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Moving Charges and Magnetism

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104 views20 pages

Moving Charges and Magnetism

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vaayadanboy301
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MOVING CHARGES AND

MAGNETISM

CHAPTER – 4

MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM


Hans Christian Oersted observed that, when a compass is placed Maxwell’s Cork Screw Rule
near a straight wire carrying a current, the compass needle If a right-handed cork screw is rotated so that its tip moves in
aligns so that it is tangent to a circle drawn around the wire the direction of flow of current through the conductor, then the
(neglecting the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field on the rotation of the head of the screw gives the direction of magnetic
compass). Oersted’s discovery provided the first link between lines of force.
electricity and magnetism. The space or region around the
current carrying conductor within which its influence can be felt
by the magnetic needle is called the magnetic field of the
current carrying conductor in general way. However, the
definition of 𝐵⃗ can be given as the number of lines of magnetic
field per unit area or the force acting on unit charge which is
moving with unit velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field.
S.I. unit of magnetic field is Wm−2 or T (tesla).
The strength of magnetic field is called one tesla, if a charge of
one coulomb, when moving with a velocity of 1 ms −1 along a
direction perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field
The conventional sign for a magnetic field coming out of the
experiences a force of one newton.
1 tesla (T) = 1 weber metre−2 (Wb m−2 ) plane and normal to it is a dot i.e. ⊙The magnetic field
= 1 newton ampere−1 metre−1 (N A−1 m−1 ) perpendicular to the plane in the down ward direction is
C.G.S. units of the magnetic field are called gauss or oersted. denoted by ⓧ.
1 gauss = 10−4 tesla. Magnetic force
Right-hand thumb rule A charge q inside an electric field of strength 𝐸⃗ experiences force
If the linear conductor is grasped in the palm of the right hand 𝐹 , which is given by
with the thumb pointing along the direction of the current, then | 𝐹 | = | 𝑞𝐸⃗ | = 𝑞𝐸
the curl fingers will point in the direction of lines of force. Motion of a charge inside electric field
If a potential difference V is applied between two parallel plates,
a uniform electric field is set up between the plates. Its strength
is given by 𝐸 = 𝑉/𝑑
A charge q of mass m experiences force 𝐹 = 𝑞 𝐸,
𝑞𝐸
which produces an acceleration, 𝑎 =
𝑚
The charge entering an electric field into perpendicular direction carriers in it is nlA. For a steady current I in this conducting rod,
or at an angle follows a parabolic path. we may assume that each mobile carrier has an average drift
Lorentz force velocity vd. In the presence of an external magnetic field B, the
The total force experienced by a charge moving inside the force on these carriers is:
electric and magnetic fields is called Lorentz force. It is given by F = (nlA)q vd × B
where q is the value of the charge on a carrier. Now nqvd is the
𝐹 = 𝑞 (𝐸⃗ + 𝑣 ×· 𝐵 ⃗ )
current density j and |(nq vd )|A is the current I. Thus,
Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor F = [(nqvd )l A] × B = [ jAl ] × B = Il × B
Consider a rod of a uniform cross-sectional area A and length l. where l is a vector of magnitude l, the length of the rod, and with
We shall assume one kind of mobile carriers as in a conductor a direction identical to the current I.
(here electrons). Let the number density of these mobile charge
carriers in it be n. Then the total number of mobile charge

Q. A long straight wire carries a certain current and produces a magnetic field 2 × 10−4 Wb m−2
at a perpendicular distance of 5 cm from the wire. An electron situated at 5 cm from the wire
moves with a velocity 107 m/s towards the wire along perpendicular to it. Then find the force
experienced by the electron. (Charge on electron 1.6 × 10−19 C)

Sol. The situation is as shown in the figure.


Here, 𝑣 = 107 m/s,
𝐵 = 2 × 10−4 Wb/m2
The magnitude of the force experienced by the electron is
𝐹 = 𝑒𝑣𝐵 sin θ
⃗ are perpendicular to each other
∵ 𝑣 and 𝐵
= 𝑒𝑣𝐵 sin 90° = 1.6 × 10−19 × 107 × 2 × 10−4 × 1 = 3.2 × 10−16 N

Motion of charge inside magnetic field If 𝑣 and 𝐵⃗ act at an angle 𝜃, then due to the component of
A charge q of mass m moving with velocity 𝑣 inside a magnetic velocity v sin 𝜃 (perpendicular to 𝐵 ⃗ , the charge moves along
⃗ experiences force,
field of strength 𝐵 circular path of radius r, which is given by)
𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃

|𝐹 | = 𝑞 |𝑣 × 𝐵 | = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑟=
𝐵𝑞
where 𝜃 is angle between the direction of motion of charge ( 𝑣 ) while due to the component of velocity 𝑣cos𝜃 (along 𝐵 ⃗ ), the
and the direction of magnetic field (𝐵 ⃗ ). This force acts charge at the same time moves along the direction of magnetic

