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A Fully Finite Difference Scheme for Time-Fractional Telegraph Equation

Involving Atangana Baleanu Caputo Fractional Derivative

Article in International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics · August 2022

DOI: 10.1007/s40819-022-01347-9

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40819-022-01347-9

ORIGINAL PAPER

A Fully Finite Difference Scheme for Time-Fractional

Telegraph Equation Involving Atangana Baleanu Caputo
Fractional Derivative

Kamlesh Kumar1 · Jogendra Kumar2 · Rajesh K. Pandey3

Accepted: 4 May 2022

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a fully finite difference scheme is studied for an Atangana Baleanu Caputo
(ABC) derivative time fractional Telegraph equation (TFTE) using the second order approx-
imation of the ABC derivative. The stability and convergence are established by the Von
Neumann stability analysis method. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate
the theoretical outcomes as well as second order approximation of ABC derivative.

Keywords Finite difference method · Atangana Baleanu Caputo derivative · Fractional

telegraph equation

Introduction

Time fractional differential equations are undoubtedly very fruitful for all the researchers
working in the area of fractional calculus. They usually search for established forms describ-
ing various phenomena in field of science and engineering. Specially, numerous phenomena in
physics, chemistry, fluid mechanic, hydrology, image processing etc. can easily be described
by mathematical expressions involving fractional order derivatives [1–5]. In continuation of
such applications, we present a numerical solution for the TFTE defined in terms of ABC
derivative such as:
⎧
⎪ ∂ 2 ϕ(x,t)
⎨ 0 Ct2α ϕ(x, t) + 2δ 0 Ctα ϕ(x, t)  c2 ∂ 2 x + g(x, t)(x, t) ∈ [a, b] × (0, T ].
⎪ ϕ(x, 0)  ϕ0 (x), x ∈ [a, b]. (1)
⎩
ϕ(a, t)  f 1 (t), ϕ(b, t)  f 2 (t), t > 0,

B Rajesh K. Pandey
rkpandey.mat@iitbhu.ac.in
Kamlesh Kumar
kkp.iitbhu@gmail.com
1 Department of Mathematics, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, Haryana, India
2 School of Physical Sciences, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
3 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh,
India

0123456789().: V,-vol 123

154 Page 2 of 12 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154

where T > 0, α ∈ ( 0, 1/2] , c, δ > 0 are real numbers, g(x, t), f 1 (t) and f 2 (t) are known
functions. And, 0 Ctα ϕ(x, t) denotes ABC fractional derivative operator, which is defined for
function u ∈ H 1 (0, 1) as,

t  
α
α
0 Ct u(t)  M(α)
1−α u  (τ )E α − 1−α (t − τ )α dτ , 0 < α < 1 (2)
0

where M(α) is a normalization function which satisfies M(0)  M(1)  1 and E α [z] is
Mittag–Leffler function defined as:
∞
zk
E α [z]  (3)
(αk + 1)
k0

