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Form One and Two Chemistry Notes Revised

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14 views

Form One and Two Chemistry Notes Revised

Uploaded by

rumano ismail
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Form One and Form Two Chemistry Notes (KLB)

Form One Chemistry Notes

1. Introduction to Chemistry

- Chemistry is the study of matter, its composition, properties, and reactions.


- Branches of Chemistry:
- Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-based compounds.
- Inorganic Chemistry: Study of non-organic compounds.
- Physical Chemistry: Study of physical properties and behavior of substances.
- Analytical Chemistry: Identification of substances and their quantities.
- Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes in living organisms.
- Importance of Chemistry:
- Medicine: Drug formulation.
- Agriculture: Fertilizers and pesticides.
- Industry: Manufacture of materials like plastics and metals.
- Laboratory Safety Rules:
- Always wear protective gear (lab coat, gloves, goggles).
- Handle chemicals with care; avoid direct contact or inhalation.
- Properly label and store chemicals.
- Dispose of waste according to safety protocols.

2. Lab Apparatus and Equipment

- Common Apparatus:
- Test Tubes: Used to mix or heat small quantities of substances.
- Beakers: Used to hold, mix, or heat liquids.
- Measuring Cylinders: Used for accurate measurement of liquid volumes.
- Pipettes and Burettes: Used for precise liquid measurements in titration.
- Tripod Stand and Wire Gauze: Used to support beakers or flasks during heating.
- Proper Use of Apparatus:
- Clean before and after use to avoid contamination.
- Handle with care to prevent breakage.

3. Simple Classification of Substances

- Classification of Matter:
- Solids, Liquids, and Gases based on shape, volume, and compressibility.
- Mixtures:
- Homogeneous: Uniform composition (e.g., saltwater).
- Heterogeneous: Non-uniform composition (e.g., sand and iron filings).
- Pure Substances:
- Elements: Single type of atom (e.g., oxygen, gold).
- Compounds: Two or more elements chemically combined (e.g., water, CO₂).

4. Acids, Bases, and Indicators

- Acids:
- Have a sour taste.
- Turn blue litmus paper red.
- Examples: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄).
- Bases:
- Have a bitter taste and slippery feel.
- Turn red litmus paper blue.
- Examples: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH).
- Indicators:
- Litmus: Blue to red (acidic), red to blue (basic).
- Phenolphthalein: Colorless in acid, pink in base.
- Methyl Orange: Red in acid, yellow in base.

5. Air and Combustion

- Composition of Air:
- 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Other gases (e.g., Argon, Carbon Dioxide).
- Properties of Oxygen:
- Supports combustion and respiration.
- Reacts with metals to form basic oxides and with non-metals to form acidic oxides.
- Combustion:
- Combustion is the process of burning substances in oxygen to produce heat and light.

6. Water and Hydrogen

- Properties of Water:
- Universal solvent due to its polarity.
- High boiling and melting points.
- Test for Water:
- Anhydrous copper (II) sulfate turns blue when hydrated.
- Preparation of Hydrogen:
- Reaction of acids with reactive metals (e.g., Zn + HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂).
7. Atomic Structure

- Structure of the Atom:


- Nucleus: Contains protons (+ charge) and neutrons (neutral).
- Electrons (- charge): Revolve around the nucleus in energy levels.
- Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
- Mass Number: Total number of protons and neutrons.

8. The Mole Concept

- Relative Atomic Mass (Ar): Average mass of an atom compared to carbon-12.


- Relative Molecular Mass (Mr): Sum of Ar values in a molecule.
- Mole: A unit of measurement containing \( 6.022 imes 10^{23} \) particles.

Form Two Chemistry Notes

1. Structure and Bonding

- Types of Bonding:
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Properties of Ionic Compounds:
- High melting and boiling points.
- Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.

2. The Periodic Table

- Arrangement of Elements:
- Based on increasing atomic number.
- Groups: Vertical columns with similar chemical properties.
- Periods: Horizontal rows with increasing energy levels.
- Metals vs. Non-Metals:
- Metals lose electrons to form positive ions.
- Non-metals gain or share electrons to form negative ions or covalent bonds.

3. Salts

- Formation of Salts:
- Neutralization reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.
- Reaction of acids with metals or carbonates.
- Properties of Salts:
- Soluble salts (e.g., NaCl) dissolve in water.
- Insoluble salts (e.g., BaSO₄) do not dissolve in water.

4. Carbon and Its Compounds

- Allotropes of Carbon:
- Diamond: Hard, non-conductive, used in cutting tools.
- Graphite: Soft, conductive, used in lubricants and pencils.
- Oxides of Carbon:
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Supports photosynthesis, used in fire extinguishers.
- Carbon Monoxide (CO): Poisonous gas from incomplete combustion.

5. Chemical Families

- Alkali Metals (Group 1):


- Highly reactive, reactivity increases down the group.
- React with water to form hydroxides and hydrogen gas.
- Halogens (Group 7):
- Reactive non-metals, reactivity decreases down the group.
- Form salts with metals (e.g., NaCl).

6. Gas Laws

- Boyle’s Law: \( P_1V_1 = P_2V_2 \) (Pressure inversely proportional to volume at constant


temperature).

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