SAMATA LOK SHIKSHAN SAMITI’S

Dr. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA IND. P U COLLEGE, ALAND

CHAPTER No.05: MAGNETISM AND MATTER

Weightage – 07 marks

Magnetism: The property of the magnet due to which it attracts the pieces iron, steel , cobalt ,
nickel etc.

Magnet: The substance which has both attraction and directional properties is called Magnet.

Attraction property: A magnet attracts small pieces of iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.

Directional property: When a bar magnet is suspended freely, it points nearly in the geographical
north-south pole direction.

Origin of the word Magnet: The word magnet is derived from the place magnesia (an island) in
Greece.

Iron-magnetite is called lode stone (or leading stone): The directional property of a magnet was
used by the navigators to find the way to steering the ships. Therefore, the iron-magnetite is called
lode stone or leading stone.

Natural magnet: The black stone found in the nature which attracts the tiny iron particles.

It is an iron ore. It is called as iron ore-magnetite. Its structural formula is Fe3O4.

Demerit of natural magnets: Natural magnets have weak magnetic field and have irregular shape

Artificial magnets: These are man made magnets. The materials like iron, steel etc. are made to
acquire magnetism, such materials are called as artificial magnets.

Advantages of artificial magnets: Artificial magnets have desired magnetic field and have
convenient shape.

Artificial magnets are 1) Bar magnet 2) Magnetic needle 3) Horse shoe magnet.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 1
Note:

1) The pole of a magnet attracts a piece of iron and unlike pole of another magnet. But the pole of
the magnet always repels like poles of another magnet. Therefore, repulsion is the sure test of
magnetism.

2) Magnet and magnetic materials are used in modern day gadgets such VCR, audio cassettes,
head phones, ATM and credit cards etc.

Bar magnet:

It is magnetic bar of rectangular or circular cross-section.

The bar magnet is the most commonly used form of an artificial magnet.

It is found from experiments that a magnet has two poles, namely north-pole and south-pole.

When bar magnet or a magnetic needle is suspended freely, the pole which points approximately
towards the geographic north is called North pole and pole which points approximately towards
geographic south is called South pole.

In one kind of approach to magnetism, each pole is assigned a

pole strength which is also known as magnetic charge.

The pole strength of N-pole is +𝑞𝑚 and S-pole is −𝑞𝑚 .

The distance between the two poles in a bar magnet is called Magnetic length.

Magnetic field at a point (Magnetic field intensity) : Magnetic field at a point is defined as force
experienced by the N-pole placed at that point.

𝑭
𝑩=
𝒒𝒎
Or 𝑭 = 𝑩 𝒒𝒎

Magnetic dipole moment :The product of either pole strength and magnetic length of magnet is
called Magnetic dipole moment.

Commonly known ideas of magnetism:

1. The earth behaves as a magnet with its magnetic field pointing approximately from the
geographic south pole to geographic north pole.
2. When a bar magnet is suspended freely, it comes to rest along the north – south direction. The
N-pole of the magnet points the roughly north direction and the S-pole of the magnet points
roughly the south direction of the earth.
3. Two N-poles or S-poles repel each other, while a N-poles and S-poles attract each other. In other
words, like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other.
4. Every magnet attracts small pieces of materials like iron, nickel, cobalt, and steel towards it. The
attraction is maximum near the ends of the magnet where the poles are located.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 2
5. Magnetic poles always exist in pairs (south and north poles). The poles of the magnet can never
be separated. If magnet is cut into two pieces, each piece is a magnet with two poles. That
means magnetic monopoles do not exist.
6. When a piece of a magnetic material like iron or steel is placed near a magnet acquires induced
magnetism. Thus, it is possible to make magnets from iron or its alloys.

Coulomb’s law in Magnetism:

Statement : The magnetic force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly
proportional to the product of the pole strengths (or magnetic charges q1 and q2) and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance (r) between them.
𝑞 𝑞
i.e., 𝐹 ∝ 1𝑟 22
𝜇0 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜇0 − Absolute permeability of free space.
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 x10−7 𝑊𝑏𝐴−1 𝑚−1 or (𝑇𝑚𝐴−1 )
The unit of pole strength is 𝐴𝑚 (𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)

Magnetic field lines or magnetic lines of force

Magnetic field lines are the imaginary loops used to represent the magnetic field of a magnet. The
tangent drawn at any point on the field line represents the direction of magnetic field at that point.

Properties of magnetic field lines (or magnetic lines of force):

or

1) Magnetic field lines are the imaginary loops used to represent the magnetic field of a magnet.
2) The tangent drawn at any point on the field line represents the direction of magnetic field at
that point.
3) No two magnetic field lines intersect.
4) Number of magnetic field lines crossing per unit area depends on strength of magnetic field.
5) They can pass through the conductors and insulators.
6) They do not pass through the superconductors.
7) Magnetic field lines contract longitudinally and widen laterally.
8) The magnetic field lines are continuous closed loops.

Magnetic dipole : The magnetic dipole moment of magnet is the product of the pole strength and
magnetic length. 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑞𝑚 x 2𝑙

S.I unit of pole strength is 𝑨𝒎.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 3
S.I unit of dipole moment 𝑨𝒎𝟐 or 𝑱𝑻−𝟏

Magnetic field at a distance from a magnetic pole:

Consider a very long magnet which lies along the axis of a

plane circular loop of radius r carrying current I.

Let the north pole of the magnet lie at the centre of the current
loop. The magnet is assumed to be so long that the current loop has practically no effect on the
south pole.

The magnetic field at the centre of the current loop is-

𝜇0 2𝜋𝐼
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟
𝜇 2𝜋𝐼 𝑟
𝐵 = 4𝜋0 (multiplying and dividing RHS by r)
𝑟 𝑟

𝜇0 2𝜋𝐼𝑟
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝜇 𝑙𝐼
𝐵 = 4𝜋0 𝑟 2 where 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑙 − length of the wire in the loop.

