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09
Acid – Base Balance
CHAPTER 9

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Code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institute: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Question – 01: What is acid? Explain the types of acid & it properties.
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Acid: The substance which produces hydrogen ion in aqueous solution is called acid. Taste of
acid is sour.
aq.
HCl �� H + + Cl−
For example, 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4, etc.
Properties of acid:

a) Acid taste is sour.

b) Acids are corrosive.
c) Blue litmus will turn into red.
d) It’s 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 less than 7(0 to 6.9).

Acid is two types, 1. Strong Acid, 2. Weak acid

Acid

Strong Weak
acid acid

Strong Acid: The acid what is fully ionized in aqueous solution. It’s also known as inorganic
acid. Strong acid may be concentrated or diluted.
Carbonic acid
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 (Hydrochloric acid), 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4(sulfuric acid), 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 (Nitric acid),
used in soft
𝐻𝐻3 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂4(Phosphoric acid), 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂4(Perchloric acid)
drinks. Citric
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝐻𝐻 + + 𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙 − : Completely ionize acid in lemon
or orange, and
Concentrated acid: When the amount of acid solution is such solution is tamarind in
higher than water. For example- Con. 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 tartaric acid.

Dilute acid: When the amount of water in such solution is higher than acid
solution. For example- Dil. 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

Weak acid: The acid what is partially ionized in aqueous solution. It’s also known as organic
acid. Its taste sour.

𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 ⇄ 2𝐻𝐻 + + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3−2

𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (Ethanoic/acetic acid), 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 (Methanoic/formic acid), 𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 (Carbonic acid),
(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)2 (Oxalic acid)

For instance, at 25℃ temperature, out of 1000 𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 molecules, only 4 will decompose
in water.

Acids present in different substance

Soft drinks Carbonic acid,(𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 )

Md.Mostafizur Rahman, Lecturer in Chemistry, NASCD, Bangladesh Navy

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lemon or orange citric acid,(𝐶𝐶6 𝐻𝐻8 𝑂𝑂7 )
tamarind tartaric acid,(𝐶𝐶4 𝐻𝐻6 𝑂𝑂6 )
Milk Lactic acid,(𝐶𝐶3 𝐻𝐻6 𝑂𝑂3 )
Vinegar Ethanoic acid,(𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
Tea Tanic acid,(C76H52O46)
Stomach Hydrochloric acid,(HCl)

Question – 02: What is base Explain the types of base & it properties.

Base: The substance which produces hydroxyl ion in aqueous solution is called Base. Or
metals or metal like reactive radical oxides and hydroxides that undergo reaction with acid and
produces salt and water are called base.
aq.
NaOH �� Na+ + OH −
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
For example: 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, KOH etc.
Properties of Base: 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 used in
a) Its taste Bitter. Toilet cleaner,
NH4OH used in
b) Red litmus will turn blue. Glass cleaner.
c) Its 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 more than 7(7.1 to 14).
d) Basic compounds are slippery.
Strong Base: The acid what is fully ionized in aqueous solution. Strong base may be
concentrated (strong) or diluted(weak).
aq.
NaOH �� Na+ + OH −

NaOH(Sodium Hydroxide/Caustic soda) KOH( Potassium Hydroxide)

Concentrated Base: When the amount of base solution in such solution is higher than water.
For example- Con. NaOH

Dilute Base: When the amount of water is such solution is higher than of base solution. For
example- 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷. 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

Weak Base: The base which is partially ionized in aqueous solution is called weak base. For
example, 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (Ammonium hydroxide), 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 (Calcium hydroxide, its used to wash the wall
and to eat with betel leaf)

NH4OH ⇄ NH4+ + OH-

Question – 03: What is alkali?
Alkali: Hydroxide compounds of metals or metal like reactive radicals that are soluble in
water are called alkali.
Question – 04: what do you mean corrosive property of acid or base?

