A

Project Report

On

“Wireless communication Media.”

To Submitted

Amrutvahini Polytechnic, Sangamner

Department of Information Technology

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the diploma in

Information Technology

Submitted By

Salve Vaishnavi Rajendra. (2200800 )

Mehtre Shradha Avinash.(2200800 )
Pande Ashwini Dhondibhau (2200800 )
Pande Akshada Balasaheb (2200800287)

Under the guidance of

Dharne J.A
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and organization.
We would to kind to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. First and foremost, we
want to thanks Prof. Chaudhari N.K. (HOD) (IT) Amrutvahini polytechnic, Sangamner for
giving us an opportunity to work on this project. We are highly indebted to Mr. Dharne J. A.
(Project guide) for her guidance and constant supervision as well as providing Necessary
information regarding the project & also for his support in the project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & members of Information
Technology department for their kind co-operation and Encouragement which help us in
completion of this our thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing project
and people who have willingly helped us with their abilities.

Salve Vaishnavi Rajendra. (2200800 )

Mehtre Shradha Avinash.(2200800 )
Pande Ashwini Dhondibhau (2200800 )
Pande Akshada Balasaheb (2200800287)
 2023-24
Department of Information Technology

Certificate
This is to that the project report entitled,

“Wireless communication Media.”

Is a benefited work carrier out by,

Salve Vaishnavi Rajendra (2200800 )

Mehtre Shradha Avinash (2200800 )
Pande Ashwini Dhondibhau (2200800 )
Pande Akshada Balasaheb (2200800287)

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the diploma in Information Technology

During the academic year 2023-24

Mr. Dharne J. A. Prof. Chaudhari N. K.

(project Guide) HOD (IT)
1.0 Rational

Wireless is an encompassing term that describes numerous communication technologies that

rely on a wireless signal to send data rather than using a physical medium (often a wire). In
wireless transmission, the medium used is the air, through electromagnetic, radio and
microwave signals. The term communication here not only means communication between
people but between devices and other technologies as well.

Wireless could refer to any device that communicates with other devices wirelessly, meaning
there is no physical connection between them. Wireless technology started in the early 20th
century with radiotelegraphy using Morse code. When the process of modulation was
introduced, it became possible to transmit voices, music and other sounds wirelessly. This
medium then came to be known as radio. Due to the demand of data communication, the need
for a larger portion of the spectrum of wireless signals became a requirement and the term
wireless gained widespread use.

When the word wireless is mentioned, people most often mean wireless computer networking
as in Wi-Fi or cellular telephony, which is the backbone of personal communications.

2.0 Aim Of Microproject

In our DCO micro project we have made a project completely on wireless media. Which
include its working, its property, etc.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved

1. Use fundamental concepts of wireless media.
2. We learned about wireless media communication.
3. We also learned about its working.

4.0 Literature Review

Wireless networks operate using radio frequency (RF) technology, a frequency within the
electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is
supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through
space.

The cornerstone of a wireless network is a device known as an access point (AP). The primary
job of an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and "tune"
into. Since wireless networks are usually connected to wired ones, an access point also often
serves as a link to the resources available on the a wired network, such as an Internet
connection.

In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers must be equipped
with wireless network adapters. These are often built right into the computer, but if not, just
about any computer or notebook can be made wireless- capable through the use of an add-on
adapter plugged into an empty expansion slot, USB port, or in the case of notebooks, a PC Card
slot.

Common everyday wireless technologies include:

802.11 Wi-Fi: Wireless networking technology for personal computers

Bluetooth: Technology for interconnecting small devices

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM): De facto mobile phone standard in many
countries

Two-Way Radio: Radio communications, as in amateur and citizen band radio services, as
well as business and military communications

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed/Working

❖ Wireless Communication:

▪ Introduction:
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are
not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio. With radio waves distances can be short,
such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for
deepspace radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable
applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio wireless
technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and
headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless
telephones.
Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of
other electromagnetic wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic, or electric fields or the
use of sound.