The force on N-pole of the pole strength 𝑞𝑚 at the centre is 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑚

𝜇 𝑙 𝐼𝑞𝑚
𝐹 = 4𝜋0 ----------(1)
𝑟2

According to Newton’s third law of motion the current loop must experience an equal and
opposite force. Actually, the current loop experiences such a force because it lies in the magnetic
field of the magnetic pole under consideration.

If B – magnetic field due to the magnetic pole at the location of the current loop.

Then 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 -----------(2)

From equations (1) and (2)

𝜇0 𝑙 𝐼𝑞𝑚
𝐼𝑙𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝝁 𝟎 𝒒𝒎
𝑩=
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) at a point on its axial line:

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 4
Consider magnet of magnetic dipole moment 𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 (2𝑙)

Where 𝑞𝑚 −pole strength of each pole of the magnet and 2𝑙 −magnetic length.

Let P be a point at a distance r from centre O the dipole.

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
Magnetic field at P due to N-pole is 𝐵1 = ----- away from the N-pole (along NP)
4𝜋 (𝑟−𝑙) 2

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
Magnetic field at P due to S-pole is 𝐵2 = ----- towards S-pole (along PS)
4𝜋 (𝑟+𝑙) 2

The resultant magnetic field at P is

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚 𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
𝐵 = 𝐵1 − 𝐵2 = −
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙) 2 4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙) 2

𝜇 𝑞 1 1
𝐵 = 0 𝑚[ − ]
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)
2
(𝑟 + 𝑙)
2

𝜇0𝑞𝑚 (𝑟 + 𝑙) 2 − (𝑟 − 𝑙) 2
𝐵= [ ]
4𝜋 2
(𝑟 − 𝑙) (𝑟 + 𝑙)
2

𝜇0𝑞𝑚 (𝑟2 + 𝑙2 + 2𝑟𝑙) − (𝑟2 + 𝑙2 − 2𝑟𝑙)

𝐵= [ ]
4𝜋 {(𝑟 − 𝑙)(𝑟 + 𝑙)}2

𝜇0𝑞𝑚 𝑟2 + 𝑙2 + 2𝑟𝑙 − 𝑟2 − 𝑙2 + 2𝑟𝑙

𝐵= [ ]
4𝜋 2 2 2
{𝑟 − 𝑙 }

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚 4𝑟𝑙
𝐵= [ ]
4𝜋 2 2 2
(𝑟 − 𝑙 )

𝜇0 (𝑞𝑚 × 2𝑙)2𝑟
𝐵= [ ]
4𝜋 2 2 2
(𝑟 − 𝑙 )
𝜇0 2𝑚𝑟
𝐵= (∵ 𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 (2𝑙))
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 −𝑙2 )2

For short magnet, 𝑙 ≪ 𝑟, then 𝑙 2 can be neglected when compared to 𝑟 2

𝜇0 2𝑚𝑟
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟4
𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝒎
∴ 𝑩=
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟑

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 5
Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) at a point on its equatorial line:

Consider magnet of magnetic dipole moment 𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 (2𝑙)

Where 𝑞𝑚 −pole strength of each pole of the magnet and

2𝑙 −magnetic length.
1
The distance to the point from each pole is (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )2

Magnetic field at P due to N-pole is

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
𝐵1 = 1 2
4𝜋
[(𝑟 2 +𝑙2 )2 ]

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
𝐵1 = 2
---- (along NP produced)
4𝜋 (𝑟 +𝑙2 )

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
Magnetic field at P due to S-pole is 𝐵2 = ----- (along PS)
4𝜋 (𝑟 +𝑙2 )
2

The magnetic fields 𝐵1 and 𝐵2 are resolved into components. The vertical components
𝐵1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 & 𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cancel each other and 𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 & 𝐵2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 added up.

∴ The resultant magnetic field at point P on the equatorial line, 𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐵2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜇0 𝑞𝑚 𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
𝐵= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4𝜋 (𝑟2 + 𝑙2) 4𝜋 (𝑟2 + 𝑙2)

2𝜇0 𝑞𝑚
𝐵= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4𝜋 (𝑟2 + 𝑙2 )

𝑙
From figure, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1
2
(𝑟2 +𝑙 )2

2𝜇0 𝑞𝑚 𝑙
∴𝐵= ×
4𝜋 (𝑟2 + 𝑙2) 2
1
2
(𝑟2 +𝑙 )

𝜇0 𝑞𝑚 (2𝑙)
𝐵=
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙2)32

𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵=
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙2 )32

For a short magnet, 𝑙 ≪ 𝑟, 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙 2 can be neglected compared to 𝑟 2

∴ 𝝁𝟎 𝒎
𝑩=
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟑

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 6
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid

Consider a solenoid consisting of n turns per unit length carrying a current I.

Let its length be 2l and radius a.

Consider a circular element of thickness dx of the solenoid at a distance x from the center of
solenoid. It consists of ndx turns.

