17

TRIANGLES

|17.1) REVIEW
1.
Definition
A
of a
triangle triangle and is usually
closed having 3 sides is called a
Greek letter A figure.
(delta)
The figure, given
bounded by three alongside. shows a triangle
ABC(A ABC) denoted by the
sides AB. BC and CA.
2. Vertex:
The point, where any two is called
Sides ofa triangle meet,
8
a vertex.
Clearly, the given triangle ABC has three vertices, namely: A, B and C.
[Vertices is the
plural ol
Triangle ABC has : vertex
1. three non-colinear points A, B and C.
2. three sides namely AB. BC and CA.
J. three angles LABC. BCA and CAB.
Three sides and three angles of a triangle are called its six parts or six
4 Three vertices. A, B and C.
elements
Ais vertex opposite to side BC, Bis vertex opposite to side AC and Cis
opposite to side AB. vertex
3. Interior angles:
In AABC (given above). the angles BAC, ABC and ACB are called its
as they lie inside the ABC.
interior angles
The sum of interior angles of a triangle is always 180. R
(i)

(ZA + B + 2C = 180°) |P+ 2Q +ZR= 180°)

4. Exterior angles :
When any side of a triangle is proouced the angle so formed, outside the triangle
A
and at its vertex, is called its exterior angle.
For agiven triangle ABC, if side BC is produced to
the point D, then ACD is its exterior angle. And, if side
AC is produced to the point E, then the exterior angle would
be BCE.
E

Miodle School -7
 at
evory vertex,
two exterior angles can be
opposite angles, are forrned and that these two angles
ThUs,
vortically vertex of a
always equal.
Dong
extorlor
a t each triangle, the
sum of
Also, angle and its corresponding interior angle is
E
given alongside,
ABC,
In Exteriorangle + Interior angle = 180°
At vertex A ZBAE + ZA = 180°
At vertex B: ZCBF + ZB= 180° and
C: ZACD + 20= 180 B
At vertex
Interioropposite angles :
Whenany side of a triangle is produced, an exteríor angle
6 fomed The tWo interior angles of this triangle, that are
oo0ositetothe exterior angle formed, are called its interior
qoposlteangles.
figure, side BC of A ABC is
exterior ZACD is forned. produced
the given the to
In that the
pointD,s o Then the two
opposite angles are BAC and ZABC.
interior
Relation between exterior angle and interior opposite
angles:
6 Exterior angle of a triangle is always equal to the sum of its two interior opposite
angles.
Thusin the figure, given above, ZACD = BAC + ZABC.
Similarly;in the triangle ABC, drawn alongside,
Exterior angle CAE = ZB + C
and exterior angle ABF = A+ LC. F
Example1:
Can a triangle have angles 60, 70 and 70° ?
To angles of atriangle are 48° and 73, find its third angle.
Three angles ofa triangle are (2x + 20)°. (x + 30)° and (2x- 10). Find the angles.
Solution .:
) Since, 60° + 70° + 70° = 200°
A triangle can not have angles 60, 70° and 70 (Ans.)
(Remember : Sum of the angles of a triangle is always 1801
() Sum of two given angles = 48 + 73 =121°
The third angle = 180° - 121° = 59 (Ans.}
(i) Since, the sum of the interior angles of a triangie = 180°
.. (2x + 20) + (x+ 30) + (2x- 10) = 180°
5x + 40 = 180°

140
ie. 5x = 180- 40 = 140 and x= =28
5
 Regied angtos 30) and (2x
(28 + 3O)
101
Examgle 2
Uae the fgure given atongsite ind the valve of
(0BAC 130
()ACB
Solution
D

() two interior
Since. the exterior angle o a = sum of its
130 = 7x + 6x
13x = 130°
opposite angles
130 = 10
X= 13
(ü) 8AC =7x = 7x 10 = 70
(1) LAC8 = 6x =6 x 10 =
60 (Ans
EXERCISE 17(A)
(A(Annss
1. State. if the triangies are possible with the following angles:
() 20, 70 and 90 180 (ü) 40°, 130° and 20°
(ii) 60, 60° and 50° (iv) 125, 40° and 15°
2. If the angies of a triangie are equal, find its angles.
. In a triangle ABC. A= 45° and B=75, find 20.
. In a triangle POR. P =60° and Q=2R, find ZR.
5.
Calculate the unknown marked angles in each tigure .
(i) (ii)
90°
80° 20°
30° 40

6. Find the value of each angle in the given tigures .

(0) (ü)

4x°
B

2x° C

Concise MATHEMATICS Middle School-7

 Fd
theunknown marked engas in the given flgures 3
(i0)
()

90
50

givenfigure, show that:

La = Zb 4 Lc.
the
If Zb= 60°and Zc = 50°, finda
In
100 and Zb = 55°, find c.
La =
If 108° and Lc = 48°, find Z6
La =
If

calculatethhe angles of a triangle, if they

are in the ratio 4 5:6.
Oneangle
of a triangle is 60°. The other two
9. angles are in the ratio of 5
10. the two angles.
Find

ale of a triangle Is 61° and the other two anales are in the rafio 1, 17
Cind these angles.