▪ History of Wireless Communication

If we ignore optics, which fascinated early scientists over two thousand years ago, one might
argue that the long trail of innovations that have brought us to the fast, cheap, and (mostly)
reliable wireless products and services of today in fact began with Benjamin Franklin and his
famous kite.
It is very unlikely that Franklin actually conducted the experiment as it is often described,
with keys tied to a kite string - had he done so, he might never have survived to sign the
Declaration of Independence! But Franklin did, in 1747, propose a model of electricity that
proved surprising correct. And at that point it was evident that electricity could in fact move
through the air.
In 1819, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted noted that a compass needle would
move in the presence of an electric field, thus establishing the fundamental relationship
between electricity and magnetism. We call the entire field electromagnetics to this day.
In 1831, Michael Faraday demonstrated electromagnetic induction and built the first
directcurrent generator. While this wasn't useful for wireless communications, it did provide
a way to generate electricity.
The next big leap forward was the result of theoretical work by James Clerk Maxwell, the
great Scottish physicist. He published "On a Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"
in 1865, and in 1873 "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism," which became what are
known Maxwell's Equations.
These are a series of very difficult differential equations which describe the movement of
electromagnetic waves through space. Remarkably, we use them to this day. I'm always
amazed that someone working in a cold, damp building in Scotland, with little in the way of
computational technology and probably nothing more than an oil lamp for light, devised
something so fundamental and powerful that we still use it. Maxwell, by the way, had never
seen a radio; they did not exist then, and he had no actual experience with radio waves
themselves. But the theory he developed paved the way for the next set of critical inventions.
Building on Maxwell's work, Heinrich Hertz in 1887 invented the oscillator (an
alternatingcurrent generator) and created radio waves. By the way, this is the Hertz of
megahertz and gigahertz, not the rental-car company. I should also note that Oersted,
Faraday, and Maxwell all had units of physical measurement named in their honor as well.
Now, who exactly should get the credit for the radio is still a subject of debate. Many believe
it was in fact Nikola Tesla who first sent information through the air. However, I've never
seen evidence that Tesla really communicated something of value - he just moved energy
between two points without wire, demonstrating electromagnetic induction. The credit for the
radio itself belongs, I think, to Guglielmo Marconi, who in 1895 sent a radio telegraph
transmission across the English Channel, and in 1901 a transmission across the Atlantic.
Public use of radio began in 1907. By the way, no physical unit was named for Marconi, but
he did win the Nobel Prize in 1909 - not bad for a self-taught inventor!
There have been so many great contributions since then, from Edwin Armstrong (who created
FM radio, among others), to Lee De Forest (who invented the electron tube), and Andrew
Viterbi (who came up with digital decoding and CDMA) - and so many more that we can't
list them all here.
There are now more people working in wireless communications than at any other time in
history. So as the computer industry suffers, to some degree, from the pains of maturity,
wireless shows no such trend towards slowing down.
"If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants," Isaac Newton wrote that in
a famous letter of his to Robert Hooke, the great English scientist and inventor.
Today, after well over 200 years, we continue to build on the work of an amazing number of
inspiring people who were fascinated with the concept of communication through the air.
And the innovations, as regular readers of this column can attest, continue at a remarkable
pace

▪ Types of Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi
Primarily associated with computer networking, Wi-Fi uses the IEEE 802.11 specification to
create a wireless local-area network that may be secure, such as an office network, or public,
such as a coffee shop. Usually a Wi-Fi network consists of a wired connection to the Internet,
leading to a wireless router that transmits and receives data from individual devices,
connecting them not only to the outside world but also to each other.
Wi-Fi range is generally wide enough for most homes or small offices, and for larger
campuses or homes, range extenders may be placed strategically to extend the signal. Over
time the Wi-Fi standard has evolved, with each new version faster than the last.
Current devices usually use the 802.11n or 802.11ac versions of the spec, but backwards
compatibility ensures that an older laptop can still connect to a new Wi-Fi router. However,
to see the fastest speeds, both your computer and the router must use the latest 802.11
version, so when you upgrade your personal computer, consider a router upgrade to match its
speed.