The fractional Telegraph equation is the Telegraph equation consisting of fractional deriva-
tive terms in place of the integer order partial derivative terms. Due to its physical relevances,
many researchers have worked on the fractional Telegraph equations [6–11]. Cascaval et al.
studied the different aspects of the fractional Telegraph equations to better understand the
anomalous diffusion process in a blood flow [6]. In [7], Dehghan and Lakestani used Cheby-
shev cardinal function in order to solve the second order Telegraph equation. In [8], the
method of separation of variables is used by the authors to derive the analytical solution of
the TFTE. Momani [11] used Adomian decomposition method to find the analytical as well as
approximate solutions of the space and TFTE. Yousefi [12] presented an approach for solving
the hyperbolic Telegraph equation using the Legendre multiwavelet Galerkin method. Apart
from above methods for solving the TFTE with different boundary conditions, some other
methods like Variational iteration method to solve fractional telegraph equation [13], mesh-
less methods [14–17], are also discussed in detail. In recent years, high dimensional fractional
Telegraph equations are also studied by the researchers due to its great importance in mod-
elling of the transmission lines. The meshless RBF method [18], spectral meshless methods
based upon radial point interpolation technique [19, 20], and the least squares approximation
method [21] are some of them. In order to obtain the numerical solution of the Telegraph
equation, Asgari et al. applied the Bernstein polynomials operational matrix method in [22].
Some other similar numerical methods for solving fractional partial differential equations
are presented in [23–26]. Interested readers are referred to the reference [27–33] in which
authors studied some approximation techniques for fractional derivatives and applied it to
solve fractional integro-differential equations, fractional partial differential equations, and
fractional integral equations.
Here, our focus is to present a finite difference scheme for a fractional Telegraph equation
define d in terms of an ABC derivative. As ABC fractional derivative involve the Mittag–Lef-
fler function so it becomes difficult to find an analytical solution and thus numerical methods
becomes important to study for such equations. The Mittag–Leffler function has a wide appli-
cation to get the solution of the fractional differential equation. It also appears to be a part
of series solution of fractional order partial differential equation using the variable separable
method. Due to its large application in the physical process, it motivates us to further study
mathematical models involving such nice function. Some of the recently studied models
using ABC derivatives could be found in [34–40].
The paper consists of the followings: in Sect. 2, numerical method is presented for the
Telegraph equation using finite difference technique. We discuss the stability and convergence
of the proposed numerical method using Von Neumann criteria in Sect. 3. Some numerical
results are shown in Sect. 4 to validate the approximation scheme for ABC derivative TFTE.

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154 Page 3 of 12 154

Numerical Scheme

Here, we about to present the numerical scheme for TFTE defined using ABC derivative.
For this, we define xi  a + i(x), 0 ≤ i ≤ N ;t j  j(t),0 ≤ j ≤ M, where x  b−a N
and t  NT are space and time steps respectively. Let ϕ ij  ϕ xi , t j be the value of the
unknown function ϕ(x, t) at node point xi , t j . Again in Eq. (1) the time fractional derivative
term can be approximated by the following way:

t j+1  
M(2α) 2α 2α ∂
0 Ct ’(x, t) (xi t j+1 )  E 2α − t j+1 − τ ϕ(xi , τ )dτ
2
(4)
1 − 2α 1 − 2α ∂τ
0
j tk+1  
M(2α) 2α 2α ∂
 E 2α − t j+1 − τ ϕ(xi , τ )dτ (5)
1 − 2α 1 − 2α ∂τ
k0 tk

j tk+1  
M(2α) 2α 2α ϕ(xi , tk+1 ) − ϕ(xi , tk )
≈ E 2α − t j+1 − τ × dτ (6)
1 − 2α 1 − 2α t
k0 tk

j
  tk+1  
M(2α) ϕk+1
i − ϕki 2α 2α
 E 2α − t j+1 − τ dτ (7)
1 − 2α t 1 − 2α
k0 tk
j
   2α

M(2α) ϕk+1
i − ϕki 2α t j+1 − tk
 t j+1 − tk E 2α,2 −
1 − 2α t 1 − 2α
k0
 2α

2α t j+1 − tk+1
− t j+1 − tk+1 E 2α,2 −
1 − 2α
j  
j
 sk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki n (8)
k0

where

j M(2α)
sk 
1 − 2α
⎧    ⎫
2α 2α
⎨ t j+1 − tk E 2α,2 − 1−2α
2α t
j+1 − tk
2α t
− t j+1 − tk+1 E 2α,2 − 1−2α j+1 − tk+1 ⎬
× (9)
⎩ t ⎭

Now, similarly for second term,where, the coefficients are given as

t j+1  
α M(α) α α ∂
0 Ct ϕ(x, t) (xi t j+1 )  Eα − t j+1 − τ ϕ(xi , τ )dτ (10)
1−α 1−α ∂τ
0
j tk+1  
M(α) α α ∂
 Eα − t j+1 − τ ϕ(xi , τ )dτ (11)
1−α 1−α ∂τ
k0 tk

j tk+1  
M(α) α α
≈ Eα − t j+1 − τ
1−α 1−α
k0 tk

ϕ(xi , tk+1 ) − ϕ(xi , tk )