Let 𝑟 − the distance of the point P from the centre O

When a current I flows through the solenoid, the magnitude of the magnetic field at P due to this
𝜇0 2𝜋(𝑛𝑑𝑥)𝐼𝑎2
circular element 𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 [(𝑟−𝑥)2 +𝑎2 ]3⁄2

When the point P is at very large distance from O i.e., ≫ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 ≫ 𝑥 ; 𝑥 & 𝑎 are neglected.
3
Then [(𝑟 − 𝑥 )2 + 𝑎2 ] ⁄2 ≈ 𝑟 3

𝜇0 2𝜋(𝑛𝑑𝑥)𝐼𝑎2
∴ 𝑑𝐵 ≈
4𝜋 𝑟3
𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎2
𝑑𝐵 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 ------------(1)
4𝜋 𝑟3

Integrating equation (1), as the range of x varies from –l to +l, the total magnetic field at P due to
the current carrying solenoid is

𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎2
+𝑙
𝐵=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙 4𝜋 𝑟3

𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎2 +𝑙
𝐵= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 𝑟 3 −𝑙

𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎2 +𝑙
𝐵= [𝑥 ]−𝑙
4𝜋 𝑟 3
𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎2
𝐵= [𝑙 − (−𝑙)]
4𝜋 𝑟 3
𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎2
𝐵= (2𝑙)
4𝜋 𝑟 3

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 7
 𝜇0 4𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎2 𝑙
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 3
The magnetic moment of the solenoid is

𝑚 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 × 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚 = (𝑛 × 2𝑙 ) 𝐼 × 𝜋𝑎2

𝑚 = 2𝑛𝜋𝐼𝑎2 𝑙

∴ Magnetic field at point P due to solenoid,

𝜇0 2𝑚
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 3
This equation is similar to the expression for magnetic field on axis of a short bar magnet. Hence a
solenoid carrying current behaves as a bar magnet.

Similarities between current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet:

1) The patterns of magnetic field lines of both of current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet are
similar as shown in the figures.
2) Cutting a bar magnet into half is similar to cutting a solenoid. In both the cases , we get two
smaller parts with weaker magnetic properties. In both the bar magnet and solenoid, the field
lines are continuous and emerge from one face and enter into the other.
3) When a current carrying solenoid is freely suspended using a thread, it points nearly in the
geographic north-south direction like a bar magnet.
4) When two current carrying solenoids are brought close to each other, they exhibit mutual
attraction and repulsion. This shows that their end faces acts as N and S poles like that of a bar
magnet.

Uniform magnetic field: It is the region in which

the magnitude and direction of magnetic field is
same at all points.

Non-uniform magnetic field: It is the region in

which the magnitude and direction of magnetic
field is different at different points.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 8
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field

Consider magnet of magnetic dipole moment

𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 (2𝑙), placed in uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵.

Where 𝑞𝑚 − pole strength of each pole of the magnet and

2𝑙 −magnetic length.

⃗⃗⃗
Force on the N-pole 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑚 along the direction of 𝐵.
And force on the S - pole 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑚 opposite to the
⃗⃗⃗
direction of 𝐵.

Since these forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, hence they constitute couple
(torque)

Torque = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × ⊥𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝜏 = 𝐵𝑞𝑚 × 𝑁𝐴
𝑁𝐴
In ∆𝑁𝐴𝑆, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑁𝑆

𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝑆 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

∴ 𝜏 = 𝐵𝑞𝑚 × 2𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

⃗ =𝒎
In vector form, 𝝉 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑩

Note: The direction of torque is perpendicular plane containing 𝑚 ⃗.

⃗⃗ & 𝐵

Case (i) : If 𝜃 = 00 , then 𝝉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎

Case (ii) : If 𝜃 = 900 , then 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒎𝑩

Magnetic potential energy of a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a magnetic field

When a bar magnet of magnetic dipole moment 𝑚 ⃗⃗ is held at an angle 𝜃 to the direction of uniform
⃗ the magnitude of the torque acting on the
magnetic field 𝐵
dipole is
The small amount of work done in rotating the dipole through a
small angle 𝑑𝜃 is

𝑑𝜔 = 𝜏 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑚𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (∵ 𝜔 = 𝜏 𝜃)

Then total work done in rotating the dipole the dipole from
𝜃1 𝑡𝑜 𝜃2 is
𝜃2 𝜃2
𝜃
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑤 = ∫ 𝑚𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑚𝐵[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]𝜃21 = −𝑚𝐵(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 )
𝜃1 𝜃1

This work done is equal to the change in potential energy 𝑈 of the dipole.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 9
For orientations, 𝜃1 = 900 and 𝜃2 = 𝜃

𝑈 = −𝑚𝐵(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 )

𝑼 = −𝒎𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 = 0)

⃗⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
In vector form, 𝑼 = 𝒎 ⃗

Note:

Case (i): If 𝜃 = 00 , then 𝑼𝒎𝒊𝒏 = −𝒎𝑩 (The dipole is in stable equilibrium)

Case (ii): If 𝜃 = 900 , then 𝑼 = 𝟎 (The dipole is in unstable equilibrium)

Case (iii): If 𝜃 = 1800 , then 𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒎𝑩

The analog between electric and magnetic dipoles:

ELECTROSTATICS MAGNETISM
Free space constant 1 𝜇0
4𝜋𝜀0 4𝜋
Equatorial field due to a short dipole 1 𝑃 𝜇0 𝑚
𝐸= 𝐵=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3 4𝜋 𝑟 3
Axial field due to a short dipole 1 2𝑃 𝜇0 2𝑚
𝐸= 𝐵=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3 4𝜋 𝑟 3
Torque experienced in external field 𝜏 = 𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Potential energy in the external field 𝑈 = −𝑝𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑈 = −𝑚𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Expression for time period of oscillation of small bar magnet (magnetic dipole) in external
uniform magnetic field:

Consider a bar magnet (magnetic needle) of magnetic moment m

suspended in uniform magnetic field B.

If the magnet is oscillates (deflects) through an angle 𝜃 then

deflecting torque on it is
𝝉𝒅 = 𝒎𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

If the magnet is left free, it oscillates due to restoring torque and oscillates about initial position.