perpendicular to both 𝑣 and 𝐵 i.e., the direction of motion of the field. As a result, the charge moves along a helical path and pitch
charge and the direction of applied magnetic field. of the helical path is given by
The charge does not experience any force, if it is at rest or if it 2𝜋 𝑚𝑣cos𝜃
pitch
𝐵𝑞
moves along the direction of magnetic field. The force is
maximum, when charge moves perpendicular to the direction of Cyclotron
magnetic field. Cyclotron is a particle accelerator and is used to accelerate
(i) If 𝑣 and 𝐵⃗ are perpendicular (𝜃 = 90°), the force on the positive ions. Under the action of magnetic field, the positive
charged particle makes it to move along circular path, whose ions move along spiral path and gain energy as they cross the
radius is given by alternating electric field again and again. Cyclotron is based on
𝑚𝑣 the principle that the positive ions can be accelerated to high
𝑟=
𝐵𝑞 energies with a comparatively smaller alternating potential
(ii) difference by making them to cross the electric field again and
again, by making use of a strong magnetic field. In a cyclotron,
the frequency of applied alternating electric field is equal to
frequency of oscillation of the positive ion and this frequency is
called cyclotron frequency. It is given by
𝐵𝑞
𝜈=
2𝜋𝑚
where m and q are mass and charge of the positive ion and B is
strength of the magnetic field.
The positive ions of charge q and mass m in cyclotron attain
maximum energy which is given by
1 𝐵2 𝑞 2 𝑅2 For several decades, these were the best sources of high-energy
(i) 𝐸max = . where R is radius of the dees of the
2 𝑚 beams for nuclear physics experiments. However, these are still
cyclotron.
in use for this type of research.
(ii) 𝐸max = 2𝑛 (𝑉 𝑞 ) .
Limitations of the cyclotron
where n is number of revolutions completed by the positive
(i) Cyclotron cannot accelerate uncharged particle like
ions before leaving the dees.
neutron.
Uses of Cyclotron (ii) The positively charged particles having large mass i.e. ions
cannot move at limitless speed in a cyclotron.

Q. A 10 eV electron is circulating in a plane at right angles to a uniform field at magnetic induction 10−4 Wb/m2 (= 1.0
gauss), then find the orbital radius of electron.
Sol. 1
Kinetic energy of electron ( × 𝑚𝑣 2 ) = 10 eV and magnetic induction (𝐵) = 10−4 Wb/m2
2
1
Therefore, (9.1 × 10−31 )𝑣 2 = 10 × (1.6 × 10−19 )
2
2×10×(1.6×10−19 )
or, 𝑣 2 = = 3.52 × 1012
9.1×10−31
or, 𝑣 = 1.876 × 106 m/s
𝑚𝑣 2
Centripetal force, = 𝐵𝑒𝑣
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 (9.1×10−31 )×(1.876×106 )
Therefore, 𝑟 = =
𝐵𝑒 10−4 ×(1.6×10−19 )
−2
= 11 × 10 m = 11 cm

Biot savart’s Law:


According to Biot savarts law, the magnetic field the is in
magnitude due to a current element of length dl carrying a
current I at a point at distance r from it, is given by
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑟̂ | 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙sin𝜃
𝜇0 𝐼 |𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗ | =
|𝑑𝑙 ∙ = .
4𝜋 𝑟2 4𝜋 𝑟2
where 𝜃 is the angle between the direction of the current and
the line joining the current element to the point and µ0 is
absolute permeability of the free space (µ0 = 4𝜋 ×
10−7 T A−1 m). ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is that of I 𝑑𝑙
The direction of magnetic field 𝑑𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑟 .

Q. ⃗ due to a small current element 𝑑𝑙 at a distance 𝑟 and element carrying current 𝑖.


Find the magnetic field 𝑑𝐵
According to Biot-Savart’s law,
Sol. 𝑑𝐵⃗ ∝ 𝑖 (𝑑𝑙×𝑟̂ )
𝑟3
We know that,
𝑟
𝑟̂ =
𝑟
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙×𝑟
⃗ =
𝑑𝐵 𝑖( )
4𝜋 𝑟3

Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop be x. The magnetic field at point P is computed by taking two
⃗⃗⃗ at both
diametrically opposite line segments each of length 𝑑𝑙
ends of the wire, which is shown by the points from which the dl
vector is taken in the diagram. The vector which is joining the
current element at dl and P is 𝑟̂ .
According to the Biot-savart’s law, the magnetic induction at
point P because of the current element A is
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑟̂
𝜇 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = 0
4𝜋 𝑟2
Here, the direction of the ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 is perpendicular to the current
⃗⃗⃗ and AP. Consequently, it is along the direction of
element I 𝑑𝑙
Let us consider a circular loop of radius R with I flowing through PQ. The magnitude of magnetic field induction ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐵 can be
it. Let P be the point and its distance from center of the loop O written a
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 relation is independent of distance from conductor. A straight
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
solenoid consists of hollow tube over which a large number of
Here, θ is the angle between current element l 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑟̂ Since
turns of insulated copper wire are uniformly wound.
its value is 90o, the magnitude of dB becomes:
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 0 2
4𝜋 𝑟
The magnetic field induction ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 corresponding to each current
element is resolved into two components dBcosθ and dBsinθ
along the x-direction and y-direction respectively. The vertical
components are equal and opposite in direction, hence they
cancel each other whereas the horizontal components
contribute to the total magnetic field. Hence, the net magnetic
field B due to the entire circular loop at the point P is: If a solenoid of n turns per unit length carries a current I, then
𝐵⃗ = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖̂ (i) magnetic field at a point well inside the solenoid is given by
⃗𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∫ 𝐼𝑑𝑙2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖̂ 𝐵 = µ0 𝑛 𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟
By considering the triangle OAP as shown in the diagram, (ii) magnetic field at a point on one end of the solenoid is given
𝑅 by
cos𝜃 = (𝑥 2 2)2 1
+𝑅
𝐵 = µ0 𝑛𝐼
were, 𝑟 2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑥 2 2
we get, The Toroid
⃗ = 𝜇0
𝐵
𝑅
3 𝑖̂ ∫ 𝑑𝑙 A toroidal solenoid is an anchor ring around which is large
4𝜋
(𝑥 2 +𝑅 2 )2 number of turns of a copper wire are wrapped.
Since it is a circular loop to calculate the net magnetic field at the
point P, we integrate the line element from 0 to 2πR
2
⃗ = 𝜇0𝐼 𝑅 3 𝑖̂
𝐵
2
(𝑥 2 +𝑅 2 )2
If the circular loop contains N turns, then the magnetic field is
given by
𝑅2
⃗ = 𝜇0𝐼𝑁
𝐵 3 𝑖̂ The magnetic field produced in toroid will be same at all points
2
(𝑥 2 +𝑅 2 )2
on the circumference of the circle and at any point it will act
Ampere’s Circuital Law- along the tangent to the ring
Statement- Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral 𝜇 𝑁𝐼
𝐵 = 0
of the magnetic field around any closed path in free space is 2𝜋𝑟

equal to absolute permeability (µ0 ) times the net current For any point inside the empty space surrounded by the toroid
enclosed by the path. and outside the toroid, magnetic field is zero because the net
current enclosed in this space is zero.
∮𝐵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼 Magnetic field intensity at a point outside the cylinder (r > a)
Where, 𝐵 ⃗ is the magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 is small element, µ0 is the 𝜇 𝐼
𝐵 = 0
absolute permeability of free space and I is the current. 2𝜋𝑟
The magnetic field intensity at a point outside the cylinder varies
The Solenoid inversely as the distance of the point from the axis of the
Ampere’s circuital law holds good for a closed path of any size cylinder.
and shape around a current carrying conductor because the

Q. A long solenoid of 50 cm length having 100 turns carries a current of 2.5 A. Then find the magnetic field at the centre of
the solenoid. (μ0 = 4π × 10−7 T m A−1 )
Sol. Here, 𝑙 = 50 cm, 𝑁 = 100, 𝑖 = 2.5 A Magnetic field inside the solenoid,
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 4𝜋×10−7 ×100×2.5
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 = 𝐵= = 6.28 × 10−4 T
𝑙 0.5