× dτ (12)
t

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154 Page 4 of 12 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154

j tk+1  
M(α) ϕk+1
i − ϕki α α
 Eα − t j+1 − τ dτ (13)
1−α t 1−α
k0 tk
j
  α

M(α) ϕk+1
i − ϕki α t j+1 − tk
 t j+1 − tk E α,2 −
1−α t 1−α
k0
 α

α t j+1 − tk+1
− t j+1 − tk+1 E α,2 − (14)
1−α
j  
j
 vk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki . (15)
M(α) k0
j
vk 
1−α
⎧    ⎫
α t α α t α
⎨ t j+1 − tk E α,2 − 1−α j+1 − tk − t j+1 − tk+1 E α,2 − 1−α j+1 − tk+1 ⎬
× (16)
⎩ t ⎭
  i−1
ϕ xi+1 , t j+1 − 2ϕ xi , t j+1 − ϕ xi−1 , t j+1 ϕ j+1 − 2ϕ j+1 + ϕ j+1
i+1 i
∂ 2 ϕ(x, t)
≈ 
∂x2 (xi t j+1 ) (x)2 (x)2
(17)
Hence, from Eq. (8), (15, 16, 17) into Eq. (1), yield the scheme as
 i+1 
j   j   ϕ j+1 − 2ϕ ij+1 + ϕ i−1
j j j+1
sk ϕk+1 − ϕk + 2δ
i i
vk ϕk+1 − ϕk  c
i i 2
+ g ij+1 . (18)
k0 k0
(x) 2

Again from Eq. (18)

  j   j  
i−1 j j
j+1 − 2ϕ j+1 + ϕ j+1 
σ ϕ i+1 i
sk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki + 2δ vk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki − g ij+1 , (19)
k0 k0

where
c2
0 ≤ j ≤ M − 1 1 ≤ i ≤ N − 1 and σ  (20)
(x)2

For j  0, we have
σ ϕ1i+1 + −2σ − s00 − 2δv00 ϕ1i + σ ϕ1i−1  −s00 ϕ0i − 2δv00 ϕ0i (21)

for computing ϕ1i .

For j ≥ 1, Eq. (19) can be written as
  j−1  
j j i−1 j i j i j
j+1 + −2σ − s j − 2δv j ϕ j+1 + σ ϕ j+1  − s j ϕ j − 2δv j ϕ j +
σ ϕ i+1 i
sk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki
k0
j−1  
j
+ 2δ vk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki − g ij+1 (22)
k0
j j
For computing ϕ ij+1 , j  1, 2, · · · , M − 1. Using pij  −2σ − s j − 2δv j , Eq. (19) also
in matrix form as
B j+1 G j+1  H j+1 , 0 ≤ j ≤ M − 1. (23)

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154 Page 5 of 12 154

where
⎛ ⎞
p 1j σ
⎜σ p 2j σ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
B j+1 ⎜
⎜
.. .. ..
. . .
⎟,
⎟ (24)
⎜ ⎟
⎝ σ p Nj −2 σ ⎠
σ pij
" #T
−1
G j+1  ϕ 1j+1 , ϕ 2j+1 , · · · , ϕ ij+1 , · · · , ϕ Nj+1 (25)
" #T
N −1
H j+1  F j+1
1
, F j+1
2
, · · · , F j+1
i
, · · · , F j+1 , (26)

and
⎧
⎪
⎪ j j $
j−1
j
⎪
⎪ −s j ϕ ij − 2δv j ϕ ij + sk ϕk+1
i − ϕki + · · ·
⎪
⎨ k0
H ij+1  $ j i
j−1 , (27)
⎪
⎪ +2δ vk ϕk+1 − ϕki − g ij+1 , f or 1 ≤ j ≤ M − 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
k0
−s00 ϕ ij − 2δv00 ϕ0i , f or j  0

j j
Lemma The coefficients sk and vk defined in Eq. (9) and Eq. (16) are positive real number.