Ans. Concentrated acids and concentrated alkali are highly corrosive. They can corrode
clothes and skin. They spoil eyes if they go into the eyes. Concentrated acids and concentrated
alkali are added slowly to water and turned into dilute solutions as they dissolve completely.

Question – 05: What is the role of water in the chemical properties of acid?

Md.Mostafizur Rahman, Lecturer in Chemistry, NASCD, Bangladesh Navy

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Ans. At solid state or pure state of acid have Hydrogen, but the ions are not free. The moment
they are dissolved, they become fully ionized or partially ionize and produce free Hydrogen ion.
Only Hydrogen ion (𝐻𝐻 + ) in the solution carries positive charge. The characteristic of an acidic
solution depends on the presence of mobile hydrogen ion. The acids that dissolve partially in
aqueous solution are weak acid. Strong acid becomes fully ionized in aqueous solution.

The reason here is that dehydrated oxalic acid lattice, Citric acid does not contain any
hydrogen ion. When you dissolve this dehydrated oxalic acid in water, it will decompose and donate
𝐻𝐻 + ion, which will turn the blue litmus into red. That
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 ⟶ 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
means, hydrogen ion present in an aqueous solution shows
acidic property. 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) ⇌ 𝐻𝐻+ (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) + 𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙 − (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 (𝑙𝑙) + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. )
+
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) ⇌ 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 ⇌ 2𝐻𝐻 + (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. ) + 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4−2 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. )

a) Pure sulfuric acid and nitric acid are colorless

liquids. Both the compounds remain in molecular state. Since they are not ionized or hydrogen ion is
not present in them,
b) Pure sulfuric acid and pure nitric acid neither show acidic properties nor do they conduct
electricity.

Acid produce hydrogen ion only when they are dissolved in water, showing acidic property and
conducting electricity.

Question – 06: What is the role of water in the chemical properties of alkali?

Ans. At solid state of potassium hydroxide (𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾) and sodium hydroxide (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁) have ion,
but the ions are not free. The moment they are dissolved, they become fully ionized or partially
ionize and produce free hydroxide ion. Only hydroxide ion in the solution carries negative charge.
The characteristic of an alkali solution depends on the presence of mobile hydroxide ion. The alkalis
that dissolve partially in aqueous solution are weak alkali. Strong alkali becomes fully ionized in
aqueous solution.
+ −
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐾𝐾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. + 𝑂𝑂𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. ; Fully ionized
+ −
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. + 𝑂𝑂𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. ; Fully ionized

𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 ⇌ 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 +𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. + 𝑂𝑂𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

−
; Partially ionized

Question – 07: Write down the reaction of acid with (a) Metal, (b) Metal Oxide. (c) Metal
Carbonate, (d) Metal Hydrogen Carbonate & (e) Base.

Name Reaction Application/Example

a Acid react with metal 1. 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻2
and produces a salt &
2. 𝐾𝐾 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 → 𝐾𝐾2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐻2
Hydrogen gas.
Metal + Acid = Salt + Hydrogen
Because metal act as a 3. 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 → 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 + 𝐻𝐻2
base.
4. 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 → 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐻2

Md.Mostafizur Rahman, Lecturer in Chemistry, NASCD, Bangladesh Navy

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b Acid with metal Oxide 1. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂

Produces a salt & Water.
2. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐻2
Because metal oxide is
basic. Metal Oxide + Acid = Salt + Water 3. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
4. 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝑂𝑂 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
5. 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 → 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
c Acid react with metal 1. 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + +𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
carbonate Produces a
2. 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
salt, Carbon dioxide &
Metal Carbonate + Acid = Salt +
Water. 3. 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
Because metal carbonate Carbon dioxide + Water
4. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
is basic nature.

d Acid react with metal 1.𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + +𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂

Hydrogen carbonate
2. 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
Produces a salt, Carbon
Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Acid
dioxide & Water. 3. 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
Because metal = Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Hydrogen Carbonate is 4. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 )2 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
basic.
e Acid with base Produces 1. 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
a salt & Water.
2. 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
Acid + Base = Salt + Water 3. 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 → 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
4. 𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
5. 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂

Question-08: What is 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝?