Force Between Two Parallel Currents, The Ampere When two infinitely long parallel conductors carrying currents 𝐼1
and 𝐼2 are placed a distance r apart, then force on the unit length
of a conductor due to the other conductor is given by
𝜇 2𝐼 𝐼
𝐹 = 0. 1 2
4𝜋 𝑟
The force is attractive, if currents in two conductors is in same
direction; and repulsive, if currents are in opposite directions.
If the currents in both parallel wires are equal and in same
direction then magnetic field at a point exactly half way between
the wire is zero.
Torque on a current carrying coil placed inside a magnetic field where A is the direction of the area vector. The angle between m
A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric and B is θ, the equations (1) and (2) can be expressed by one
current or a pair of poles as the dimensions of the source are expression
reduced to zero while keeping the magnetic moment constant. τ = m×B
Now we shall show that a steady current I passing through a where m is the magnetic moment and B is the uniform magnetic
rectangular loop placed in a uniform magnetic field experiences field.
a torque. It does not experience a net force. This behavior is Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
similar to the of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field. An arrangement of two equal and opposite magnetic poles
separated by a small distance is called a magnetic dipole.
The magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole is defined as
the product of its pole strength and magnetic length. It is a
vector quantity, directed from S-pole to N-pole.
Ampere found that the distribution of magnetic lines of force
around a finite current carrying solenoid is similar to that
produced by a bar magnet.
The magnetic induction at a point along the axis of a circular coil
carrying current is
𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝑰𝒂𝟐
Let’s consider a case when the rectangular loop is placed such 𝑩= 𝟑
that the uniform magnetic field B is the plane of the loop. The 𝟐(𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
field exerts no force on both arms PS and QR of the loop. It is The direction of this magnetic field is along the axis and is given
perpendicular to the arm PQ of the loop and exerts a force F1 on by right hand rule. For points which are far away from the centre
it which is directed into the plane of the loop. Its magnitude is, of the coil, x>>a, a2 is small and it is neglected. Hence for such
F1= IzB points,
𝜇 𝑛𝐼𝑎2
Similarly, it exerts a force F2 on the arm RS and F2 is directed out 𝐵= 0 3
2𝑥
of the plane of the paper. If we consider a circular loop, n = 1, its area A = πa2
F2 = IzB = F1 𝜇 𝐼𝐴
Therefore, the net force on the loop is zero. As both the forces F1 𝐵= 0 3
2𝜋𝑥
and F2 nullify each other, there is a torque on the loop. Here, we The magnetic induction at a point along the axial line of a short
can see that the torque on the loop tends to rotate it in an anti- bar magnet is
𝜇 2𝑀
clockwise direction. 𝐵= 0 3
4𝜋𝑥
τ = F1 (y/2) + F2 (y/2) 𝜇 𝑀
𝐵 = 0 3 ………eq(2)
= IzB (y/2) + IzB (y/2) 2𝜋𝑥
By comparing equations (1) and equation (2), we find that,
= I (y × z) B
M=IA
= IAB …. eq(1)
Hence a current loop is equivalent to a magnetic dipole of
where A = y × z is the area of the rectangle.
moment M = IA
Now consider a case when the plane of the loop is not along
The magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the product
the magnetic field but makes an angle with it. And also consider
of the current and the loop area. Its direction is perpendicular to
the angle between the field and the normal to the coil is angle Θ.
the plane of the loop.
The forces on both the arms QR and SP are equal, opposite and
act along the axis of the coil, which connects the centers of mass The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
of QR and SP. Being collinear along the axis they cancel out each An electron revolving in an orbit about the nucleus of an atom
other, resulting in no net force or torque. The forces on arms PQ behaves like a current carrying loop. It is called a minute current-
and RS are F1 and F2. Furthermore, they too are equal and loop and produces a magnetic field. Every current loop is
opposite, with magnitude, associated with a magnetic moment.
F1 = F2 = IzB
As they are not collinear it results in a couple. The effect of torque
is, however, less than the earlier case when the plane of the loop
was along the magnetic field. The magnitude of the torque on the
loop is,
τ= F1 (y/2) sinθ + F2 (y/2) sinθ
= I (y×z) B sinθ
= IABsinθ ….eq(2) Let us consider that the magnetic moment associated with a
So, the torques in equations (1) and (2) can be expressed as the loop carrying current I having area A.
vector product of the magnetic moment of the coil and the 𝜇𝐿 =i.A
magnetic field. Therefore, we can define the magnetic moment The current due to a revolving electron is,
𝑒
of the current loop as, 𝑖=
𝑇
m = IA
𝑒
Where, T= the period of revolution of electron motion around 𝜇𝐿 = (mvr)
2𝑚
the nucleus that is 𝑒
2𝜋𝑟 𝜇𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑇= 2𝑚
𝑣
e= Charge on an electron So from the above equation
𝑒 Where L= mvr=The orbital angular momentum of the electron
𝑖= 2𝜋𝑟
Another value of L is,
𝑣
𝑒𝑣 𝑛ℎ
𝑖= 𝐿=
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋
𝑒 𝑛ℎ
The area of the current loop is: 𝜇𝐿 =
2𝑚 2𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑒ℎ
Now put the value of I and A in equation, 𝜇𝐿 = i . A 𝜇𝐿 = 𝑛
4𝑚𝜋
𝑒𝑣 Where n=1,2, 3…… is the principal quantum number.
𝜇𝐿 = ( ) 𝜋𝑟 2
2𝜋𝑟
𝑒𝑣𝑟 This equation gives the magnetic moment associated with the
𝜇𝐿 =
2 orbital motion of the electron.
𝑒𝑣𝑟 𝑚
𝜇𝐿 = ( )
2 𝑚

Q. A rectangular coil of length 0.12 m and width 0.1 m having 50 turns of wire is suspended vertically in a uniform magnetic
field of strength 0.2 Weber/m2 . The given coil carries a current of 2 A. If the plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of
30° with the direction of the field, then find torque required to keep the coil in stable equilibrium.
Sol. The required torque is 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴 𝐵 sin θ
where 𝑁 is the number of turns in the coil, 𝐼 is the current through the coil, 𝐵 is the uniform magnetic field, 𝐴 is the area
of the coil and 𝑞 is the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and normal to the plane of the coil.
Here, 𝑁 = 50, 𝐼 = 2 A, 𝐴 = 0.12 m × 0.1 m = 0.012 m2
𝐵 = 0.2 Wb/m2 and θ = 90° − 30° = 60°
∴ 𝜏 = (50)(2 A)(0.012 m2 )(0.2 Wb/m2 ) sin 60°
= 0.20 N m

Q. A current carrying closed loop in the form of a right-angle isosceles triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is placed in a
uniform magnetic field acting along 𝐴𝐵. If the magnetic force on the arm 𝐵𝐶 is 𝐹 then find the
force on the arm 𝐴𝐶.