Let 𝐼 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡,

Then restoring torque acting on it is 𝝉𝒓 = 𝑰𝜶 ( ∵ 𝝉 = 𝑰𝜶 )

In equilibrium 𝜏𝑟 = −𝜏𝑑 (-ve sign indicates that rotating torque is opposite to the torque)

𝐼𝛼 = −𝑚𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

−𝑚𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝛼=
𝐼

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 10
For small angles, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
−𝑚𝐵𝜃
𝛼= ----------(1)
𝐼

Above equation of the form, 𝛼 = −𝜔2 𝜃 -----------(2)

( which represents angular simple harmonic motion with angular frequency 𝜔 )

From equations (1) and (2)

−𝑚𝐵𝜃
−𝜔2 𝜃 =
𝐼
𝑚𝐵
∴ 𝜔2 =
𝐼

𝑚𝐵
𝜔=√
𝐼

2𝜋 2𝜋
Time period of oscillation of the magnet, 𝑇 = (∵ 𝜔 = )
𝜔 𝑇

𝑰
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√𝒎𝑩

𝟏 𝒎𝑩 𝟏 𝒎𝑩 1
And frequency of oscillation, 𝒇 = 𝟐𝝅 √ or 𝝂 = 𝟐𝝅 √ (∵ 𝑓 = 𝑇 )
𝑰 𝑰

Gauss’s law in magnetism:

Statement : The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero.
Explanation : Consider a closed surface S in a uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵.Let
∆𝑆 be a small area element of this surface with 𝑛̂ along its normal. Let 𝜃 be
the angle between 𝐵⃗ and ∆𝑆.
The magnetic flux through this element is ∆𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵 ⃗ ∆𝑆 cos 𝜃
The total magnetic flux through the closed surface, 𝜙𝐵 = ∑ ∆𝜙𝐵

⃗ . ∆𝑆
𝜙𝐵 = ∑ 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆
𝒐𝒓 𝜙𝐵 = ∮ 𝐵.
From Gauss’s law in magnetism, 𝜙𝐵 = ∑ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵. ∆𝑆 = 0 or 𝜙𝐵 = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵. 𝑑𝑆 = 0

The implication of Gauss law is that isolated magnetic poles do not exist .

Why the magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero

An isolated magnetic pole does not exist. But a magnetic dipole exists. A dipole is a pair of
magnetic dipoles of equal and opposite strengths. If a closed surface encloses a dipole, the net pole
strength enclosed by the surface is zero. Hence magnetic flux through the closed surface is zero.

Note: According to Gauss’s law in electrostatics, electric flux is zero only when the charge enclosed
by the closed surface is zero.

The number of field lines leaving any surface is equal to the number of field lines entering it.

Gauss’s law in magnetism tells us the following facts

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 11
 1) Isolated magnetic pole do not exist.
2) The most elementary magnetic element is a magnetic dipole or current loop. All magnetic
phenomena are explained in terms of an arrangement of magnetic dipoles or current loops.

The Terrestrial magnetism or Geo magnetism :

The branch of physics deals with the study of earth’s magnetism is called Terrestrial magnetism.

Experimentally it is found that Earth’s magnetic field is about 10 -5 T. The magnetic field of earth is
extended up to several thousands of kilometers.

The exact cause of earth’s magnetism is not yet known. It is believed that the magnetic field is due
to the currents produced by convection motion of metallic fluids (containing molten iron and
nickel) in the outer core of the earth. This is known as Dynamo effect.

The magnetic field lines of the earth are similar to the field lines of a bar magnet. But there is no bar
magnet in the interior of the earth. We assumed a bar magnet inside the earth to explain the
properties of earth’s magnetic field. The axis of this imaginary magnet is inclined by approximately
11.30 west of geographic axis. The pole near the geographic north pole is called the magnetic north
pole (Nm) and the pole near the geographic south pole is called the magnetic south pole (S m).

Note that magnetic north pole of the earth is actually a south pole of the imaginary magnet and the
magnetic south is actually a north of the imaginary magnet inside the earth. The magnetic north
and south poles of the imaginary magnet have not been named after the poles of the imaginary
magnet. These have been named after the directions taken up by a magnetic needle free to move in
a horizontal plane.

We can specify magnetic poles location at a place in north Canada longitude 71.80 W and latitude
79.940 N. Obviously, Sm will be diametrically opposite to Nm i.e., longitude 108.20 E and latitude
79.740 S, the magnetic poles are approximately 200 km from the geographic poles.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 12
Geographic axis ( polar axis ): It is the imaginary line passing through the geographic poles of the earth. It
is the axis of rotation of earth. It is also known as polar axis.

Geographic meridian: Geographic meridian at a place is the vertical plane passing through the geographic
poles of the earth.

Geographic equator: It is the great circle on the surface of the earth in a plane perpendicular to the
geographic axis. All the points on the geographic equator are at equal distances from the
geographic poles.

Earth’s magnetic axis: It is an imaginary line passing through the magnetic poles of the earth.

Magnetic meridian: Magnetic meridian at a place is the vertical plane passing through magnetic poles of
the earth.

Magnetic equator: It is the great circle on the earth in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic axis.

All the points on the magnetic equator are at equal distances from the magnetic poles.

Earth’s magnetic elements:

These are the quantities which gives the magnitude and direction of earth’s magnetic field at a place.

The quantities which determine the earth’s magnetic field are called Magnetic elements.

They are namely Magnetic declination, Magnetic inclination (Magnetic dip) and Horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field.

Magnetic declination (𝜹): The angle between the geographic meridian and magnetic meridian at a place is
called Magnetic meridian.

Magnetic inclination (Magnetic dip) (𝜽): The angle between the earth’s total magnetic field and
horizontal drawn in the magnetic meridian at a place is called Magnetic inclination.

Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field (BH):The component of the earth’s magnetic field
along the horizontal direction is called Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field.

Vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field (Bv): The component of the earth’s magnetic field along
the vertical direction is called Vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field.

Declination varies from place to place. On the world map, lines drawn joining places having same
value of declination are called Isogonic line.

The lines drawn through places having zero declination is called Agonic line.