Ans. The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion molar concentration present in the solution is
called pH. It’s a measuring unit of the acidity, alkalinity or neutrality of the solution.
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = −log [𝐻𝐻 + ]

𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 of different organ of human 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

Stomach 1 Agricultural commodities 6.0 - 8.0
Human skin 4.8-5.5 Pancreatic juice 8.1
Urine 6 Blood 7.34-7.45

Question-09: How do you identify acid-base substance?

Md.Mostafizur Rahman, Lecturer in Chemistry, NASCD, Bangladesh Navy

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A substance could be acidic or base or neutral. It can be determine by
a) 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 paper (b) 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 meter (c) Litmus paper

𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 Paper: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Paper is used for knowing the value of an unknown solution. Add a small piece
of pH paper in the solution and it will change its colour. There is a standard colour chart for various
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 values. Compare the colour of the pH paper with that standard colour chart and determine the
value of of 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.

𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 Meter: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Meter is used for knowing the value pH of an unknown solution. Inserting the
electrode of the pH meter in the unknown solution the value of pH can be known directly from the
digital display of the pH meter.

Litmus Paper: Litmus paper is the easily available cheaper alternative to know the
approximate value of 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝. The litmus paper is red when the value of pH is less than 7 and the colour
is blue when the value is more than 7.

Question -10: Write down the Importance of 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝?

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 has got limitless significance in terms of bio-chemical reactions in animal body and use
of cosmetics. They are stated below:

Agriculture: pH has a great importance in agriculture. Plants absorb various mineral ions,
water etc. from soil. The best value of pH of soil in this regard is 6.0-8.0. Again, if the value is less
than 3.0 or more than 10.0, the beneficial microbes in the soil die. When the value drops down,
measured amount of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 is used in the soil. On the other hand, if the value of pH of soil rises up,
measured amount of ammonium sulfate (𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 or ammonium phosphate (𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 )3 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂4 fertilizers
are used to settle the pH of soil.

𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 in Different Bio-chemical Reactions of Body: Various bio-chemical reactions occur in

different parts of the animal body. They require different values of pH in various parts of the body.
For example, food digestion in stomach required 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 value 1, More or less value of 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 in stomach
digestion system will be disrupted.

Cosmetics: Human beings use different chemicals to clean their skin, beautification of skin,
clean the hair and other actions. When the pH of skin is 4.8-5.5, the skin is acidic and that prevents
attacks of microbes on the skin. Therefore, the pH of cosmetics is maintained at 4.8-5.5.

Question-11: What is the importance of neutralization reaction in our daily life? Explain

Importance of Neutralization Reaction in Daily Life: The reaction where acid and base
undergo reaction and produce salt and water is called neutralization reaction. There are so many
applications in our daily life of neutralization reaction. For example,
(a) In digestion b) In dental care c) In agriculture

In Digestion: Acid is secreted in the stomach for the need of digestion. If for some
reasons, the amount of acid in the stomach increases, we feel uneasy. Generally, it is called
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acidity. If this acidity continues for long time, it creates infection in the stomach. We take antacid
to neutralize this acidity. Antacid contains 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)3 and 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2, which are alkaline in nature.
They neutralize the excess acid inside our stomach.

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)3 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐻𝐻2

In Dental Care: If you do not clean your mouth after taking some food like sweet , after
sometime, you will feel a sour taste inside your mouth. Actually, there are innumerable
bacteria in our mouth which forms various organic acids. That is why we feel the sour taste. These
acids cause decay of the enamel calcium compound of our teeth. Alkali present in toothpastes
neutralizes these acids and save our denture.