Proof Since

tk < tk1 ⇒ −tk > −tk+1 ⇒ t j+1 − tk > t j+1 − tk+1 (28)
α α
⇒ t j+1 − tk > t j+1 − tk+1 (29)
   
α α α α
⇒− t j+1 − tk < − t j+1 − tk+1 (30)
1−α 1−α
 
α α
⇒ E α,2 − t j+1 − tk
1−α
 
α α
< E α,2 − t j+1 − tk+1 . (31)
1−α
And again from Eq. (28) and Eq. (31) we have,
 
α α
⇒ t j+1 − tk E α,2 − t j+1 − tk
1−α
 
α α
− t j+1 − tk+1 E α,2 − t j+1 − tk+1 >0 (32)
1−α
j M(2α)
⇒ sk 
1 − 2α
⎧    ⎫
2α 2α
⎨ t j+1 − tk E 2α,2 − 1−2α
2α t
j+1 − tk
2α t
− t j+1 − tk+1 E 2α,2 − 1−2α j+1 − tk+1 ⎬
× >0
⎩ t ⎭
(33)
j
Similarly, we can show vk > 0.

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154 Page 6 of 12 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154

Solvability, Stability and Convergence Analysis

Here, we show solvability and stability of the numerical scheme proposed in Eq. (22) for the
ABC TFTE. The matrix form of Eq. (19) is given in Eq. (23). Since trigonal matrix B j+1 is
strictly diagonally dominant in the system B j+1 G j+1  H j+1 hence B j+1 is invertible, and
thus solvability of difference scheme (22) is confirmed. For stability point of view, we omit
the force term g(x, t) and use the√ Von Newman criteria of stability. So, we substitute the
ϕ mj+1  ξ j+1 eβθ my , where β  −1 (only in this section),θ is real number and 1 ≤ m ≤
N − 1. Finally, the stability purpose consider homogeneous part of Eq. (22) as,
  j−1  
j j i−1 j i j i j
σ ϕ i+1
j+1 + −2σ − s j − 2δv j ϕ j+1 + σ ϕ j+1  − s j ϕ j − 2δv j ϕ j +
i
sk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki
k0
j−1  
j
+ 2δ vk ϕk+1
i
− ϕki (34)
  k0
σ ξ j+1 eβθ (m+1)y + −2σ − s j − 2δv j ξ j+1 eβθ my + σ ξ j+1 eβθ (m−1)y
j j

 −s j ξ j eβθ my − 2δv j ξ j eβθ my

j j

j−1 j−1
βθ my βθ my
vk ξk+1 eβθ my − ξk eβθ my
j j
+ sk ξk+1 e − ξk e + 2δ (35)
k0   k0
βθ y
+ −2σ − s j − 2δv j ξ j+1 + σ ξ j+1 e−βθ y
j j
σ ξ j+1 e
  j−1 
j j j j
 − s j + 2δv j ξ j + sk + 2δvk (ξk+1 − ξk ). (36)
  k0
σ −eβθ y + 2 − e−βθ y ξ j+1 + s j + 2δv j ξ j+1
j j

  j−1 
j j j j
 s j + 2δv j ξ j − sk + 2δvk (ξk+1 − ξk ). (37)
   k0
j j j j
(2σ − 2σ cos(θ y))ξ j+1 + s j + 2δv j ξ j+1  s j + 2δv j ξ j
j−1 j−1
j j
− sk (ξk+1 − ξk ) − 2δ vk (ξk+1 − ξk ) (38)
  k0
$ j−1 j
k0
$ j−1 j
j j
s j + 2δv j ξ j − k0 sk (ξk+1 − ξk ) − 2δ k0 vk (ξk+1 − ξk )
ξ j+1    (39)
j j
s j + 2δv j + [2σ − 2σ cos(θ y)]
  $ j−1 j $ j−1 j
j j
s j + 2δv j ξ j − k0 sk (ξk+1 − ξk ) − 2δ k0 vk (ξk+1 − ξk )
ξ j+1 ≤   (40)
j j
s j + 2δv j
 
