TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 2

CODE: 402060

Chapter 4. Filters
 OBJECTIVES

 How filters are characterized by their signal-transmission properties and

how they are classified into different types.
 How filters are specified and how to obtain a filter transfer function that
meets the given specifications.
 The various first-order and second-order filter functions and their
realization using op-amps and RC circuits.
How second-order filter functions can be realized using a single op amp
and an RC circuit.

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 CHAPTER 4. FILTERS
4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and Specifications.
4.1.1. Filter Transmission and Types.
4.1.2. Filter Specification.
4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
4.3. Transfer Functions of First-Order and Second Order
Filter.
4.3.1. Transfer Functions of First-Order Filter.
4.3.2. Transfer Functions of Second-Order Filter.
4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.
4.5. The Second-Order LCR Resonator.
4.5.1. General Principle.
4.5.2. Transfer function.
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 4.1. FILTER TRANSMISSION,TYPES,
AND SPECFICATIONS.
4.1.1. Filter Transmission and Types.
 The filters we are going to study are linear circuits that can
represented by a general 2-port network.

 The transfer function T(s) is the ratio of output voltage Vo(s)

to the input voltage Vi(s).
 The filter transmission is found by evaluating T(s) and can
be expressed in terms of its magnitude and phase as

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 4.1. FILTER TRANSMISSION,TYPES,
AND SPECFICATIONS.
4.1.1. Filter Transmission and Types. From S. Sedra & C. Smith [2014],
Microelectronic circuits, 7th edition,
Oxford University Press.

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 4.1. FILTER TRANSMISSION,TYPES,
AND SPECFICATIONS.
4.1.2. Filter Specification
The transmission of a low-
pass filter is specified by
four parameters:
1. The passband edge ωP
2. The maximum allowed
variation in passband
transmission Amax
3. The stopband edge ωS
4. The minimum required
stopband attenuation Amin

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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
The Filter Tranfer Function
 The filter transfer function T(s) can be written
as the ratio of 2 polynomials as:

 The degree of the denominator, N, is the filter

order.
 For stability consideration, M ≦ N.
 The numerator/denominator coefficients ai and bi
are real numbers.
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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
The Filter Tranfer Function
 The polynomials in the numerators/denominators
can be factored and T(s) can be written in the form:

Zero
Pole/Nature Modes

 Poles and zeros can be either a real or a complex

number.
 Complex zeros and poles must occur in conjugate
pair.
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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 2 functions that are frequently used in approximating
the transmission characteristics of low-pass filters are
Butterworth and Chebyshev filters.
 Butterworth filter exhibits a monotonically
decreasing transmission with all the zeros at w =∞,
making it an all-pole filter.
 The magnitude of an N-th order Butterworth filter
with a passband edge wp is given by

where ε determines the maximum variation in passband

transmission.
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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 Its poles can be determined from the graphical construction.

From S. Sedra & C. Smith [2014],

Microelectronic circuits, 7th edition, N=2
Oxford University Press.

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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 Its poles can be determined from the graphical construction.

From S. Sedra & C. Smith [2014],

Microelectronic circuits, 7th edition,
N=3 Oxford University Press.
N=4
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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 Poles of the ninth-order Butterworth filter.

From S. Sedra & C. Smith [2014],

Microelectronic circuits, 7th edition,
Oxford University Press.

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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 The transfer function of the Butterworth filter is

 The procedure to find a Butterworth transfer function that

meets the specification (Amin, Amax, ws (the edge of the
stopband), wp):
 Determine ε from Amax.
 Determine the required filter order as the lowest integer
value of N that results in A(ws) ≧ Amin.
 Determine the N poles.
 Determine T(s).
The detailed procedure can be found in Ex. 17.1
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 EXAMPLE 17.1

Find the Butterworth transfer function that meets the

following low-pass filter specifications: Amin = 25 dB,
Amax = 1 dB, fs = 15 kHz , fp = 10 kHz, DC gain = 1.

Solution:
 Determine ε from Amax.

At  = p, we have |T(j)| = -Amax (dB)

1
  10 Amax /20    10 Amax /10  1
1  2
   0.5088
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 EXAMPLE 17.1

 Determine the required filter order as the lowest

integer value of N that results in A(ws) ≧ Amin.

At  = s, we have |T(j)|  -Amin (dB)

2N
1  Amin /20 2
  Amin /10
   A10min 
  10   s   10  1  2 N log10  s   log10  10  1   2 log10 ( )
2N  
 s
2
  p   p   
1   

 p   A10min 
log10 10  1  2 log10 ( )
N    N  8.76  N 9
 s 
2 log10 
  
 p
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 EXAMPLE 17.1

 Determine the N poles.

1/9
5
1
  j
 p1  2 f p   e 9  67730100o (rad / s )
 
1/9
5
1
  j
 p2  2 f p   e 9  67730120o (rad / s )
 
…

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 EXAMPLE 17.1

 Determine T(s).

677309
T (s) 
( s  p1 )( s  p2 )...( s  p9 )

(0  67730rad / s )

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 MATLAB TOOLS FOR FILTER DESIGN

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 MATLAB TOOLS FOR FILTER DESIGN

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 MATLAB TOOLS FOR FILTER DESIGN

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 MATLAB TOOLS FOR FILTER DESIGN

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 EXERCISE

Find the Butterworth transfer function that meets the

following low-pass filter specifications: Amin = 40 dB,
Amax = 0.5 dB, fs = 55 kHz , fp = 50 kHz, DC gain = 1.

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