Sol. Here, 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹 and 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼(𝑙 × 𝐵⃗) = 0


The net magnetic force on a current carrying closed loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero.
∴ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 + 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 0
⇒ 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = −𝐹𝐵𝐶 (∵ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 0)

Q. A circular coil 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 carrying a current ‘𝑖’ is placed in a uniform magnetic field. If the
magnetic force on the segment 𝐴𝐵 is 𝐹 , then what will be the force on the remaining segment
𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴

Sol. The net magnetic force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is always zero.
∴ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 = −𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −𝐹

Q. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A, is held perpendicular to a magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T.
Then find the torque acting on the loop.

Sol. Area (𝐴) = 0.01 m2 ; Current (𝐼) = 10 A;


Angle (ϕ) = 90° and magnetic field (𝐵) = 0.1 T
Therefore, actual angle θ = (90° – ϕ)
= (90° – 90°) = 0°
Torque acting on the loop (𝜏) = 𝐼𝐴𝐵 sin θ
= 10 × 0.01 × 0.1 × sin 0° = 0
The Moving Coil Galvanometer- 𝜃 𝑁𝐴𝐵
Sensitivity SI= =
𝐼 𝐶
Voltage sensitivity
It is defined as the deflection of coil per unit potential difference
across its ends.
𝜃 𝑁𝐴𝐵
𝑆𝑉 = =
𝑉 𝑅𝑔 .𝐶′
Where, Rg is resistance of galvanometer. Clearly for greater
sensitivity, number of turns N, area A and magnetic field
strength B should be large and torsional rigidity C of suspension
should be small.
Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter

A moving coil galvanometer is a device used to detect flow of


current in a circuit. A moving coil galvanometer consists of a A galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by using very
rectangular coil placed in a uniform radial magnetic field small resistance in parallel with the galvanometer coil. The small
produced by cylindrical pole pieces. Torque on coil τ = NIAB resistance connected in parallel is called a shunt. If G is
where N is number of turns, A is area of coil. If C is torsional resistance of galvanometer, Ig is current in galvanometer for full
rigidity of material of suspension wire, then for deflection θ, scale deflection, then for conversion of galvanometer into
torque τ = Cθ ammeter of range I ampere, the shunt is given by
∴ For equilibrium NIAB = Cθ 𝐼𝑔
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑆= G
𝐼−𝐼𝑔
𝜃= 𝐼 ⇒ 𝜃𝛼𝐼
𝐶
Clearly, deflection in galvanometer is directly proportional to Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter
current, so the scale of galvanometer is linear.
Figure of Merit of a galvanometer
The current which produces a deflection of one scale division in
𝐼
the galvanometer is called its figure of Merit. It is equal to +
𝜃
𝐶 A galvanometer may be converted into voltmeter by connecting
𝑁𝐴𝐵 high resistance (R) in series with the coil of galvanometer. If V
Sensitivity of a galvanometer volt is the range of voltmeter formed, then series resistance is
Current sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection of coil per unit given by
𝑉
current flowing in it 𝑅 = −𝐺
𝐼𝑔

Q. Current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is 5 div/mA and its voltage sensitivity (angular deflection per unit
voltage applied) is 20 div/V. The resistance of the galvanometer is

Sol. Let 𝑁 = number of turns in galvanometer,


𝐴 = Area, 𝐵 = magnetic field 𝑘 = the restoring torque per unit twist.
𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑁𝐵𝐴
Current sensitivity, 𝐼𝑆 = Voltage sensitivity, 𝑉𝑆 =
𝑘 𝑘𝑅𝐺
𝐼𝑆 5×1 5000
So, resistance of galvanometer 𝑅𝐺 = = = = 250 Ω
𝑉𝑆 20×10−3 20

Q. A milli voltmeter of 25 milli volt range is to be converted into an ammeter of 25 ampere range. Then find the value (in
ohm) of necessary shunt.

Sol. 𝑆 = 𝑉𝑔 By Neglecting 𝐼𝑔 we get,


(𝐼−𝐼 𝑔)
𝑉𝑔 25×10−3 V
∴ 𝑆= = = 0.001 Ω
𝐼 25 A
• Force on a Straight Conductor: • Magnetic Field:
Force F on a straight conductor of length l and carrying a Magnetic field at a distance R from a long, straight wire
steady current I placed in a uniform external magnetic field carrying a current I is given by,
B, 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=

𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙 𝑥𝐵 2𝑅
The field lines are circles concentric with the wire.
• Lorentz Force:
Force on a charge q moving with velocity v in the presence of • Magnetic field B inside a long Solenoid carrying a current I:
magnetic and electric fields B and E. B = µ0nI
⃗ +𝐸⃗ ) Where n is the number of turns per unit length.
𝐹 =q(𝑣 x𝐵
• For a toroid,
• Magnetic Force: 𝜇 𝑁𝐼
B= 0
⃗ ) is normal to 𝑉
The magnetic force 𝐹 B = q(𝑣 x𝐵 ⃗ and work done 2∏𝑟