Findthe
unknown marked angles in the given figures.
12.
(ii)
60 (n)
120

110 35
30°
122°

(iv) (v) (vi)

135

140

a 73 125
63 x°12

(vii) (vii) (ix)

4m 140°
2m

120°

Triangies
 17 2
(a) With CLASSIFCATION
1. regard to thak angles
Acute angiedwse
OF TRLANGLES
4

ts atrangle
less than 90 trangleAa ane as e . ech angle is B140

2 Right sngied triang a esanght ange. ie.. equal to 90-

ks a trangie whose ne
as The =figure given alongside. shows &nght angled iriangle xYZ
XYZ 90
(0) Ohe angie ot a nght angled tnangle is 90° ano the ofner two anole
angles Such that thesr Sum is ahways 90°
In each of X and is
XYZ. above, Y= 90° and
X2- 90
() in a nght
gven
angie is
acue Such ha
largec
trnanole, the side opposite to the rignt
angled XYZ, side X7 is of all
and is called the hypotenuse. in given nght angied the itS Sides
iS
3
Obtuse angled triangle
If one angle ofa triangle is more than 90° t
P

nypoienuse
cailed an obtuse angled triangle.
130
In case of an obtuse angied triangie, each of the other
two angles is always acute and their sum is less than
90°.

(b) With regard to their sides X

1. Scalene
triangie :
if all the sides of a triangle are unequal, it is called a
4 cm

scalene triangle. 5 cm
n ascaiene triangle, all its angles are also unequal.
2. 0sosceles triangle : A
Ifatleast two sides of a triangle are equal, it is caled an
isosceles triangle.
In A ABC, shown alongside, side AB = side AC.
.:. A ABC is an isosceles triangle.
() The angle contained by equal sides i.e. ZBAC is called the vertical anale r
angle of vertex.
() The third side (the unequal side) is called the base of the isosceles trianale
(ii) The two other angles (other than the angle of vertex) are called the
of the triangle.
base angles

17.3 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AN ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

The base angles, ie., the angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are
always equal.
210 Concise MATHEMATICS Middle School -7
 gven
triangle ABC
side B0,
n
AB =
then angle
I
side
opposite
to BC, ie., 20 =
BC =
side
AC, then angle
A opposite to
angle AB -

and opposite
opposteto AG, .e. A= 8 to BC =
conversely: If any two so on angle
angles triangle are
io these angles are also
of a
ABC equal, theis
equal, iie., the triangle
ThUsin
A
side opposite to Z8 = side
isoscales
ZB ’ side BC = Side AG and so OD0OSite to Side AC - side AB
Equlateraltriangle : on.
A

t h e three Sides of a
J.
ulatera all
triangle. triangle are equal, it is
I
Inthegivenfigure. AABC is equilateral, because AB = BC = CA
called an

allthe angles of an
Also,
each angle = 60°
equilateral triangle are eguai to each
and
SO other
all she angles of an [:60° + 60° + 60 = 180
Since,
equlangulartriangle. equilateral triangle are equal, it is also known as
Anequilateraltriangle is always an isoSceles triangle, but its comverse is not always true.
IsOScelesright angled triangle :
Ifone angle of an isosceles triangle is 90°, it is
called an
sascOles right angled triangle.
given figure, AABC is an
IntheLACB = 90° and AC = BC.
because:. isosceles right angled triangie.
90
the base is AB,
the vertex is C and the
Here,
are
BAC and ZABC, which are equal. base angies
the sum of the angles of a triangle =
Since, the
180°
./ABC = ZBAC = 45° [45° + 45° + 90° = 180)
Anisosceles triangle can be acute angled triangle, obtuse
angled triangle or right angled triangle.
Example 3:
/40°
In the given issosceles triangle, find the base angles.
Solution:
Let each of the base angles be x.
X+ X+ 40° = 180° [Sum of the angles of a A= 180°]
2x+ 40° = 180°
2x = 180° - 40 A

140°
X = = 70° Each base angle is 70° (Ar
2
Example 4 :
One base angle of an isosceles triangle is 65°. 65°
BA
Find its angle of vertex.