On the world map, lines drawn through places having same value of dip are Isoclinic line.

The lines drawn through places having zero dip is called Aclinic line.

Note: Dip varies from place to place on the surface of earth. At the magnetic equator, dip is 00 and the
magnetic needle is horizontal. At the magnetic poles of the earth dip is 900

Dip at a place is measured by an instrument called Dip circle.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 13
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Earth’s total magnetic field is ,𝐵 𝐵𝐻 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑉

𝑜𝑟 𝑩𝑬 = √𝑩𝑯 𝟐 + 𝑩𝑬 𝟐

𝐵𝐻 𝐵𝑉
From figure, cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 =
𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐸

𝑩𝑯 = 𝑩𝑬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝑩𝑽 = 𝑩𝑬 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝐵 𝐵𝐸 cos 𝜃
Then 𝐵𝐻 =
𝑉 𝐵𝐸 sin 𝜃

𝐵𝐻
= tan 𝜃
𝐵𝑉

𝑩𝑯
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √
𝑩𝑽

Terms related to Magnetism

Magnetisation(⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑴):
Magnetisation of a sample is defined as the net magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒎
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝑴
𝑽
Note:
1) Magnetisation is a vector quantity.
2) The S.I unit of magnetization 𝑨𝒎−𝟏
3) The dimensional formula ⌊𝑀⌋ = [𝑴𝟎 𝑳−𝟏 𝑻𝟎 𝑨𝟏 ]

Magnetic intensity(𝑯 ⃗⃗⃗ ):

Magnetic intensity is the ratio of external magnetic field (magnetic induction) to the permeability of
free space.
The degree to which a magnetic field can magnetize a material is represented in terms of magnetic
intensity.
⃗𝑩
⃗𝟎 ⃗⃗
𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑯 ⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑯
𝝁𝟎 𝝁

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒏𝑰
𝑯

Note:
1) Magnetic intensity is a vector quantity.
2) The S.I unit of magnetic intensity𝑨𝒎−𝟏
3) The dimensional formula ⌊𝐻⌋ = [𝑴𝟎 𝑳−𝟏 𝑻𝟎 𝑨𝟏 ]

Magnetic permeability (𝝁):

The magnetic permeability of a material is the ability of the material to allow the passage of
magnetic field lines through it.
It represents the extent to which the magnetic field lines can penetrate (permeate) a material.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 14
Relative permeability (𝝁𝒓 ):
Relative permeability is the ratio magnetic permeability of a material and the permeability of free
space.
𝝁
𝝁𝒓 =
𝝁𝟎
Note:
1) It is a pure number.( For free space ,its value is 1).
2) It has no unit and dimensions.
Magnetic induction (Magnetic flux density) (B) :
The number of magnetic field lines passing per unit area around that point.
Or It is the magnetic field induced in the material placed in the magnetizing field.

Magnetic susceptibility (𝝌):

Magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio of magnetization to the magnetic intensity.
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
⃗⃗⃗
𝑴
𝝌=
⃗⃗⃗
𝑯

NOTE :
1. It is unit less quantity.
2. It indicates how easily a material can be magnetized.
3. Higher the value of susceptibility, more easier to magnetise the substance .

Relation between magnetic permeability and Magnetic susceptibility:

Magnetic field in the interior of the solenoid with vacuum 𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 = 𝜇0 𝐻
If the interior of the solenoid is filled with a material which gets magnetized, the magnetic field
inside the interior will be greater than 𝐵0 .
The net magnetic field B in the interior is expressed as 𝐵 = 𝐵0 + 𝐵𝑚
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝑀 (∵ 𝐵𝑚 = 𝜇0 𝑀)
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝜇𝐻 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀) (∵ 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻)

𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝜇=
𝐻
𝐻 𝑀
𝜇 = 𝜇0 [ + ]
𝐻 𝐻

𝑀
𝜇 = 𝜇0 [1 + ]
𝐻
𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 [𝟏 + 𝝌]

This is relation between magnetic permeability and magnetic susceptibility.

𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝟎 = 𝝁𝟎 [𝟏 + 𝝌]

𝝁𝒓 = [𝟏 + 𝝌]

This is relation between relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 15
Magnetic materials:
On the basis of magnetic properties materials (substances ) are classified into (a) Diamagnetic
materials (b) Para magnetic materials and (c) Ferromagnetic materials.
Diamagnetic materials:

1) The materials which are weakly repelled by the magnets(magnetic field).

2) The diamagnetic materials have the tendency to move from stronger to weaker part of the
external magnetic field.
3) In the external magnetic field, the magnetic field lines are expelled outof these materials.
4) When placed in a magnetic field, flux density (B) inside the material is less than in air.
5) Their magnetic susceptibility is low and negative (−𝟏 ≤ 𝝌 < 0).
6) Permeability of the medium is less than permeability of free space (𝝁 < 𝝁𝟎 ).
7) Their relative permeability is slightly less than one (𝝁𝒓 <1).
8) When placed in a magnetic field it is weakly magnetized in a direction opposite to that of
applied field.
9) Their magnetic susceptibility is independent of temperature.
10) Intensity of magnetization is small and negative value.
11) Eg : copper, gold, silver, lead, mercury, bismuth, silicon, diamond, nitrogen, water, sodium
chloride etc.

Paramagnetic materials:

1) These are weakly attracted by magnets (magnetic field).