In Agriculture: When plants absorb different metallic ions like 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 +2 , 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑔+2 , 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎+2 , 𝐾𝐾 + etc.
from the soil, the soil becomes acidic. It loses fertility. Lime is used to increase the fertility of soil
which is chemically calcium oxide (CaO). This lime neutralizes the acid in the soil and brings back
the fertility.

Question -12: What is salt? Write down the nature of salt and its application.

Ans. Salt: Salt is a solid chemical compound consisting of an ionic assemble of cations and
anions. The positive ion of salt comes from the base. That is why the positive ion is known as basic
radical. The negative ion comes from acid. That is why the negative ion of salt is called acid radical.

Acidic Salt: Aqueous solution of salt produced in the reaction between strong acid and weak
base is acidic in nature. 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑙𝑙3 , 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2,(𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 , (𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 )3 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂4 etc.

Acidic salts are used to decrease the 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 of soil or water.

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑙𝑙3 + 3𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)3 + 3𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ; Strong acid & weak base

𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 + 2𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 + 2𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 ; Strong acid & weak base

(𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 2𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 + 2𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂; Strong acid & weak base

(𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 )3 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂4 + 3𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐻𝐻3 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂4 + 3𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂; Strong acid & weak base

Basic Salt: Aqueous solution of salt produced in the reaction between strong base and weak
acid is basic in nature. 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3, 𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (Sodium ethanoate).

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Basic salts are used to increase the 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 of soil or water.

𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 2𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 2𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3; Strong base & weak acid

𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁; Strong acid & weak base

Neutral Salt: Aqueous solution of salt produced from the reaction between strong acid and
strong base is neutral in nature. For example, aqueous solution of 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 .

Question-13: Why limestone or calcium oxide used in soil during cultivation?

Ans.: Lime stone (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 ) Lime (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) is used to increase the fertility of soil &
increase 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 of soil. This lime neutralizes the acid in the soil and brings back the fertility.
Question-14: What is the aq. Nature of 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 ?

Ans.: If aqueous solution of salt produced strong base and weak acid it nature will basic.
Here, Aqueous nature of 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 produced strong base 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 and weak acid. So aq. 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 is
basic.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 + 2𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 2𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3; Strong base & weak acid
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
+ −
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 �� 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. + 𝑂𝑂𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. ; Completely ionize in aqueous medium.

Question -15: What is the difference between rain and acid rain?

Rain Acid rain

Rain: Rain is liquid water in the Acid rain: The rain water which 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 4
form of droplets that have condensed from or less than 4, primarily produced from the
atmospheric water vapor and then become emission of sulfur oxide (𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 , 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3 ) and
heavy enough to fall under gravity. nitrogen oxides (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 , 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂2 ) from human
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 water 7 but 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 rain water (5-6) activities.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 acid rain 4 or less than 4.
due to presence of carbonic acid(𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 ) . 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3
During raining water react with
( 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
atmospheric 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 produces carbonic acid.
𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4
𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 → 𝐻𝐻2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3
(𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3
(𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 & 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

Question -16: What is acid rain? Write down the Causes of acid rain and its effects.

Acid rain: The rain water which 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 4 or less than 4, primarily produced from the emission of
sulfur oxide (𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 , 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3 ) and nitrogen oxides (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 , 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂2 ) from human activities.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 acid rain 4 or
less than 4.

Causes acid rain: Acid rain occurred due to presence of different oxide. For example
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(a) Oxide of sulfur, (b) Oxide of Nitrogen

(a) Oxide of sulfur: The main source of sulfur dioxide & sulfur trioxide in the air is industrial
activity that processes materials that contain sulfur, for example, the generation of electricity from
coal, oil or gas that contains sulfur. Some mineral ores also contain sulfur, and sulfur dioxide is
released when they are processed.

𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3 ( 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

(b) Oxide of Nitrogen The temperature of the spot where thunder strikes reaches 3000°C. In
that temperature, 𝑁𝑁2 and 𝑂𝑂2 present in air undergo reaction and produce 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. This 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 gets oxidized
by oxygen and becomes 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂2

𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 & 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

Effect of acid rain:

1. Acid rain results in a drop down of pH of soil. This has severe harmful effect on crops and
plants. For cultivation, the best value of pH of soil in this regard is 6.0-8.0. Again, if the value is less
than 3.0 or more than 10.0, the beneficial microbes in the soil die.
2. The pH value of water in the water bodies also goes down and makes the situation
uninhabitable for the lives there. Fish production is hampered.
3. Acid rain also harms the buildings, metallic structures, marble architectures and sculptures.

Question -17: What is water?

Water: Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical
substance, which is the main constituent of Hydrogen & Oxygen (𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂). The chemical name of
water is dihydrogenmonoxide.
Water can classify in different ways, for example, On the basis of source, On the basis of taste,
On the basis of pollutant etc.

Question-: What is purity of water?

Pure water has some characteristics like

(a) Colorless, Odorless, and transparent liquid.

(b) pH of water 7.
(c) The temperature of water is usually 30-35°C with an occasional rise up to 40°C. More
than this water is heat polluted.

Question-18: How does water polluted?

Ans. Water body polluted by several ways.

For example

1) By domestic waste: All domestic disposals and sewage wash away to the water bodies.
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2) By trashes of hospital: Trashes disposed from hospitals and other places are also washed
away to the water.
3) By Fertilizers & pesticides: Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture also get washed to
the water bodies.
4) By industries: Industries dump their chemical trashes to sewage line which ultimately
reaches water.
5) By vehicles: vehicles trash their fuels which ultimately reach the water.
6) By shallow pumps: The tendency to extract excess sub surface water by shallow pumps and
too much excavation results in arsenic contamination in sub-surface water.
7) By mineral salt: If any mineral salt is dissolved in it at a large amount, it can be called
polluted water.
8) By Heat: If the water used in power plants to cool the machineries or hot water from boiler is
released directly in open reservoir of water, the heat pollution occurs.
Lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, Arsenic etc. heavy metals and organic wastage mix with water
from all these trashes.

Question-19: How does water pollution control? Explain

Water is an essential and general need of life with an undeniable effect directly or indirectly. All
industrial, environmental, and metabolic processes are water dependent. In living organisms, water
plays a number of roles such as solvent, temperature buffer, metabolite, living environment, and
lubricants. Water is said to be polluted when some of the water quality parameters have been
hampered by unguided and irregularities from several activities, thus rendering water unfit for
intended use. Water is polluted in several ways, For example

(a) By using waste treatment facilities can reduce the environment and water pollution. For
example, Bio gas plant.
(b) It must be mandatory to establish effluent treatment plant (ETP) in every industry. In no
way, the industrial wastes are disposed directly into the open water reservoir. Everyone should be
conscious about it.
(c) We should keep in mind that organized public consciousness and public opinion is the most
effective way to prevent water pollution in our country.
(d) Plastic or polymer type substances should not be disposed in water body.

Question -20: (a) What is hardness of water? (b) How to remove hardness of water? Explain
Hardness of water: if calcium, magnesium or iron chloride, sulfate, carbonate or bicarbonate etc.
salts are dissolved in the water. This kind of water is called hard water.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 / 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂4 /𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 /𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 )2
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 → 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑙𝑙2 / 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂4 /𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 /𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 )2
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 → 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑙𝑙2 / 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑂𝑂4 /𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 )2
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 → 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑙𝑙2 / 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂4 /𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 )2

There are two types of water hardness,

(a) Temporary Hardness

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(b) Permanent Hardness.

(a) Permanent Hardness: Permanent hardness is due to calcium and magnesium

nitrates, sulphates, and chlorides etc. This type of hardness cannot be eliminated by boiling.

Removing of temporary hardness: Mere heating does not remove this kind of hardness.
Various measures or reactions are used to remove this hardness from water.