Tnangles
 equal
trangle are
sosceles
Solution of an
Snce, the base angles also 65 180)
S angles
Other base angie
vertex be A (Sum of the
the anole of
LetA65+ 65 180
A 130 180
=50
180- 130
X= vertical

Example 5 isoscelestriangle
is double
of the
angle, ind all ite
IH one base angle of an
angles vertical angle as x.
Solution : mark the
which
triangle in
Draw an isosceles will be 2x
each.
The two base angles
Hence X+2x +2X = 180 180° = 36°
and X= 5
5x = 180°
36° = 72°
2x = 2 x angie = 72
Vertical angle =
36 and each
base

5:3:4. Findthe angles.

(Ans
Example 6 ratio
triangle are in the
The angles of a
Solution:
be 5x. 3x and 4x
Let the angles 180"
of a triangle =
Sum of the angles 4x = 180°
5x + 3x+
180 = 15°
12x = 180° and x= 12
= 5x, 3x and 4x
Angles of the triangle 15° and 4 x 15°
=5 x 15°, 3 x
60°
= 75,45° and (Ans)
Alternative method :
5+3 + 4 =12
3 x 180° and 4 x 180°
x 180°
Angles = 12 12 12
= 75, 45° and 60°
A
(Ans.)
Example7: 55°
and
In the given fiqure., ZA = 55°, ZABC = 45°
ZD = 40°, find BED.
45
B

40

212 Concise MATHEMATICS Middle School -7

 I nA E C D

EXERCISE 17(B)

angles in the given figures : (iv)

unknown (ii)
the (i)
Find

40
B0

|90
y

(vii)
(vi)
B6° 60 N35
m

find the unknown angles

equilateral triangles to
prroperties of 1s0SCeles and
Apply the figures:
given (ü)
2
in
the (1) 60
130

(v) (vi)

120 25°

40°
xt

Find its base angles.

angle of vertex of an isosceles triangle is 100°.
3. The vertex.
One of the
angles of an isosceles triangle is 52°. Find its angle of
base
4. times of its vertical angle. Find all th
isosceles triangle, each base angle is four
5. In an
angles of the triangle. than each of its base angle
vertical angle of an isosceles triangle is 15° more
: The
Find each angle of the triangle.

Trangjes
21
 The baSe vetie
each age ANge an s twnge s 15 more han its
The vertscat angie of an is8es trangle is three hes the sum
Find each anglo angle Fna
The rao the vertical angle of
an
1

10. in the
4 Fin beween a base anole ang
each angle of he trangle
and Ci isgven hgure B s the bisector
the bisector of
of
Find8IC.
AC8
ABC isoSceles iangle
11. In thhe given
figure express a in temns of b

12. (a) In Fiqure () BP bisects LABC and AB = AC. Find X.

(0
(b) Findx in Figure (i).
Given : DA = DB - DC. BD bisects
ZABCand ADB =70°.

To. in each figure, given below, ABCD is a square

and a BEC is an equilateral triangle.
A
(i)

90 90°

C D
D

Find, in each case : () ZABE () ZBAE

14. In AABC, BA and BC are produced.

Find the angles a and b, if AB = BC. B54

Concise MATHEMATICSMiddle School -7

214
 lhe Correct answer
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
trom the options
n o C s O¡lue of
angle x is gven betow
The
(i) 50
30
() 40 (iv) 80
vaalueof angle x is :
The (i) 96
(M)
132o
(iv) 48

oneangle of a riangle is 60° and the other two angles are in the ratio 1 :2. the

o fthese
two angles is :
bigger
(ii) 90°
) 60° (i)) 40°
anglesofa triangle are in the ratio (Iv) 80
The (ii) 45° 2:31: the smallest angle S
/ )30° (i)) 60 (iv) none of these
given figure, DE is parallel to BC
the X 0S :
value of
The
( )5 0
(ii) 45° 95

(ii)
40
(iv) 35°
50°
value of angle x
is
The (ii) 68°
(076° 124
(üi)56° (iv) none of these
value of angle x is :
The
()
450
(i) 25°
(i)
30°
(iv) none of these

length of AB is :
The
&()
23unit
3x + 4 + 38
()46unit
(üi)61unit
2x + 15
(iv)73unit

The
value of angle xis :
50
9
(0 35
(ü) 45°
85
(i)55°
(iv) 65°

value of angie xis : 72°

10. The
()
540 (ii) 126°
(iv) 306°
(i)108

215

Trangles