Holistic and Partial Philosophers began to study anything

Perspective and everything.

HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE
● often described as looking at the “big Branches of Philosophy
picture” when describing and ● Metaphysics - nature of the world
analyzing a situation or problem. ● Epistemology - study of knowledge
● comes from Greek word ‘holos’ which ○ Logic
means “whole” ● Axiology - value theory
● Example of Holistic: ○ Aesthetics - arts and beauty of
○ Total things
○ Big picture ○ Ethics - right or wrong
○ Complete
Questioning Truth and
○ All aspects
Knowledge
PARTIAL PERSPECTIVE
● focuses on specific aspects of a How do scientific facts become facts?
situation Through repeated observation,
● Example of Partial Perspective: experimentation, peer review, and
○ Specific reproductivity.
○ Part of a whole
○ Particular EPISTEMOLOGY
○ Not complete ● branch of philosophy that inquires
about the features, extent, and
Allegory of the Cave imitations of human knowledge.
❖ Plato’s one of the most famous
philosophical metaphors in Western Three Kinds of Knowledge
philosophy 1. PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE - knowledge
❖ appeared in Book VII of his work “The from your own experience or
Republic” observation, not just what someone
PHILOSOPHERS else has told you.
➢ Plato 2. PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE - knowledge
○ ‘Republic’ - dialogue from the that is acquired by day-to-day hands-on
middle period experience.
○ ancient Greek philosopher, 3. PROPOSITIONAL KNOWLEDGE -
student of Socrates, teacher of requires that the satisfaction of its
Aristotle belief condition be suitably related to
○ founder of the Academy the satisfaction of its truth condition.
➢ Aristotle
THREE KNOWLEDGE CRITERIA
○ “man is a rational animal”
1. BELIEF - a person’s conviction
➢ Thales
(conscience) toward his assertion.
○ “everything is made of water”
2. TRUTH - a claim that corresponds to
➢ Heraclitus
reality.
○ “everything is in a state of flux”
3. SATISFACTION - the proof or reason for
PHILOSOPHY us to believe the proposition.
● from Greek word ‘Philo’ (love) and
‘Sophia’ (wisdom) which means “love
for wisdom”
● also called as “the mother of all
sciences” because the earliest
Our Logical I think, therefore, I am
Investigations
“WHO AM I?”
Enthymeme ● finding truth about yourself
● an argument with a missing premise ● important to remember that your self
Aristotelian Logic and identity only belongs to you
● also known as classical logic or ● your qualities are particular to yourself
syllogistic logic and not to other people
● system of reasoning developed by the
Aristotle in the 4th century BCE SELF KNOWLEDGE
● One of the earliest formalized systems ● understanding, awareness, and
of logic and focuses on deductive perception of ourselves
reasoning through syllogisms ● perceiving your behavior, feelings, and
● Syllogism - form of reasoning in which thoughts
a conclusion is drawn from two ● refers to as self-concept
premises that are related by a common
Relationship of Truth and Self
term.
1. PERSONAL TRUTH
THREE KINDS OF ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC
2. OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE TRUTH
1. Simple Apprehension
● Objective - true for everyone no matter
● process of grasping an idea into
what (ex: The sky is blue.)
the mind.
● Subjective - true for you personally,
● grasping an idea -
based on your feelings
understanding the basic
● inscribed in the frontcourt of the
concept of something
Temple of Apollo in Delphi
● into the mind - mental process
3. BEING TRUE TO YOURSELF
when you form an
4. DISCOVERING YOUR OWN TRUTH
understanding or concept in
your thoughts
The Relationship of Skepticism and Self
2. Judgment
❖ Rene Descartes
● connect two ideas and say
❖ our perception (senses) alone is not
something about them that can
enough to know and understand
be either true or false
anything
● deciding how two ideas relate to
❖ we should perceive and use reasoning
each other
to gain knowledge
3. Reasoning
● collects and connects
Cartesian Doubt is Rene Descartes - doubting
propositions to prove something
everything to find what is absolutely certain
to be true
● when you take few statements
or facts and connect them to
figure out if something is true
Knowing Myself Gabriel Marcel
● uniqueness of individuals and their
KNOW THYSELF subjective experiences
● commonly attributed to Socrates ● best way to interact with the word is to
● emphasizes that each of us has reflect
knowledge, including of oneself ● better understand their place in the
● important maxim was carved into the world and the appropriate way to
front of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi respond to it.
● lasting reminder for visitors about the Socrates
significance of self-knowledge and ● “The unexamined life is not worth
self-awareness living,” his record in Plato’s Apology
● without examining one’s beliefs,
I Am the Subject values, and actions, life would lack
● purposes and direction
EXISTENCE
● state of being in reality and living Choices: Life’s Biggest
● includes structures that allow the Mystery
individual to interact with his reality
Existentialism ETHICS
- philosophers believe that people exist ● decide what actions are acceptable
first before they create their life’s ● determine what is good and evil, right
meaning and purpose. and wrong, and righteous and wicked
● laws are established based on ethical
Essentialism standards
➢ a set of inherit attributes or qualities ORIGIN OF ETHICS: VIRTUE
that define their essence or identity ❖ characteristics that serve as the
➢ independent of external influences foundation for doing what is right
➢ shaping personal beliefs and values ❖ “Virtue is Knowledge” (Socrates) - an
➢ turns influence how one perceives and individual should know first what is
responds to moral situations rights and wrong before acting on what
➢ sense of responsibility for one’s actions is right
and standards ORIGIN OF ETHICS: HAPPINESS
❖ Eudaimonia (“happiness”) — is a good
PHILOSOPHERS life in which an individual must act
appropriately based on the right
David Hume
character (Socrates)
● self is not fixed and unchanging
❖ its goal is a flourishing life where man
identity, but rather a shifting
is untroubled and at peace
collection of experiences, memories,
ORIGIN OF ETHICS: HEDONISM
and perceptions
❖ from the Greek word ‘hedone’, which
● rejected the idea of a stable, lasting self
means “pleasure”
● Bundle Theory - a bundle of
❖ focuses on seeking satisfaction
impressions and thoughts that are
❖ an actions is good if the person
continuously changing
achieves satisfaction
Soren Kierkegaard
❖ Its goal is to enjoy every situation in
● man should exist to choose freely and
life as much as possible in every
be responsible
second.
● making free choices and taking
responsibility for them, rather than
conforming to society