by it is zero. Where N is the total numbers of turns and r is the average


radius.
• Cyclotron:
A charge q executes a circular orbit in a plane normal with • Magnetic Moment of a Planar Loop:
frequency called the cyclotron frequency given by, Magnetic moment m of a planar loop carrying a current I,
𝑞𝐵 having N closely wound turns, and an area A, is
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑚
⃗⃗ = 𝑁𝐼𝐴
2𝜋𝑚
This cyclotron frequency is independent of the particle’s
• Direction of 𝑚⃗⃗ is given by the Right – Hand Thumb Rule:
speed and radius.
Curl and palm of your right hand along the loop with the
• Biot – Savart Law: fingers pointing in the direction of the current, the thumb
It asserts that the magnetic field d𝐵⃗ due to an element d𝑙 sticking out gives the direction of
carrying a steady current I at a point P at a distance r from 𝑚⃗⃗ (𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴)
the current element is,
• Loop placed in a Uniform Magnetic Field:
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙𝑥𝑟
⃗ =
𝑑𝐵 𝐼 (a) When this loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field B,
4𝛱 𝑟3
Then, the force F on it is, F = 0
• Magnetic Field due to Circular Coil:
And the torque on it is, 𝜏 = 𝑚 ⃗
⃗⃗ 𝑥𝐵
Magnetic field due to circular coil of radius R carrying a
current I at an axial distance X from the centre is In a moving coil galvanometer, this torque is balanced
𝜇0 𝐼𝑅 2 by (a) counter torque due to a spring, yielding.
𝐵= kΦ = NI AB
2(𝑋 2 +𝑅 2 )3/2
At the centre of the coil, where Φ is the equilibrium deflection and k the torsion
𝜇 𝐼
𝐵= 0 constant of the spring.
2𝑅
• Ampere’s Circuital Law: • Magnetic Moment in an Electron:
For an open surface S bounded by a loop C, then the An electron moving around the central nucleus has a
Ampere’s law states that magnetic moment µl, given by
𝑒
𝑜
∫𝑐 𝐵⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇𝑙 = 𝑙
2𝑚
where I refer to the current passing through S. where l is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the
• If B is directed along the tangent to every point on the circulating electron about the central nucleus.
perimeter them • Bohr Magneton:
BL = µ0 Ie The smallest value of µ𝑙 is called the Bohr magneton µ𝐵
Where Ie is the net current enclosed by the closed circuit. µ𝐵 = 9.27 x 10-24 J/T
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Q7. A 10-eV electron is circulating in a plane at right angles to
MCQ a uniform field at magnetic induction 10-4 Wb/m2 (=1.0
gauss). The orbital radius of the electron is
Q1. A portion of a conductive wire is bent in the form of a
(a) 12 cm (b) 16 cm
semicircle of radius r as shown below in figure. At the (c) 11 cm (d) 18 cm
centre of this semicircle, the magnetic induction will be-
Q8. A uniform electric field and a uniform magnetic field exist
in a region in the same direction. An electron is projected
with velocity pointed in the same direction. The electron
will
(a) turn to its right
(b) turn to its left
(a) zero (b) infinite (c) keep moving in the same direction but it Its speed will
𝜇 5𝜋𝑖 𝜇 𝜋𝑖 increase
(c) 0 . (d) 0 .
4𝜇 𝑟 4𝜇 𝑟 (d) keep moving in the same direction but its speed will
Q2. A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area of cross- decrease
section 1.5 × 10-4 m2 carries a current of 2.0 A. It Q9. A moving coil galvanometer has 150 equal divisions. Its
suspended through its center and perpendicular to its current sensitivity is 10-divisions per milliampere and
length, allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane in a voltage sensitivity is 2 divisions per millivolt. In order that
uniform magnetic field 5 × 10-2 tesla making an angle of each division reads 1 volt, the resistance in ohms needed
30° with the axis of the solenoid. The torque on the to be connected in series with the coil will be
solenoid will be- (a) 105 (b) 103
(a) 3 × 10-2 N-m (b) 4.5 × 10-3 N-m (c) 9995 (d) 99995
(c) 5.5 × 10 N-m
-3
(d) 1.5 × 10-2 N-m Q10. A 2 μC charge moving around a circle with a frequency of
Q3. An alternating electric field, of frequency v, is applied 6.25 × 1012 Hz produces a magnetic field 6.28 tesla at the
across the dees (radius = R) of a cyclotron that is being center of the circle. The radius of the circle is
used to accelerate protons (mass = m). The operating (a) 2.25m (b) 0.25 m
magnetic field (B) used in the cyclotron and the kinetic (c) 13.0 m (d) 1.25 m
energy (K) of the proton beam, produced by it Q11. A charged particle with charge q enters a region of
(a) 𝐵 =
𝑚𝑣
and 𝐾 = 2𝑚𝜋 2 𝑣 2 𝑅2 constant, uniform and mutually orthogonal fields 𝐸⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗
𝑒
2𝜋𝑚𝑣 ⃗
with a velocity𝑣 perpendicular to both 𝐸 and 𝐵 , and ⃗
(b) 𝐵 = and 𝐾 = 𝑚2 𝜋𝑣𝑅2
𝑒 comes out without any change in magnitude or direction
2𝜋𝑚𝑣
(c) 𝐵 = and 𝐾 = 2𝑚𝜋 2 𝑣 2 𝑅2 of 𝑣 . Then
𝑒
(d) 𝐵 =
𝑚𝑣
and 𝐾 = 𝑚2 𝜋𝑣𝑅2 (a) 𝑣 = 𝐵⃗ × 𝐸⃗ /𝐸 2 (b) 𝑣 = 𝐸⃗ × 𝐵⃗ /𝐵2
𝑒
(c) 𝑣 = 𝐵⃗ × 𝐸⃗ /𝐵2 (d) 𝑣 = 𝐸⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗ /𝐸 2
Q4. A galvanometer of 50-ohm resistance that has 25
divisions. A current of 4 × 10-4 ampere gives a deflection Q12. A straight section PQ of a circuit lies along the X-axis from
𝑎 𝑎
of one per division. To convert this galvanometer into a 𝑥 = − to𝑥 = and carries a steady current i. The
2 2
voltmeter having a range of 25 volts, it should be magnetic field due to the section PQ at a point X = + a will
connected with a resistance of be
(a) 2450 Ω in series (b) 2650 Ω in series (a) proportional to a (b) proportional to a2
(c) 2500 Ω in series (d) 2750 Ω in series (c) proportional to 1 /a (d) zero
Q5. If we double the radius of a coil keeping the current Q13. A current I flow in an infinitely long wire with cross section
through it unchanged, then the magnetic field at any in the form of a semi-circular ring of radius R. The
point at a large distance from the center becomes magnitude of the magnetic induction along its axis is:
𝜇 𝐼 𝜇 𝐼
approximately (a) 02 (b) 0
2𝜋 𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
(a) double (b) five times 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
(c) (d)
(c) four times (d) one-fourth 4𝜋𝑅 𝜋2 𝑅
Q14. A long solenoid carrying a current produces a magnetic
Q6. A particle of mass m, charge Q and kinetic energy T enters
field B along its axis. If the current is double and the
a transverse uniform magnetic field of induction 𝐵 ⃗ . After number of turns per cm is halved, the new value of the
3 seconds, the kinetic energy of the particle will be: magnetic field is
(a) 3T (b) 2T (a) 4B (b) B/2
(c) T (d) 4T (c) B (d) 2B
Q15. A particle of charge q and mass m moves in a circular orbit Q22. A circular arc of wire of radius of curvature r subtends an
of radius r with angular speed 𝜔. The radio of the angle of π/4 radian at its centre. If i current is flowing in
magnitude of its magnetic moment to that of its angular it then the magnetic induction at its centre is –
μ i μ i
momentum depends on (a) 0 (b) 0
8r 4r
(a) 𝜔 and q (b) 𝜔, q and m μo i
(c) q and m (d) 𝜔 and m (c) (d) 0
16r

