Automation Summary

solution guide

1 Automation solution guide 8

2 Electrical power supply 28

3 Motors and loads 36

4 AC motors starting and protection systems 60

5 Motor starter units 92

6 Data acquisition: detection 130

7 Personnal and machines safety 160

8 Human-machine interface 184

9 Industrial networks 198

10 Data treatment and software 232

11 Equipment manufacturing 256

12 Eco-design 278

M Memorandum 290

5
Automation Detailed summary
solution guide

1 Automation solution guide 8

1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 The automation equipment 10
1.3 Automation architectures 12
1.4 Architecture definition 14
1.5 Choice of automated equipment 17

2 Electrical power supply 28

2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Power supply to machinery 30
2.3 Standards and conventions 30
2.4 Power supply functions 32
2.5 Power supply to the control circuit 33

3 Motors and loads 36

3.1 Three phase asynchronous motors 38
3.2 Single-phase motors 42
3.3 Synchronous motors 43
3.4 Direct current motors commonly named DC motors 45
3.5 Operating asynchronous motors 47
3.6 Electric motor comparison 50
3.7 Types of loads 51
3.8 Valves and electric jacks 56

4 AC motors starting and protection systems 60

4.1 Asynchronous motor starting systems 62
4.2 Electrical braking of 3-phase asynchronous motors 69
4.3 Multifunction motor starter units 74
4.4 Motors protection 76
4.5 Motor losses and heating 77
4.6 Causes of faults and their effects 77
4.7 Protection functions 83

5 Motor starter units 92

5.1 Forward 94
5.2 The basic functions of motor starter units 94
5.3 An additional function: communication 97
5.4 Motor starter units and coordination 98
5.5 Speed controllers 101
5.6 Structure and components of starters and electronic speed controllers 106
5.7 Controller – regulator for DC motors 110
5.8 AC drives for asynchronous motors 112
5.9 Voltage controller for asynchronous motors 119
5.10 Synchronous motor-speed controller 121
5.11 Stepper motor controllers 122
5.12 Additional functions of speed controllers 123
5.13 Speed controllers and energy assessment 125
5.14 Speed controllers and savings in power and maintenance 127
5.15 Choice table for motor starters 128

6 Data acquisition: detection 130

6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Electromechanical limit switches 133
6.3 Inductive proximity detectors 134
6.4 Capacitive proximity detectors 136
6.5 Photoelectric detectors 138
6.6 Ultrasonic detectors 140
6.7 RFID -Radio Frequency IDentification-detection 142
6.8 Vision 145
6.9 Optical encoders 149
6.10 Pressure switches and vacuum switches 154
6.11 Conclusion 157
6.12 Technology selection guide 158

6
Automation Detailed summary
solution guide

7 Personnal and machines safety 160

7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 Industrial accidents 163
7.3 European legislation 165
7.4 Concept of safe operation 172
7.5 Certification and EC marking 173
7.6 Safety principles 175
7.7 Safety functions 176
7.8 Network safety 178
7.9 Example of application 179
7.10 Safety-related functions and products 181
7.11 Conclusion 182

8 Human-machine interface 184

8.1 Human-machine interface setup 186
8.2 Human-machine interfaces 188
8.3 Discrete control and indicator units 188
8.4 Schneider Electric Discrete Control and Indicator Unit offer 191
8.5 Advanced human-machine interfaces 191
8.6 Exchange modes 195
8.7 Development software 196
8.8 Conclusion 197

9 Industrial networks 198

9.1 Introduction 200
9.2 History 200
9.3 Market requirements and solutions 201
9.4 Network technologies 203
9.5 Networks recommended by Schneider Electric 205
9.6 Ethernet TCP/IP 206
9.7 Web services and Transparent Ready 209
9.8 Canopen bus 216
9.9 Ethernet and CANopen synergy 224
9.10 AS-Interface (AS-I) Bus 224
9.11 Conclusion 231

10 Data treatment and software 232

10.1 Définition 234
10.2 Introduction 234
10.3 Programming, configuration and languages 235
10.4 Application categories 236
10.5 UAG: Application generators 250
10.6 Definition of the main abbreviations used 254

11 Equipment manufacturing 256

11.1 Equipment design 258
11.2 Choice of supplier 259
11.3 Drafting diagrams and programs 260
11.4 Programming methodology 262
11.5 Choice of technology 263
11.6 Equipment design 264
11.7 Building an equipment 265
11.8 Mounting 268
11.9 Device fitting tools 269
11.10 Platform tests 270
11.11 Equipment commissioning 273
11.12 Equipment maintenance 275

12 Eco-design 278
12.1 Foreword 280
12.2 Concepts and main directives 281
12.3 Standards 282
12.4 Eco-design 283
12.5 Lifecycle 283
12.6 Main rules of eco-design 284
12.7 Conclusion 287
12.8 Applications 287

M Memorandum 290
M.1 Quantities and units of measurement 292
M.2 Average full-load currents of asynchronous squirrel cage motors 293
M.3 Electrical formulae 294
M.4 Calculation of starting resistances 296
M.5 Mechanical formulae 297
M.6 Fundamental formulae 298
M.7 Neutral connections 299
M.8 Driving machines 300
M.9 Conversion tables for standard units 302