j j
s j + 2δv j ξ j $ j−1 j $ j−1 j
s (ξk+1 − ξk ) 2δ k0 vk (ξk+1 − ξk )
   − k0  k  −   . (41)
j j j j j j
s j + 2δv j s j + 2δv j s j + 2δv j
$ j−1 j $ j−1 j
sk (ξk+1 − ξk ) 2δ k0 vk (ξk+1 − ξk )
 ξj − 
k0  −   ≤ ξj. (42)
j j j j
s j + 2δv j s j + 2δv j

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154 Page 7 of 12 154

Since each term is greater than or equal to %zero in

% summation sign that indicates ξ j+1 ≤
% m % % m%
ξ j ≤ · · · ≤ ξ2 ≤ ξ1 ≤ ξ0, therefore, ξ j+1  %ϕ j+1 % ≤ ξ0 ≤ ϕ0 % ≤ |ϕ0 |, which demands
%
& &
&ϕ j+1 & 2 ≤ ϕ0 l 2 and it also shows that stability of the numerical scheme discussed in
l
Eq. (14). According to Lax –Richertmyer theorem [41], numerical method is also convergent.

Numerical Results

The aim of this section is to present the simulation results of the discussed fully finite differ-
ence scheme for the ABC TFTE. We consider four examples for this purpose. For numerical
point of view, we take M(α).  1 in ABC fractional derivative. Numerical simulations are
performed on Matlab. The Maximum absolute error (MAE) and convergence order (CO)
are also calculated for the considered examples. The CO is calculated using the formula as
discussed in [34].
Example 1 Let us consider the function u(t)  t 2 , t ∈ [0, 1].. The numerical approximation
of the ABC derivative of the function u(t)  t 2 is obtained and MAEs are presented in Table
1(a) and (b) for fractional order α  0.6 and α  0.8 respectively. It is clear from the Table
1 (a) and (b) that the order of the approximation of ABC derivative given in Eq. (22) is of
second order which also validates the theoretical results.
 
β β
Example 2 Consider Eq. (1) with g(x, t)  2 M(β) 1−β x(x − 1)t 2E
β,3 − 1−β t +
 
M(α) α α
4δ 1−α x(x − 1)t E α,3 − 1−α t + c π sin(π x) − 2c t , and initial and boundary con-
2 2 2 2 2

ditions as ϕ(x, 0)  sin(π x), x ∈ [0, 1], ϕ(0, t)  ϕ(1, t)  0, t > 0. In this example
ϕ(x, t)  x(x − 1)t 2 + sin(π x) is the exact solution of Eq. (1). We have solved Eq. (1) with
step size x  1/100, t  1/40;x  1/200, t  1/40; x  1/100, t  1/40
and x  1/200, t  1/40 with different parameters. The numerical solutions are shown
in Figs. 1 and 2. Figures 1 and 2 represent the exact and numerical solution of Example
2 respectively. It is clear from the figures F12 , F22 , F32 , and F42 that whenever the step size
reduces, the numerical solution approaches to the exact solution. It also verifies that the pre-
sented finite difference scheme is convergent numerically. The MAE and CO are calculated

Table 1 (a) MAE and CO for

approximation of ABC derivative t MAE CO
%
α %
0 Ct u(t) t0.2 .(b) MAE and CO
for approximation of ABC (a)
%
derivative C α u(t)%
1
10 1.52712 × 10−3
0 t t0.4
1
20 4.03213 × 10−4 1.9212
1
40 1.04344 × 10−4 1.950
1
80 2.66 × 10−5 1.97185
(b)
1
10 6.30883 × 10−3
1
20 1.62044 × 10−3 1.9609
1
40 4.10634 × 10−4 1.98269
1
80 1.03385 × 10−4 1.98983