Addition of sodium carbonate to permanent hard water reacts with the calcium ion and
magnesium ion and produces precipitates of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Thus the
calcium ion and magnesium ion is removed from water and it becomes mild.

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 + 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 (𝑠𝑠) + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂4 + 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 → 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂3 (𝑠𝑠) + 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4

(b) Temporary Hardness: Hardness of water caused by bicarbonate (𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3− salts of

calcium, magnesium, iron etc. in water is called temporary hardness.

Removing of temporary hardness: When heat is applied to this kind of water, it produces
insoluble carbonate salt. It gathers at the bottom of the container as precipitate. The water can easily
be separated by using a filter. Thus the temporary hardness of water is removed and the water turns
into mild water.
∆
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 )2 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂3 (𝑠𝑠) + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂(𝑙𝑙) + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 (𝑔𝑔)
∆
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂3 )2 → 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂3 (𝑠𝑠) + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂(𝑙𝑙) + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 (𝑔𝑔)

Question -21: Why does hard water not produce foam with soap easily?

Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of higher organic acid. For example, sodium stearate
(𝐶𝐶17 𝐻𝐻35 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) is the sodium salt of stearic acid. It is used in soap. When we use this soap in hard
water, Calcium and magnesium ions replaces sodium or potassium ions in the soap and gets
precipitated hence lather or foam is formation hindered.

𝐶𝐶17 𝐻𝐻33 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 +2 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐶𝐶17 𝐻𝐻33 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)2 ↓ +𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎 +

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐶𝐶17 𝐻𝐻33 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)2 is insoluble in water. So it cannot produce any foam.

Question-22: What is BOD?

Ans.: BOD: The elaboration of BOD is Biological Oxygen Demand. The amount of oxygen
needed to decompose the organic matters in water in presence of air is known as BOD of that water.
Water that has much BOD value is a polluted one.

Question-23: What is COD? Why COD value is more than BOD?

Ans.: The elaboration of COD is Chemical Oxygen Demand. The amount of oxygen needed
to decompose the organic and inorganic matters in water in is called COD.

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The COD value of any water is greater than BOD value. It happens because the necessary
amount of oxygen to decompose only the organic matters in water is BOD while COD is the amount
of oxygen needed to decompose all organic and inorganic matters in water.

Question-24: What are the methods of purification of water?

Ans.: Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological

contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for specific
purposes. There are several methods to purify water. For example
(a) Chlorination
(b) Boiling
(c) Sedimentation
(d) Filtration

(a) Chlorination: The easiest way of sterilization of water is chlorination. If a certain amount of
bleaching powder is added to water, the produced chlorine oxidizes the germs and kills them.
The process is called chlorination of water. Filtering the water after adding bleaching powder
makes it drinkable.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 + 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 → 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + [𝑂𝑂]
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + [𝑂𝑂] → 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]
[𝑂𝑂] 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶] + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 → 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
(b) Boiling: Water can be sterilized by boiling for 15 to 20 minutes. You should boil your water to
make it safe to drink. Boiling is the surest method to kill disease-causing organisms, including
viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Noteworthy that boiling arsenic contaminated water makes it
more harmful.
(c) Sedimentation: Adding one spoonful of alum dust [𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 . 𝐾𝐾2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 . 24 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂] to a bucket of
water and allowing it to settle for half an hour creates sedimentation of all impurities of water
to settle at the bottom of the bucket. Then by pouring the upper level water into another
container, we get pure water. This is the way to get rid of all insoluble pollutants from water.
(d) Filtration: Presently filters are available in the market that helps get rid of germs,
arsenic and other pollutants from water. We get pure drinking water using these filters.

Question – 25: Write down the Reaction between dilute base in with metallic salts or application of
base.

