TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 2

CODE: 402060

Chapter 4. Filters
 CHAPTER 4. FILTERS
4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and Specifications.
4.1.1. Filter Transmission and Types.
4.1.2. Filter Specification.
4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
4.3. Transfer Functions of First-Order and Second Order
Filter.
4.3.1. Transfer Functions of First-Order Filter.
4.3.2. Transfer Functions of Second-Order Filter.
4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.
4.5. The Second-Order LCR Resonator.
4.5.1. General Principle.
4.5.2. Transfer function.
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 4.1. FILTER TRANSMISSION,TYPES,
AND SPECFICATIONS.
4.1.2. Filter Specification
The transmission of a low-
pass filter is specified by
four parameters:
1. The passband edge ωP
2. The maximum allowed
variation in passband
transmission Amax
3. The stopband edge ωS
4. The minimum required
stopband attenuation Amin

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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
The Filter Tranfer Function
➢ The polynomials in the numerators/denominators
can be factored and T(s) can be written in the form:

Zero
Pole/Nature Modes

 Poles and zeros can be either a real or a complex

number.
 Complex zeros and poles must occur in conjugate
pair.
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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
➢ The Chebyshev filter exhibits an equiripple
response in the passband and a monotonically
decreasing transmission in the stopband. It is
an all-pole filter.
➢ While the odd-order filter has |T(0)| =1, the
even-order filter exhibits its maximum
magnitude deviation at w=0.

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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
➢ The poles of a Chebyshev filter can be determined
by

➢ The transfer function of the Chebyshev filter can be written as

 For the same order and the same Amax, the Chebyshev filter
provides greater stop band attenuation than the Butterworth
filter.
 To meet identical specification, one requires a lower order
for the Chebyshev than for the Butterworth.
Ex. 12.2 is a useful practice.
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 4.2. BUTTERWORTH AND
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS.
4.2.1. Chebychev filter.
➢ The transfer function of the Chebychev filter is

➢ The procedure to find a Chebychev filter’s transfer function

that meets the specification (Amin, Amax, ws (the edge of the
stopband), wp):
 Determine ε from Amax.
 Determine the required filter order as the lowest integer
value of N that results in A(ws) ≧ Amin.
 Determine the N poles.
 Determine T(s).
The detailed procedure can be found in Ex. 17.2
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 EXAMPLE 17.2

Find the Chebychev transfer function that meets the

following low-pass filter specifications: Amin = 25 dB,
Amax = 1 dB, fs = 15 kHz , fp = 10 kHz, DC gain = 1.
 1
Solution:  if    p
 1 +  cos ( N arccos( /  p ))
2 2

 Determine ε from Amax. | T ( j ) |= 

 1
if    p
 1 +  2 cosh 2 ( Narccosh( /  ))
 p
At  = p, we have |T(j)| = -Amax (dB)


1
= 10 − Amax /20
  = 10 Amax /10 − 1
1+  2

  = 0.5088
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 EXAMPLE 17.2

 Determine the required filter order as the lowest

integer value of N that results in A(ws) ≧ Amin.

At  = s, we have |T(j)|  -Amin (dB)  Amin 

 10 − 1 
 10 log10 1 +  cosh ( Narccosh(s /  p ) )   Narccosh(s /  p )  arccosh 
10
 Amin  2 2
 
  2

 Amin   
 10 10 − 1 
arccosh  

 2

 
N  N  4.41  N = 5
 s 
arccosh 
  
 p
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 EXAMPLE 17.2

 Determine the N poles.

 (2k − 1)  1  1 
 pk = − p sin   sinh  arcsinh   
 2N  N   
 (2k − 1)  1  1 
+ j p cos   cosh  arcsinh   
 2N  N   
p1 , p5 = −5.6235  j 62.2098 krad / s
p2 , p4 = −14.7152  j 38.4468 krad / s
p5 = −18.1898 krad / s

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 EXAMPLE 17.2

 Determine T(s).
K  pN
T (s) = K =1
 2 ( s − p1 )( s − p2 )...( s − p5 )
N −1

( s − p1 )( s − p5 ) = s 2 − ( p1 + p5 ) s + p1 p5 = s 2 + 11.247 s + 3901.7
( s − p2 )( s − p4 ) = s − ( p2 + p4 ) s + p2 p4 = s + 29.4304s + 1694.7
2 2

1.2 1020
T (s) =
( s + 18.2 103 )( s 2 + 11.2 103 s + 3901.7 106 )( s 2 + 29.4 103 s + 1694.7 106 )

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 MATLAB TOOLS FOR FILTER DESIGN

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 MATLAB TOOLS FOR FILTER DESIGN

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 EXERCISE 1

Find the Chebychev transfer function that meets the

following low-pass filter specifications: Amin = 40 dB,
Amax = 0.5 dB, fs = 55 kHz , fp = 50 kHz, DC gain = 1.

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 HIGH-PASS & BANDPASS FILTER DESIGN

Low-pass to high-pass transformation:

Assume that |T(j)| is a transfer function of a low-pass filter
Let  → 1/ then |T(j)| = 1 when 1/  p    1/p
→ |T(j)| is a transfer function of a high-pass filter with p = 1/p

Design procedure:
Assume that we need to design the high-pass filter with
specifications Amin, Amax, s < p.
Step 1: let p = 1/p, s = 1/s and design a low-pass filter with
specifications Amin, Amax, p < s.
Step 2: substitute s by 1/s in the final result.

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 HIGH-PASS & BANDPASS FILTER DESIGN

Low-pass to band-pass transformation:

A band-pass filter can be decomposed into a cascade
combination of a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter.
Design procedure:
Assume that we need to design the high-pass filter with
specifications Amin1, Amax1, Amin2, Amax2, s1 < p1 < p2 < s2.
Step 1: design a low-pass filter with specifications Amin2,
Amax2, p2 < s2.
Step 1: let p1 = 1/p1, s = 1/s1 and design a low-pass
filter with specifications Amin1, Amax1, p1 < s1. Substitute s
by 1/s in the final result.
Step 3: multiply two transfer function in Step 1 and Step 2.
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 BUTTERWORTH NORMALIZED TRANSFER
FUNCTIONS

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 CHEBYCHEV NORMALIZED TRANSFER
FUNCTIONS

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 BUTTERWORTH NORMALIZED TRANSFER
FUNCTIONS

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 EXERCISE 2

Find the Butterworth transfer function that meets the following band-pass
filter specifications: Amin1 = Amin2 = 30 dB, Amax1 = Amax2 = 1 dB, fs1 = 15 kHz ,
fp1 = 20 kHz, fp2 = 50 kHz , fs2 = 55 kHz, DC gain = 1.

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