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Et 411 Study Notes

This study notes is for the electrical students looking for easy access to the topic on transmission and distribution of electricity.

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JOHARDEN SUMIGOT
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10 views2 pages

Et 411 Study Notes

This study notes is for the electrical students looking for easy access to the topic on transmission and distribution of electricity.

Uploaded by

JOHARDEN SUMIGOT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY


Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
VITALI EXTERNAL PROGRAM DELIVERING UNIT
Mialim, Vitali, Zamboanga City

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

STUDY NOTES

 The insulator provides necessary insulation between line conductors and prevents any leakage current from
conductors to earth.
 The type of insulator that is mounted on the cross-arm of the pole and the line conductor is placed in the groove
at the top of the insulator is called Pin Type
 Suspension type insulator is used umber of separate discs are joined with each other by using metal links to form
a string.
 Strain type insulator is used for handling the mechanical stresses at angle positions of the line.
 Interruption of power supply in the overhead transmission lines is due to the failure of insulators.Mechanical
stress,Cracking, Porosity.
 Mechanical stress failure of insulator occurs due to high compressive strength of the porcelain and it fails
because of low-tension.
 The failure of insulator due to Mechanical stress is rare because defective pieces are eliminated in routine tests.
 Cracking failure In pin-type and cemented cap type suspension insulators this type of failure is frequent due to
seasonal change
 Porosity failure on Insulators made of porcelain Hence, they absorb water from the atmosphere or from cement,
which leads to reduction in insulation resistance and causes current leakage.
 flash over failure in insulator because of an Overheating between one metal part to other.
 short circuit failure are generated due to short between conductors or conductor to earth.
 Insulators is the material used in overhead transmission (or distribution) lines provide insulation to the power
conductor from the ground
 Cross-section of the conductor is obtained, on the basis of current loading for feeders
 Cross-section of the conductor is obtained, on the basis of volt drop for distributors
 Conductors which carry bulk loads from a generating station or a substation are called feeders
 The fact that a conductor carries more current on the surface as compared to core, is known as skin effect
 Skin effect depends on size of the conductor ,frequency of the current, resistivity of the conductor material

 By Overhead system and Underground system electric power may be transmitted


 Service mains are the conductors, which connect the consumers terminals to the distribution
 Overhead system can be designed for operation up to 66 kV
 Copper,Aluminium,Steel are used for transmission and distribution of electrical power
 The corona is considerably affected by Size of the conductor,Shape of the conductor, Surface condition of the
conductor
 Resistance, Inductance,Capacitance are the constants of the transmission lines
 Radial system is a DC.distribution system and the simplest and lowest in first cost.
 Cross or short-circuit fault,Open circuit fault,Breakdown of cable insulation are faults is most likely to occur in
cables
 The voltage of the single phase supply to residential consumers is 230 V
 The conductors of the overhead lines are stranded
 High voltage transmission lines use as suspension insulators
 A 3-phase 4 wire system is comnonly used on secondary distribution
 Steel cored aluminium,Galvanized steel Cadmium copper is used for overhead transmission lines
 In aluminium conductors, steel core is provided to increase the tensile strength
 Pin type insulators are generally not used for voltages beyond 33 kV
 The insulating material for a cable should have low cost, high dielectric strength,high mechanical strength
 Armouring protects a cable against mechanical injury
 In the cables, sheaths are used to prevent the moisture from entering the cable
 Steel-cored is a type of conductor that consists of central core of galvanized steel wires surrounded by a number
of aluminium strands. Usually, diameter of both steel and aluminium wires is the same.
 When an alternating current flows through a conductor, a changing flux is set up which links the conductor is
called inductance

 copper is a type of material that is always used in the hard drawn form as stranded conductor
 resistance is the opposition of line conductors to current flow
 galvanized steel conductors is used for extremely long spans or for short line sections exposed to abnormally
high stresses due to climatic condition.

 When 3-phase line conductors are not equidistant from each other, the conductor spacing is said to be
unsymmetrical spacing
 copper type is ideal material for overhead lines owing to its high electrical conductivity and greater tensile
strength
 Steel-cored type of conductor is consists of central core of galvanized steel wires surrounded by a number of
aluminium strands. Usually, diameter of both steel and aluminium wires is the same.
 Steatite is used, to manufacture insulators at tension towers or where the transmission line takes a sharp turn.
 Composite type of material referred to as non-ceramic insulators
 The shunt capacitance is increased then the string efficiency is decreased.
 The Purpose of guard ring is to increased the string efficiency.
 Methods of improving the string efficiency areusing longer cross arms,grading the insulator,using guard ring
 The maximum voltage appears across the disc near to the conductor.
 Pin type type of insulator is small, simple in construction, and cheap.

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