Operation Example
&& ND operator. Gives true if both operands are
A ( A && B) is
non zero false
|| R operator. Gives true if atleast one of the
O ( A || B) is
two operands are non-zero. true
! OT operator. Reverse the logical state of
N !A is true
operand
Apni Kaksha
11.Math class
ath is an important class in Java that is extensively used and has a lot of
M
interesting functions.
To import -importjava.lang.Math;
Some functions include:
a. Max
nt
i a =
10
;
int
b =
20
;
Math.
max
(a
,
b)
;
b. Min
nt
i a =
10
;
int
b =
20
;
Math.
min
(a
,
b)
;
c. Random
int
randomNumber = (
int
)(Math.
random
()*
100
)
;
12.Taking Input
e take input using the Scanner class and input various types of data using it.
W
To import the Scanner class -importjava.util.Scanner;
Example :
canner sc =
S new
Scanner(System.
in
)
;
int
n = sc.nextInt()
;
float
a = sc.nextFloat()
;
String name = sc.next()
;
String line = sc.nextLine()
;
13.Conditional Statements ‘if-else’
he if block is used to specify the code to be executed if the condition specified
T
in if is true, the else block is executed otherwise.
nt
i age =
30;
if
(age >
18) {
System.
out
.println(
"This is an adult"
)
;
}
else
{
System.
out
.println(
"This is not an adult"
)
;
}
14.Conditional Statements ‘switch’
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witch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a
S
variable to multiple values. After a match is found, it executes the
corresponding code of that value case.
nt
i n =
1
;
switch
(n) {
case
1:
System.
out
.println(
"Monday"
)
;
break;
case
2:
System.
out
.println(
"Tuesday"
)
;
break;
case
3:
System.
out
.println(
"Wednesday"
)
;
break;
case
4:
System.
out
.println(
"Thursday"
)
;
break;
case
5
:
System.
out
.println(
"Friday"
)
;
break;
case
6:
System.
out
.println(
"Saturday"
)
;
break;
default
:
System.
out
.println(
"Sunday"
)
;
}
15.Break & Continue
umps in loops are used to control the flow of loops. There are two statements
J
used to implement jump in loops - Continue and Break. These statements are
used when we need to change the flow of the loop when some specified
condition is met.
Continue statementis used to skip to the next iterationof that loop. This
means that it stops one iteration of the loop. All the statements present after
the continue statement in that loop are not executed.
nt
i i
;
for
(i=1
;
i<=
20
;
i++) {
if
(i%
3
==
0
) {
continue;
}
System.
out
.println(i)
;
}
I n this for loop, whenever i is a number divisible by 3, it will not be printed as the
loop will skip to the next iteration due to the continue statement. Hence, all the
numbers except those which are divisible by 3 will be printed.
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reak statementis used to terminate the current loop.As soon as the break
B
statement is encountered in a loop, all further iterations of the loop are stopped
and control is shifted to the first statement after the end of loop.
nt
i i
;
for
(i=1
;
i<=
20
;
i++) {
if
(i ==
11
) {
break;
}
System.
out
.println(i)
;
}
I n this loop, when i becomes equal to 11, the for loop terminates due to break
statement, Hence, the program will print numbers from 1 to 10 only.
16.Loops
loop is used for executing a block of statements repeatedly until a particular
A
condition is satisfied. A loop consists of an initialization statement, a test
condition and an increment statement.
or Loop
F
The syntax of the for loop is :
f or (initialization; condition; update) {
// body of-loop
}
for
(
int
i=1
;
i<=
20
;
i++) {
System.
out
.println(i)
;
}
hile Loop
W
The syntax for while loop is :
while(condition) {
// body of the loop
}
nt
i i =
0
;
while
(i<=
20
) {
System.
out
.println(i)
;
i++
;
}
Apni Kaksha
o-While Loop
D
The syntax for the do-while loop is :
do {
// body of loop;
}
while (condition);
nt
i i =0
;
do
{
System.
out
.println(i)
;
i++
;
}
while(i<=
20
)
;
17.Exception Handling (try-catch)
xception Handling in Java is a mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that
E
normal flow of the application can be maintained.
I t is done using 2 keywords - ‘try’ and ‘catch’.
Additional keywords like finally, throw and throws can also be used if we dive
deep into this concept.
nt
i [] marks = {
98
,
97,
95
}
;
try
{
System.
out
.println(marks[
4
]
)
;
}
catch
(Exception exception) {
System.
out
.println(
"An exception for caught while
accessing an index
the 'marks' array"
)
;
}
ystem.
S out
.println(
"We tried to print marks & an exception
must have
occurred with index >=3"
)
;
18.Methods/Functions
function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
A
Why are functions used?
a. If some functionality is performed at multiple places in software, then
rather than writing the same code, again and again, we create a function
and call it everywhere. This helps reduce code redundancy.
b. Functions make maintenance of code easy as we have to change at one
place if we make future changes to the functionality.
c. Functions make the code more readable and easy to understand.
Thesyntaxfor function declaration is :
return-type function_name (parameter 1, parameterϮ …… parameter n){
Apni Kaksha
//function_body
}
return-type
hereturn typeof a function is the data type ofthe variable that that function
T
returns.
or eg- If we write a function that adds 2 integers and returns their sum then
F
the return type of this function will be ‘int’ as we will return a sum that is an
integer value.
When a function does not return any value, in that case the return type of the
function is ‘void’.
f unction_name
It is the unique name of that function.
It is always recommended to declare a function before it is used.
arameters
P
A function can take some parameters as inputs. These parameters are specified
along with their data types.
For eg- if we are writing a function to add 2 integers, the parameters would be
passed like –
int add (int num1, int num2)
ain function
m
The main function is a special function as the computer starts running the code
from the beginning of the main function. Main function serves as the entry point
for the program.
Example:
package
com.apnacollege
;
public class
Main {
//A METHOD to calculate sum of 2 numbers - a &
b
public static void
sum
(
int
a
, int
b) {
int
sum = a + b
;
System.
out
.println(sum)
;
}
public static void
main
(String[] args) {
int
a =
10
;
int
b =
20
;
sum
(a
,
b)
;
// Function Call
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}
}
19.Mini-Project
et’s create a project where we are trying to ask the user to guess a randomly
L
generated number.
The number is in the range of 1 to 100.
I f the user guesses a number that is greater, we print “The number is too large”.
If the user guesses a number that is smaller, we print “The number is too small”.
If the user is able to correctly guess the number, then we print “Correct
Number!”.
At the end we will print the number that was generated by our Math library.
LET THE GUESSING BEGIN :)
CODE
package
com.apnacollege
;
import
java.util.Scanner
;
public class
Main {
public static void
main(String[] args) {
//MINI PROJECT
Scanner sc =
new
Scanner(System.in
)
;
int
myNumber = (
int
)(Math.
random
()*
100
)
;
int
userNumber =
0
;
do
{
System.
out
.println(
"Guess my number(1-100)
: "
)
;
userNumber = sc.nextInt()
;
if
(userNumber == myNumber) {
System.
out
.println(
"WOOHOO .. CORRECT
NUMBER!!!" )
;
break;
}
else if
(userNumber > myNumber) {
System.
out
.println(
"your number is
too large"
)
;
}
else
{
System.
out
.println(
"your number is
too small"
)
;
}
}
while(userNumber >=
0
)
;
ystem.
S out
.print(
"My number was : "
)
;
System.
out
.println(myNumber)
;
Apni Kaksha
}
}
Apni Kaksha
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