Q16. A current loop in a magnetic field Q23. A current i is flowing in a conductor PQRST shaped as
(a) can be in equilibrium in one orientation shown in the figure. The radius of curved part QRS is r and
(b) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, both the length of straight portions PQ and ST is very large. The
equilibrium states are unstable magnetic field at the center O of the curved part is –
(c) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one stable
while the other is unstable
(d) experiences a torque whether the field is uniform or
non-uniform in all orientations
Q17. Two long parallel wires P and Q are held perpendicular to
the plane of paper with distance of 5 m between them. If
μo i 3π μo i 3π
P and Q carry current of 2.5 amp. And 5 amp. Respectively (a) [ + 1] k̂(b) [ − 1] k̂
4πr 2 4πr 2
in the same direction, then the magnetic field at a point μo i 3π μo i 3π
half-way between the wires is (c) [ + 1] (−k̂)(d) [ − 1] (−k̂)
4πr 2 4πr 2
(a) μ0 /17 (b) √3𝜇0 /2𝜋 Q24. The concept of displacement current was introduced by
(c) 𝜇0 /2𝜋 (d) 3𝜇0 /2𝜋 _________.
Q18. Two wires with currents 2 A and 1 A are enclosed in a (a) Newton (b) Ampere
circular loop. Another wire with current 3 A is situated (c) Maxwell (d) Fleming
⃗ .d𝑙 around the loop is
outside the loop as shown. The ∮ 𝐵 Q25. Lorentz force is given by the formula
(a) F= q(v + B + E) (b) F= q(v – B – E)
(c) F= q(v * B * E) (d) F= q(v * B + E)