2) The paramagnetic materials have the tendency to move from weaker to stronger part of the
external magnetic field.
3) In the external magnetic field, the magnetic field lines are concentrated in these materials.
Hence resultant magnetic field inside paramagnetic increases.
4) Their magnetic susceptibility low and positive (𝝌> 0).
5) The relative permeability slightlygreater than one (𝝁𝒓 > 1)
6) Their magnetic susceptibility (𝝌) decreases with increase in temperature.
7) The magnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.
8) When placed in an external Magnetic field, flux density (B) inside the material is larger than
in air.
9) Permeability of the medium is slightly greater than permeability of free space (𝝁 > 𝝁𝟎 )
10) When placed in a magnetic field it is weakly magnetized in the direction of applied field.
11) Eg: aluminium, sodium, calcium, oxygen, chromium, lithium, platinum, tungsten etc

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 16
Ferro magnetic materials:

1) Ferromagnetic materials are those substances which move from a weak magnetic field to a
strong magnetic field
2) These are strongly attracted by magnets (magnetic field).
3) In the external magnetic field, the magnetic field lines are highly concentrated in these
materials. Hence resultant magnetic field inside ferromagnetic increases.
4) When placed in a magnetic field it is strongly magnetized in the direction of applied field.
5) Their magnetic susceptibility is high and positive (𝝌≫ 0).
6) The relative permeability is much greater than one (𝝁𝒓 ≫ 1) (103 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟)
7) Their magnetic susceptibility (𝝌) decreases with increase in temperature and at certain high
temperature they become paramagnetic.
8) Permeability of the medium is much greater than permeability of free space(𝝁 ≫ 𝝁𝟎 ).
9) Magnetic field, flux density (B) inside the material is much larger than in air.
10)Eg: iron, cobalt, nickel, Alnico ( an alloy of iron , nickel and cobalt)

DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS FERROMAGNETIC

MATERIALS
1. These are weakly repelled by These are weakly attracted by These are strongly attracted by
the magnets magnets magnets
2. Their magnetic susceptibility is Their magnetic susceptibility low Their magnetic susceptibility is
low and negative and positive high and positive
3. Their relative permeability is The relative permeability The relative permeability is
slightly less than one slightlygreater than one much greater than one
(103 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟)
4. When placed in a magnetic field When placed in a magnetic field When placed in a magnetic
it is weakly magnetized in a it is weakly magnetized in the field it is strongly magnetized in
direction opposite to that of direction of applied field the direction of applied field.
applied field.

5. When placed in a magnetic When placed in an external Magnetic field, flux density (B)
field, flux density (B) inside the Magnetic field, flux density (B) inside the material is much
material is less than in air. inside the material is larger than larger than in air.
in air.
6. These are the substances which These are the substances which These are the substances which
weakly move from a stronger weakly move from a weak readily move from a weak
magnetic field to a weaker magnetic field to a strong magnetic field to a strong
magnetic field magnetic field magnetic field

7. Permeability of the medium is Permeability of the medium is Permeability of the medium is

less than permeability of free slightly greater than permeability much greater than
space(𝝁 < 𝝁𝟎 ). of free space(𝝁 > 𝝁𝟎 ) permeability of free space(𝝁 ≫
𝝁𝟎 )
8. Eg : copper, gold, silver, lead, Eg : aluminium, sodium, calcium, Eg: iron, cobalt, nickel, alnico
mercury, bismuth, silicon, , oxygen, chromium, etc (an alloy of iron and nickel)
sodium chloride etc.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 17
Curie’s law: The susceptibility of paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to its absolute
temperature.
1 𝐶
i.e., 𝜒 ∝ 𝑇 ⟹ 𝜒 = 𝑇

Where C – curie’s constant.

Curie temperature or Curie point: The temperature at which a ferromagnetic material becomes
paramagnetic material.

Note: When a ferromagnetic material is heated, its magnetization decreases due to the increase in
the randomization of its domains. At a particular high temperature, the domain structure decays
and the ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic material. This particular temperature is
called Curie point or Curie temperature.

Curie –Weiss law: Above the critical temperature, the susceptibility of the material is described by
Curie – Weiss law.

Statement : Below critical temperature (Tc), the material is in the ferromagnetic state.

Above the Curie’s temperature substance will be paramagnetic phase.

1
𝜒∝
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐

1
𝜒=
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐

Where C – constant and T- given temperature.

Explanation of the cause for the paramagnetism or Explanation of the origin of the
paramagnetism:

The atoms of the paramagnetic materials will have

permanent dipole moment .In the absence of external
magnetic field, these dipoles arranged in random
orientations as shown in the figure-1. Therefore, the net
magnetic moment in the material is zero.¸À

In the presence of external magnetic field, a magnetic moment develops in the material. The
dipoles are partially aligned in the direction of applied field as shown in figure – 2.There, the
materials are weakly magnetised and weakly attracted by the magnets.

Explanation of the cause for the ferromagnetism or Explaination of the origin of the
ferromagnetism:

Weiss explained the ferromagnetism

on the basis of his domain theory. A
domain is part of ferromagnetic
material in which the dipoles align
in particular direction. Each domain

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 18
has net magnetic moment. The size of the each domain is about is about 1mm and each domain
contains about 1011 atoms.

In the absence of external magnetic field, these domains are arranged in random orientations as
shown in the figure - 1. Therefore, the net magnetization in the material is zero.

Explanation of the cause for the diamagnetism or Explanation of the origin of the diamagnetism:

We know that, in an atom, the electrons are revolving around the nucleus. These revolving
electrons are equivalent to tiny current carrying loops and thus possess orbital magnetic moment.
In the diamagnetic materials , the magnetic moment of an atom is zero. Therefore , in the
diamagnetic materials, motion of all the electrons is reduced to motion of two electrons in two
circular orbits of same radius, same angular velocity but in the opposite direction.

When a magnetic field is applied on a diamagnetic material, the velocity of the electrons having
orbital magnetic moment in the same direction slow down and those in the opposite direction
speed up. This happens due to induced current in accordance with Lenz’s law. Thus, a net
magnetic moment is developed in the diamagnetic material in a direction opposite to the direction
of applied field. Therefore, these materials are get repelled by the magnets

Meissner effect:

It is the phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in superconductors.