Bluetooth
While both Wi-Fi and cellular networks enable connections to anywhere in the world,
Bluetooth is much more local, with the stated purpose of "replacing the cables connecting
devices," according to the official Bluetooth website. That's precisely what Bluetooth does; it
connects iPods to car stereos, wireless keyboards and mice to laptops or cell phones to the
ubiquitous hands-free earpieces.
Bluetooth uses a low-power signal with a maximum range of 50 feet, but with sufficient
speed to enable transmission of high-fidelity music and streaming video. As with other
wireless technologies, Bluetooth speed increases with each revision of its standard but
requires up-to-date equipment at both ends to deliver the highest possible speed. Also, the
latest Bluetooth revisions are capable of using maximum power only when it's required,
preserving battery life.
NFC (Near Field Communication)
NFC is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology that enables the
exchange of data between devices over about a 10 cm distance.
NFC is an upgrade of the existing proximity card standard (RFID) that combines the interface
of a smartcard and a reader into a single device. It allows users to seamlessly share content
between digital devices, pay bills wirelessly or even use their cellphone as an electronic
traveling ticket on existing contactless infrastructure already in use for public transportation.
The significant advantage of NFC over Bluetooth is the shorter set-up time. Instead of
performing manual configurations to identify Bluetooth devices, the connection between two
NFC devices is established at once (under a 1/10 second).
Due to its shorter range, NFC provides a higher degree of security than Bluetooth and makes
NFC suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with its transmitting physical
device (and by extension, its user) might otherwise prove impossible.
NFC can also work when one of the devices is not powered by a battery (e.g. on a phone that
may be turned off, a contactless smart credit card, etc.).

LiFi
LiFi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for
data transmission.
LiFi is designed to use LED light bulbs similar to those currently in use in many
energyconscious homes and offices. However, LiFi bulbs are outfitted with a chip that
modulates the light imperceptibly for optical data transmission. LiFi data is transmitted by the
LED bulbs and received by photoreceptors.
LiFi's early developmental models were capable of 150 megabits-per-second (Mbps). Some
commercial kits enabling that speed have been released. In the lab, with stronger LEDs and
different technology, researchers have enabled 10 gigabits-per-second (Gbps), which is faster
than 802.11ad.
Benefits of LiFi:
Higher speeds than Wi-Fi. 10000 times the frequency spectrum of radio. More secure
because data cannot be intercepted without a clear line of sight. Prevents piggybacking.
Eliminates neighboring network interference. Unimpeded by radio interference. Does
not create interference in sensitive electronics, making it better for use in environments like
hospitals and aircraft.
By using LiFi in all the lights in and around a building, the technology could enable greater
area of coverage than a single WiFi router. Drawbacks to the technology include the need for
a clear line of sight, difficulties with mobility and the requirement that lights stay on for
operation.

▪ Applications of Wireless Communication

1. Broadcasting services: including short wave, AM and FM radio as well as terrestrial

television

2. Mobile communications of voice and data: including maritime and aeronautical

mobile for communications between ships, airplanes and land; land mobile for
communications between a fixed base station and moving sites such as a taxi fleet and
paging services, and mobile communications either between mobile users and a fixed
network or between mobile users, such as mobile telephone services
3. Fixed Services: either point to point or point to multipoint services

4. Satellite: used for broadcasting, telecommunications and internet, particularly over

long distances .

5. Amateur radio;Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized

Mobile Radio) typically used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities
Consumer Two Way Radio including FRS (Family Radio Service), GMRS (General
Mobile Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios Consumer and professional
Marine VHF radios. Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for
portable and mobile applications, both personal and business.

6. Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of
boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.

7. Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example;

keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless.

8. Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell
phones.

9. Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of
channels.

10 Wireless gaming: new gaming consoles allow players to interact and play in the same
game regardless of whether they are playing on different consoles. Players can chat,
send text messages as well as record sound and send it to their friends.

11. Security systems: Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired
implementations in security systems for homes or office buildings.

12. Television remote control: Modern televisions use wireless (generally infrared)
remote control units. Now radio waves are also used.