Metallic Salts Reaction Result/Inference

a. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)3 Gathers as white
precipitate at the bottom of test
Aluminum salt like
aluminum nitrate tube.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )3 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)3 ↓ +𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )3 or 𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙 +3 ion Inference: 𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙 +3 ion or salt confirm.
react with dilute While sodium nitrate remains.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. dissolved in the water and it does
not add any colour to water.
b. ferrous nitrate salt 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 ↓ +𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 Gathers as green
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 like ferrous precipitate at the bottom of test

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nitrate 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 or tube.
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 +2 ion react with Inference: 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 +2 ion or salt
dilute 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. confirm. While sodium nitrate
remains. Dissolved in the water and
it does not add any colour to water.
c. 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)3 Gathers as Reddish
ferric nitrate salt brown precipitate at the bottom of
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )3 like ferrous test tube.
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )3 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)3 ↓ +𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3
nitrate 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )3 or Inference: 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 +3 ion or salt
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 +3 ion react with confirm. While sodium nitrate
dilute 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 remains. Dissolved in the water and
it does not add any colour to water.
d. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 Gathers as Light Blue
precipitate at the bottom of test
Copper nitrate salt
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 like ferrous tube.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 ↓ +𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3
nitrate 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 or Inference: 𝐶𝐶𝑢𝑢+2 ion or salt
𝐶𝐶𝑢𝑢+2 ion react with confirm. While sodium nitrate
dilute 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. remains. Dissolved in the water and
it does not add any colour to water.
e. 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 Gathers as White
precipitate at the bottom of test
Copper nitrate salt
𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 like ferrous tube.
Zn(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 ↓ +𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3
nitrate 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 or Inference: 𝐶𝐶𝑢𝑢+2 ion or salt
𝑍𝑍𝑛𝑛+2 ion react with confirm. While sodium nitrate
dilute 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. remains. Dissolved in the water and
it does not add any colour to water.
f.
Ammonium Chloride
salt 𝐻𝐻4 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 , or 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4+ ion 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 → 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻3 ↑ +𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
Alkali undergoes reaction with any
react with dilute base, 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 → 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻3 ↑ +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
ammonia salt and 𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻3 (𝑔𝑔).
like 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 & CaO

CQ Practice

1. i. A solution of HCl 500ml, 5g.

ii. B solution of 0.5M NaOH
a) What is 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 of stomach?
b) What is the aqueous nature of 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ?
c) What is the pH of B solution?
d) What is the PH of A solution?

2. 𝑖𝑖. 𝑆𝑆 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 𝑋𝑋(𝑔𝑔)

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 𝑌𝑌(𝑔𝑔)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝐶𝐶 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 𝑍𝑍(𝑔𝑔)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. (𝑎𝑎). 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3 )2 , (𝑏𝑏)𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻4 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
a) What is 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝?
b) Explain, The chlorination of water.
c) How do you identify cation of (iv) salt. write down with chemical reaction.
d) Analyze the effect of X, Y and Z gas on environment.

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3. Three reactions are given below.
𝑖𝑖 3𝐻𝐻2 + 𝑁𝑁2 → 𝑋𝑋(𝑔𝑔)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑋𝑋(𝑔𝑔) + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝑀𝑀 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
iii. 𝐾𝐾2 𝑂𝑂 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 → 𝑁𝑁 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
a) What is Alkali?
b) What is the importance of water in acid? Explain.
c) What is aqueous nature of X gas? Analyze
d) Analyze the nature of salt which is produced by the combination of 'M' and '𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂4 ' of the stem. -
Analyze with reaction.

4. 𝑖𝑖. 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 → 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑙𝑙3

A(salt) B (salt)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶, 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
a) What is hard water?
b) Why COD value is more than BOD? Explain.
c) Is it possible to produce foam of soap form (ii) water? Analyze
d) What will happen if 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(aq) is added separately in A and B salt of the stem- Analyze with
reactions.

Md.Mostafizur Rahman, Lecturer in Chemistry, NASCD, Bangladesh Navy

01876117734, 01913023175