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Ch-3 Metals and Non-Metals, Part-1

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Ch-3 Metals and Non-Metals, Part-1

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Ch-3: Metals and Non-Metals

Part-I
Classification of Elements
 Elements in different groups are lumped together in one of three classes depending on
their properties. The three main classes of elements are -
▪ Metals
▪ Non-metals
▪ Metalloids.
a. Metals: solid, shiny or lustrous, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity.
b. Non-metals: gases at room temperature, brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity.
c. Metalloids: solid, somewhat lustrous, less malleable than metals but not brittle,
semiconductors.
 About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals; the others are nonmetals or
metalloids. 17 are non-metal elements.
 Non-metals are located on the far-right side of the periodic table, except hydrogen, which
is located in the top left corner. The 17 non-metal elements are: hydrogen, helium,
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, argon, selenium,
bromine, krypton, iodine, xenon, and radon.
1. Metals
Metals are the elements which form positive ions by losing electrons. Thus, metals are known
as Electropositive Elements.
Examples are Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt),
Lead (Pb), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) etc.

Physical Properties of Metals

• Hardness: Most of the metals are hard, except alkali metals, such as sodium, potassium,
lithium, etc. are very soft metals. These can be cut by using a knife.
• Strength: Most of the metals are strong and have high tensile strength. Because of this, big
structures are made using metals, such as copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). (Except Sodium (Na) and
potassium (K) which are soft metals).
• State: All metals except mercury exist as solids at room temperature. (Hg).
• Sound: The metals that produce a sound on striking a hard surface are said to be sonorous.
Metals produce ringing sound. Sound of metals is also known as Metallic sound. This is the
cause that metal wires are used in making musical instruments.
• Thermal Conductivity: Metals are a good conductor of heat. The best conductors of heat are
silver and copper. Lead and mercury are comparatively poor conductors of heat.
• Electrical Conductivity: Metals are a good conductor of electricity. This is the cause that
electric wires are made of metals like copper and aluminium.

• Malleability: Metals are malleable. This means metals can be beaten into a thin sheet. Because
of this property, iron is used in making big ships. Gold and silver are the most malleable
metals.(zinc, arsenic, mercury, antimony are not malleable)

• Ductility: Metals are ductile. This means metals can be drawn into thin wire. Because of this
property, a wire is made of metals. Gold is the most ductile metal.
• Lustrous: Metals, in their pure state, have a shining surface. This property is called metallic
lustre.
• Melting and Boiling Point: Metals have generally high melting and boiling points. (Except
sodium and potassium metals which have low melting and boiling point. Gallium and caesium
have very low melting points. These two metals will melt if kept on palm.
• Density: Most of the metals have a high density.
• Colour: Except for gold and copper, all metals are silver-grey in colour.

2. Non-Metals
There are very few non-metals as compared to metals. Some of the examples of non-metals are
Carbon (C), Sulphur (S), Phosphorous (P), Silicon (Si), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N),
Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine(I), Neon (Ne) and Argon (Ar) etc.
The non-metals are either solids or gases except bromine which is a liquid. Non-metals are the
elements that do not conduct electricity and are neither malleable nor ductile. Non-metals are the
elements which form negative ions by gaining an electron. Thus, non-metals are also known as
Electronegative Elements.

Physical Properties of Non-Metals


• Hardness: Non-metals are not hard rather they are generally soft. But the diamond is an
exception; it is the hardest naturally occurring substance.
• State: Non-metals exist as solids or gases at room temperature. Bromine is liquid at room
temperature.
• Non-Lustrous: Non-Metals are non-lustrous. Iodine is a non-metal, but it is lustrous.
• Sonority: Non-metals are not sonorous.
• Conduction: Non-metals are a bad conductor of heat and electricity. Graphite which is allotrope
of carbon is a good conductor of electricity and is an exception.
• Malleability: Non-metals are brittle. Non-Metals are non-malleable.
• Ductility: Non-Metals are non-ductile.
• Melting and boiling point: Non-metals have generally low melting and boiling points.
Diamond is a non-metal which has a very high melting point and boiling point.
• Density: Most of the non-metals have low density.
• Colour: Non-metals are in many colours.

Exceptions
• Carbon in the form of graphite is non-metal which conduct electricity.
• Iodine is non-metal which is lustrous having a shining surface.
• Carbon in the form of diamond is a non-metal which is extremely hard.
• Diamond is a non-metal which has a very high melting point and boiling point.

3. Metalloids - Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals.
Physical Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry.
• Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals.
• Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right
conditions, thus they are called semiconductors.
• Silicon for example appears lustrous but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a
characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the
metals.
• The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to
be non-metallic.

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