13. Cellular telephony (phones and modems): These instruments use radio waves to
enable the operator to make phone calls from many locations world-wide. They
can be used anywhere that there is a cellular telephone site to house the equipment
 that is required to transmit and receive the signal that is used to transfer both voice
and data to and from these instruments.

14. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi (for wireless fidelity) is a wireless LAN technology that enables
laptop PC’s, PDA’s, and other devices to connect easily to the internet.
Technically known as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi is less expensive and nearing
the speeds of standard Ethernet and other common wire-based LAN technologies

15. Wireless energy transfer: Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby

electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load thatdoes
not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires.

▪ Future Scope
By the year 2013, nearly one-third of the world’s population will have access to high speed
mobile networks, namely, 3G and 4G.
4G is the fourth generation in mobile communication networks and is aimed at fulfilling the
ever-growing business and consumer needs of customers across Europe, North America and
Asia. Mobile manufacturers will be gearing up to design and develop mobiles capable of
supporting 4G technology.
Wireless communication will play a major role in the medical domain. Doctors will be able
to monitor and diagnose patients who are thousands of miles away thanks to wireless
communication.
The current generation of youngsters finds it difficult to believe that their elders used a
phone tied to the wall for most of their lives. Similarly, the next generation will find it
amusing that we once had to stick something up to our heads to talk.
Researchers have put forth the theory of embedded intelligence through implantation, where
a simple thought is enough to wirelessly communicate with another individual anywhere in
the world.

▪ Advantages
1. Anywhere, Anytime Work
Through wireless communication, working professionals and mobile workers can work
and access the Internet just about anywhere, anytime without the hassles of wires and
network cables.

2. Enhanced Productivity
Workers, students, professionals and others need not be constrained by wired Internet
connections or dial-up connectivity. Wireless Internet connectivity options ensures that
work and assignments can be completed anywhere and enhance overall productivity of all
concerned.
3. Remote Area Connectivity
Workers, doctors and other professionals working in remote-location hospitals and
medical centers can keep in touch with anyone through wireless communication. Non-
profit organization volunteers working in remote and underserved areas can stay
connected to the outside world with the help of wireless communication.

4. On-Demand Entertainment Bonanza

For those unable to keep away from their daily soap operas, reality-programs, online TV
shows and Internet surfing or download activities, wireless communication ensures an
entertainment bonanza on--demand and anytime.

5. Emergency Alerts
Through wireless communication, many emergency situations and crisis situations can be
addressed quickly. Help and other assistance can reach affected areas quickly through
early alerts and warnings provided with the help of wireless communication.

▪ Disadvantages

1. Wireless communications are limited by the range of the transmitter

2. Cost of wireless communication system and components are high

3. When transmitting data, users must sometimes send smaller bits of data so the
information moves more quickly. The size of the device that's accessing the
information is also still an issue. Many applications need to be reconfigured if they
are going to be used through wireless connections.

4. Most client/server applications rely on a persistent connection, which is not the case
with wireless.

5. Since radio waves travel through the atmosphere they can be disturbed by electrical
interferences (such as lightning) that cause static.
6.0 Skills Developed

1. Use fundamental concepts of wireless media.

2. We learned about wireless media communication.

3. We also learned about its working.

7.0 Applications

1. Transmission of music, news, road conditions, weather reports, and other broadcast
information are received via digital audio broadcasting (DAB) with 1.5Mbit/s.

2. For personal communication, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) phone

might be available offering voice and data connectivity with 384kbit/s.

3. For remote areas, satellite communication can be used, while the current position of the car
is determined via the GPS (Global Positioning System).

4. A local ad-hoc network for the fast exchange of information (information such as distance
between two vehicles, traffic information, road conditions) in emergency situations or to help
each other keep a safe distance. Local ad-hoc network with vehicles close by to prevent
guidance system, accidents, redundancy.

5.Vehicle data from buses, trucks, trains and high speed train can be transmitted in advance for
maintenance.

8.0 Reference/websites :
https://studymafia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/CSE-Wireless-communication-
Report.pdf
https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/wireless#:~:text=Wireles
s%20communications%20is%20the%20transmission,intermediate%20and%20end%2
Duser%20devices