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Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. A student measures the refractive index of water by shining a light ray into a transparent
container.

IO shows the direction of the normal at the point where the light is incident on the container.
IX shows the direction of the light ray when the container is empty. IY shows the direction of
the deviated light ray when the container is filled with water.

The angle of incidence  is varied and the student determines the position of O, X and Y for
each angle of incidence.

light ray
 O
I
Y

(top view)

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(Question 1 continued)

The table shows the data collected by the student. The uncertainty in each measurement of
length is 0.1  cm.

OX / cm OY / cm
1.8 1.3
3.6 2.6
5.8 4.0
8.4 5.5
11.9 7.3
17.3 9.5
27.4 12.2

(a) (i) Outline why OY has a greater percentage uncertainty than OX for each pair of
data points. [1]

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OX
(ii) The refractive index of the water is given by when OX is small.
OY

Calculate the fractional uncertainty in the value of the refractive index of water for
OX  =  1.8  cm. [2]

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44EP03
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(Question 1 continued)

(b) A graph of the variation of OY with OX is plotted.

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

OY / cm 4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
OX / cm

(i) Draw, on the graph, the error bars for OY when OX  =  1.8  cm and when
OY  =  5.8  cm. [1]

(ii) Determine, using the graph, the refractive index of the water in the container for
values of OX less than 6.0  cm. [3]

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(Question 1 continued)

sin i
(iii) The refractive index for a material is also given by where i is the angle of
sin r
incidence and r is the angle of refraction.

Outline why the graph on page 4 deviates from a straight line for large values
of OX. [1]

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44EP05
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2. An apparatus is used to verify a gas law. The glass jar contains a fixed volume of air.
Measurements can be taken using the thermometer and the pressure gauge.

pressure gauge

thermometer

glass jar

The apparatus is cooled in a freezer and then placed in a water bath so that the temperature
of the gas increases slowly. The pressure and temperature of the gas are recorded.

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(Question 2 continued)

(a) The graph shows the data recorded.

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

pressure / 105  Pa 2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
temperature / K

Identify the fundamental SI unit for the gradient of the pressure–temperature graph. [1]

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(b) The experiment is repeated using a different gas in the glass jar. The pressure for both
experiments is low and both gases can be considered to be ideal.

(i) Using the axes provided in (a), draw the expected graph for this second
experiment. [1]

(ii) Explain the shape and intercept of the graph you drew in (b)(i). [2]

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44EP07
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3. A student pours a canned carbonated drink into a cylindrical container after shaking the
can violently before opening. A large volume of foam is produced that fills the container.
The graph shows the variation of foam height with time.

40

35

30

25

foam height / cm 20

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time / s

(a) Determine the time taken for the foam to drop to

(i) half its initial height. [1]

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(ii) a quarter of its initial height. [1]

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(b) The change in foam height can be modelled using ideas from other areas of physics.
Identify one other situation in physics that is modelled in a similar way. [1]

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44EP09