Superconductors: The substances of zero resistivity.

Properties of superconductors:

1. Superconductors are perfect conductors.

2. They are perfect diamagnetic materials.
3. Their relative permeability is zero. (They completely expel the magnetic field lines)
4. Their susceptibility is -1.

Use of superconductor : They are used in the levitated superfast trains.

Hysteresis:

The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction (magnetization) behind the magnetic intensity,
when a ferromagnetic material is subjected to cycle of magnetization is called Hysteresis.

Cycle of magnetization: A cycle is one in which a ferromagnetic

material subjected to series of changes in the magnetic field and
finally bringing back to its initial state.

Consider a ferromagnetic rod is subjected to cycle of

magnetization.

Let H be the magnetic intensity and B be the magnetic

induction.

1. When H is zero, B is also zero. This state is represented by

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 19
the origin O.
2. When H is increased from zero to Hm , B also increases and takes the path OA is called initial
magnetization curve. If H is increased further, B remains constant. Then the rod is said to be
saturated.
3. When H is decreased from Hm to zero, B takes the path the path AB instead of retracing its
original path.
4. When H is increased in the reverse direction from zero to -Hm, B takes the path BCD.
5. When H is changed from -Hm to Hm, B takes the path DEFA.

This completes one cycle of magnetization or hysteresis cycle. If this operation is repeated, it take
the path ABCDEFA and will not come to the origin O. Therefore magnetic inducction lags behind
magnetic intensity even if the magnetising field is removed. It is called Hysteresis. The closed loop
ABCDEFA is called Hysteresis loop.

Retentivity: The property of by virtue of which a ferromagnetic substance retains some magnetic property
even after the magnetizing field (magnetic intensity) is made zero.

Or The amount of magnetic field (B) left in the sample after removal of magnetic intensity (H) is called
Retentivity.

Coercivity: The property of a ferromagnetic substance by virtue of which it requires a reverse magnetizing
field to completely demagnetize it is called Coecivity.

or The amount of reverse magnetic intensity required to remove the residual magnetism is called Coecivity.

Hysteresis loop(curve):The graphical plot of magnetic induction versus magnetic intensity, when a
ferromagnetic material is subjected to the cycle of magnetization.

Hysteresis loss: The energy loss during cycle of magnetization of a ferromagnetic material.

Note :

1) The loss in energy in the form of heat in the material

2) Area of the hysteresis loop gives hysteresis loss per unit volume of the specimen per cycle of
magnetization.

Permanent magnets:These are the substances which retain the ferromagnetic property for long period of
time at room temperature.

Properties required for making permanent magnets

1) They should have high retentivity.

2) They should have high coecivity.
3) They should have high saturation magnetization.
4) They should have high high permeability.

Material of making permanent magnets

1) Cobalt steel (It contains cobalt , tungsten, carbon and iron).

2) Alnico ( It contains aluminium ,nickel, cobalt, copper and iron)
3) Ticonol (It contains tin , cobalt, nickel and aluminium).

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 20
Method of making permanent magnets

1) By placing a ferromagnetic rod in a current carrying solenoid.

2) By holding the steel rod in north-south direction and hammering it repeatedly.
3) By stroking a steel rod with one end of a bar magnet repeatedly always in the same sense.

Electromagnets (or temporary magnets):

A ferromagnetic material placed in the current carrying solenoid acts as an electromagnet.

Properties required for making electromagnets

1) They should have high permeability.

2) They should have low retentivity.

Uses of electromagnets

1) They are used in the electric bells.

2) They are in the loud speakers.
3) They are used in the telephone diaphragms.
4) They are used in the cranes (to lift machinery and bulk quantities of iron and steel).

Note: Soft iron is used in the core of transformer. This is because, it has
high permeability, low retentivity and low hysteresis loss.

QUESTION BANK (ASSIGNMENT)

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Derive the expression for the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying
solenoid. Hence show that it is equivalent to bar magnet. (A-2022)

THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are (i) magnetic declination (ii) magnetic dip (iii) horizontal component of earth‟s magnetic
field at a place? (March 2014)
2. Define (i) magnetic declination (ii) magnetic dip. Mention the SI unit of magnetization. (July 2015)
Define the terms:(i) declination (ii) inclination or dip. (2 mark)(March 2018, March 2017)
What is magnetic declination? (1 mark)( March 2015)
Define magnetic dip and declination at a place. (2 mark)(March 2019)
Define declination. (1 mark) (June 2019)
Define the terms (i) Declination (ii) inclination and (iii) horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
(MQP-2023)
i. Magnetic declination: The angle between the magnetic meridian and the geographical
meridian at a place is called the magnetic declination at that place.
ii. Magnetic dip: The magnetic dip at a place is the angle made by the total magnetic field BE of
the earth with the horizontal line in the magnetic meridian.
iii. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place: It is the component of earth total
magnetic field along horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian.
The SI unit of magnetization is Am-1
3. List any three properties of ferromagnetic materials.(A-2022)

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 21
4. explain briefly Hystersis.
5. Write three differences between diamagnetic materials and paramagnetic materials. (J-2023)
6. Mention any three properties of magnetic field lines. (J-2023)
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is magnetic susceptibility? For which material is it low and positive. (March 2014)
What is magnetic susceptibility? (1 mark)(March 2019)
Ans : The magnetic susceptibility of a material is defined as the ratio of magnetisation (M) developed in
the material to the applied magnetizing force (H).
It is low and positive for paramagnetic substance.
2. Write any two properties of magnetic field lines. (March 2015, July 2014)
i. The magnetic field lines of a magnet form a continuous closed loop.
ii. The tangent to the field line at a point represents the direction of magnetic field at that point.
iii. The magnetic field lines does not intersect.
3. What is an magnetic dipole moment? Write its SI unit.
Ans : The magnetic dipole moment (m) of a magnetic dipole is the product of the strength of its either
pole and magnetic length. The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is Am 2 or JT-1.
4. State and explain Gauss’s law in magnetism. (July 2016, June 2019, MQP-2023, J-2023)
Ans : Statement: The net magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.
Explanation: Magnetic poles exist in pairs of equal and opposite strengths i.e. as a magnetic dipole.
This
means a surface encloses a pair of equal and opposite magnetic poles so that net pole strength enclosed
by the surface is zero. Hence Gauss law in magnetism is 𝜙𝐵 = 0