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 154 Page 8 of 12 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154

Fig. 1 The exact solution of

Example 2

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 2 The numerical results under different parameters of Example 2

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154 Page 9 of 12 154

Table 2 CO and MAE of Example

t x MAE CO
2 for λ  1, c2  1, α  0.2
1 1 0.0063 –
10 10
1 1 0.0016 1.9773
20 20
1 1 0.000396 2.0145
40 40
1 1 0.0000092 2.000
80 80

Table 3 CO and MAE of

Example 3 for t MAE CO
λ  0.5, c2  0.5, α  0.25 and
x  1/500
1
10 7.7065 × 10−5
1
20 2.0205 × 10−5 1.9314
1
40 5.2289 × 10−6 1.9501
1
80 1.3410 × 10−6 1.9632

with different step sizes, and it can be concluded from Table 2 that the numerical scheme is
also of second order of convergence which validates the theoretical findings.
 
β β
Example 3 Consider Eq. (1) with g(x, t)  2 M(β) 1−β x(x − 1)t E β,3 − 1−β t
2 +
 
M(α) α α
4δ 1−α x(x − 1)t E α,3 − 1−α t − 2c t , and initial and boundary conditions as ϕ(x, 0) 
2 2 2

0, x ∈ [0, 1], ϕ(0, t)  ϕ(1, t)  0, t > 0. In this example, ϕ(x, t)  x(x − 1)t 2 , is the
exact solution of Eq. (1).We have solved Eq. (1) with step size x  1/500 and varying t
with different parameters. The MAE and CO are presented in Table 3. It can be concluded
from Table 3 that the numerical scheme is also of second order of convergence in temporal
direction and it validates the theoretical findings.
 
β β
Example 4 Consider Eq. (1) with force term g(x, t)  120 M(β) 1−β t 5 sin(π x)E
β,6 − 1−β t +
 
M(α) 5 α α
240δ 1−α t sin(π x)E α,6 − 1−α t + c2 π 2 t 5 sin(π x)., initial condition as ϕ(x, 0)  0, x ∈
[0, 1], and boundary conditions as ϕ(0, t)  ϕ(1, t)  0, t > 0. In this example
ϕ(x, t)  t 5 sin(π x) is the exact solution of Eq. (1). We have solved Eq. (1) with step
size x  1/200, t  1/200; and x  1/200, t  1/100 with different parameters.
The numerical solutions are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Figures 3 and 4 represent the exact and
numerical solution of Example 4 respectively. It is clear from figures F14 , and F24 whenever
the step size reduces, the numerical solution approaches to the exact solution. It also verifies
that the presented finite difference scheme is convergent.

Conclusions

We studied a fully finite difference scheme for an ABC derivative TFTE. The solvability,
stability and convergent is also studied for the difference scheme. The numerical scheme is
order O x 2 + t 2 . To check the convergence order in temporal and spatial direction, we

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 154 Page 10 of 12 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154

Fig. 3 Exact solution of Example

4

(a) (b)

Fig. 4 The numerical results under different parameters of Example 4

have performed simulations on the test examples and it is observed that the convergence is
of second order in temporal as well as in spatial direction.

Acknowledgements Authors sincerely thank the reviewers for their comments to improve the manuscript.
The first and second authors are thankful to the Manav Rachana University Faridabad, Haryana, India and DIT
University Dehradoon, Uttarakhand, India respectively for their support and facilities to carry out the research
work.

Author Contributions All authors have equally contributed in the problem formulation, analytical derivations,
and writing of the paper.

Funding The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Data Availability This article does not contain any data from any source. All the used data for the numerical
simulations and comparison purpose have been reported in the tables included and visualized in the graphical
illustrations and nothing is left.

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2022) 8:154 Page 11 of 12 154

Declarations

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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