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet. (March 2014)
2. Define magnetization of a sample. (March 2016)
Ans : It is defined as the magnetic moment developed per unit volume of the sample.
3. Where on the earth’s surface is the magnetic dip is zero? (July 2016, July 2018)
Ans : Magnetic equator.
4. Define magnetic declination at appoint. (A-2022)
5. Identify the wrong statement among the following options about magnetic field lines:
(a) They form closed loops.
(b) The tangent drawn to the magnetic field line at any point gives the direction of magnetic field at
that point.
(c) They can intersect each other.
(d) Outside a magnet, they go from north pole to the south pole. (MQP)
6. The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to its ______________
. Ans: Temperature.
7. The magnetic susceptibility of a diamagnetic material is (M-2023)
(a) small and positive (b) small and negative (c) large and positive (d) large and negative
8. Ferromagnetic materials exhibit the phenomenon of ___________.
Ans: hysteresis
9. The device used to accelerate charged particles is (J-2023)
(a) electroscope (b) cyclotron (c) galvanometer (d) ammeter.
10. The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero is in accordance with (M-2023)
(a) Gauss’s law in magnetism (b) Gauss’s law in electrostatics
(c) Ampere’s circuital law (d) Bio-Savert’s law

One and two marks questions

1. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet.

2. What is magnetic susceptibility? For which material is it low and positive.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 22
 3. What is magnetic declination?
4. Write the expression for magnetic potential energy of a magnetic dipole kept in a uniform
magnetic field and explain the terms.
5. Write the expression for torque acting on a bar magnet of dipole moment 𝒎 is placed in a
uniform magnetic field.
6. Write two properties of magnetic field lines?
7. Is a bar magnet an equivalent current carrying solenoid?
Ans :Yes. Each turn of solenoid behaves as a small magnetic dipole. Therefore solenoid can be
considered as arrangement of small magnetic dipoles placed in line with each other. The magnetic
field produced by solenoid is identical to that produced by the magnet.
8. What is the force acting on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field?
Ans :Zero.
9. What is the torque when a bar magnet of dipole moment m is placed in a uniform magnetic field?
When is torque maximum and minimum.
10. Give an expression for time period of oscillation when a magnetic needle placed in uniform magnetic
field.
11. State and explain Gauss law in magnetism.
12. What is the cause of earth’s magnetism?
Ans :Earths magnetism is due to electrical currents produced by the convective motion of mainly
molten iron and nickel in the outer core of the earth.
13. What is magnetic declination?
14. What is magnetic dip or inclination?
15. What are elements of earth’s magnetic field? Mention them.
16. What is the relation between horizontal component of earth’s field 𝐵𝐻 , vertical component of earth’s
field 𝐵𝑉 and inclination, 𝜃?
17. Define magnetisation of a sample.
18. What is the S.I unit of magnetisation?
19. Define magnetic intensity.
20. What is the unit of magnetic intensity?
21. What is the relation between magnetic susceptibility, magnetic intensity 𝐇 and magnetisation 𝐌 of a
specimen?
22. What is magnetic susceptibility?
23. Write the relation between magnetic intensity, magnetic field and susceptibility.
24. What is the relation between magnetic relative permeability and susceptibility?
25. What is the relation between magnetic relative permeability and permeability of the medium?
26. Define permeability
27. What is susceptibility.
28. Distinguish between diamagnetism and ferromagnetism on the basis of relative permeability an
susceptibility.
29. Distinguish between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.
30. Write two differences between dia magnetic and paramagnetic substances.
31. State and explain Curie’s law in magnetism.
32. Which type of material are required for electromagnets? Give an example.
33. Which type of material are required for permanent magnets? Give an example.
34. What is Hystrersis?
35. What is Hysteresis loss?
36. What is Hysteresis loop (curve) ?
37. What does area under Hysteresis curve represents ?
38. An aluminum piece is subjected to varying temperature. What is the effect of temperature on its
susceptibility?
39. Define the term ‘angle of dip’. Find the value of dip at a place if the vertical component of
Earth’s magnetic field is √𝟑 times the horizontal component.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 23
 Three marks questions

40. Define 1) Magnetic declination 2) Magnetic inclination (dip) 3) Horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field.
41. Define (a) Magnetic declination (b) magnetic dip (c) Mention the S.I unit of magnetization.
42. Define 1) Retentivity 2) Coecivity 3) Hysteresis
43. Write any three properties of magnetic field lines.
44. Write three difference between diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances.
45. Write three properties of ferromagnetic materials.
46. What is hysteresis ? Define the terms coercivity and retentivity of a ferromagnetic materials.
47. Derive the expression for time period of oscillation of magnetic needle or magnet placed in
magnetic field.
Five marks questions
48. Write any four properties of ferromagnetic materials and give an example for it.
Or Write any five properties of ferromagnetic materials.
49. Distinguish between dia, para and ferro magnetic materials.
50. Show that bar magnet is equivalent to solenoid. OR Show that current carrying solenoid
behaves as bar magnet.

Dr. R M L Ind. P U College, Aland Ch.No.- 05: Magnetism and Matter Page 24