ASSERTION AND REASONING

Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each


printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these
(a) μ0 (b) 3μ0 questions, you are required to choose any one of the following
(c) 6μ0 (d) 2μ0 four responses.
Q19. If in a circular coil A of radius R, current I is flowing and in (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is
another coil B of radius 2R a current 2I is flowing, then the a correct explanation of the Assertion.
ratio of the magnetic fields BA and BB, produced by them (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a
will be correct explanation of the Assertion.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) 1/2 (d) 4 (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Q20. A charged particle moves through a magnetic field Q1. Assertion: To acerated positive ions, Cyclotron can be
perpendicular to its direction. Then used.
(a) kinetic energy changes but the momentum is Reason: Cyclotron frequency depends upon the velocity.
constant Q2. Assertion: Cyclotron does not accelerate electron.
(b) the momentum changes but the kinetic energy is Reason: Mass of the electrons is very small.
constant
Q3. Assertion: In electric circuits, wires carrying currents in
(c) both momentum and kinetic energy of the particle
opposite directions are often twisted together
are not constant
Reason: If the wires are not twisted together, the
(d) both momentum and kinetic energy of the particle
combination of the wires forms a current loop, the
are constant
magnetic field generated by the loop might affect
Q21. The magnitude of magnetic field at a point having adjacent circuits or components.
perpendicular distance 50 mm from a long straight
Q4. Assertion: A charge, whether stationary or in motion
conducting wire carrying a current of 3 A is
produces a magnetic field around it.
(a) 0.12 G (b) 1.2 G
Reason: Moving charges produce only electric field in the
(c) 12 G (d) 0.012 G
surrounding space.
S5. Assertion: If the current in a solenoid is reversed in Q2. State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Write briefly
direction while keeping the same magnitude, the how this machine is used to accelerate charged particles
magnetic field energy stored in the solenoid decreases. to high energies.
Reason: Magnetic field energy density is proportional to Q3. State two reasons why a galvanometer cannot be used as
square of current. If the current in a solenoid is reversed such to measure current in a given circuit.
in direction while keeping the same magnitude, the
magnetic field energy stored in the solenoid decreases. Q4. Write any two important points of similarities and
differences each between Coulomb’s law for the
electrostatic field and Biot-Savart’s law for the magnetic
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION field.
Q5. (a) In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid?
Q1. What is the value of magnetic field at point O due to Draw and compare the pattern of the magnetic field lines
current flowing in the wires? in the two cases. (b) How is the magnetic field inside a
given solenoid made strong?

NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. A metallic rod of mass per unit length 0.5 kg m−1 is lying
Q2. An electron, passing through a region is not deflected. Are horizontally on a smooth inclined plane which makes an
you sure that there is no magnetic field in that region? angle of 30° with the horizontal. The rod is not allowed to
slide down by flowing a current through it when a
Q3. What is the magnetic field at point O due to current
magnetic field of induction 0.25 T is acting on it in the
carrying wires shown in figure?
vertical direction. Then determine the current flowing in
the rod to keep it stationary.
Q2. A straight wire of length 0.5 metre and carrying a current
of 1.2 ampere is placed in uniform magnetic field of
induction 2 tesla. The magnetic field is perpendicular to
the length of the wire. Then determine the force on the
Q4. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the wire.
core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid. Why? Q3. A charge having 𝑒/𝑚 equal to 108 C/kg and with velocity
Q5. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed 3 × 105 m/s enters into a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 = 0.3
loops? tesla at an angle 30° with direction of field. Then
determine the radius of curvature.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION Q4. The resistance of an ammeter is 13 Ω and its scale is
graduated for a current upto 100 amps. After an
Q1. charge ‘q’ moving B along the X-axis with a velocity v is additional shunt has been connected to this ammeter it
subjected to a uniform magnetic field B acting along the becomes possible to measure currents upto 750 amperes
Z-axis as it crosses the origin O. by this meter. Find the value of shunt resistance.
(i) Trace its trajectory. Q5. ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Find the values of ∮ 𝐵 𝑑ℓ for the loops L1, L2, L3 in the
(ii) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the figure shown.
magnetic field? Justify your answer.
The sense of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑ℓ is mentioned in the figure.

1 2
3
4 L1

L2
L3
HOMEWORK EXERCISE

MCQ ASSERTION AND REASONING

Q1. 1 Gauss = Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each


(a) 104 Tesla (b) 10-4 Tesla printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these
(c) 102 Tesla (d) 10-2 Tesla questions, you are required to choose any one of the following
Q2. Cyclotron is a device used to _________. four responses.
(a) Slow down charged particles (b) Accelerate the (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is
positively charged particles a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Stop the charged particles (d) None of the (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a
options correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Q3. Magnetic field at any point inside the straight solenoid
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
is given as———-
(a) B = μ0+nI (b) B = μ0+n+I Q1. Assertion: To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter a
(c) B = μ0/nI (d) B = μ0nI small resistance is connected in parallel with it.
Q4. When the charged particles move in a combined Reason: The small resistance increases the combined
magnetic and electric field, then the force acting is resistance of the combination.
known as _________. Q2. Assertion: We cannot think of magnetic field
(a) Centripetal force (b) Centrifugal force
configuration with three poles.
(c) Lorentz force (d) Orbital force
Reason: A bar magnet does exert a torque on itself due to
Q6. SI unit of the magnetic field is _________. its own field.
(a) Dyne (b) Ohm
(c) Tesla (d) Volt Q3. Assertion: Magnetic moment of an atom is due to both,
the orbital motion and spin motion of every electron.
Q7. The magnetic moment of a current I carrying a circular
Reason: A charged particle produces a magnetic field.
coil of radius r and number of turns N varies as
(a) r4 (b) r Q4. Assertion: A compass needle when placed on the
(c) 1/r4 (d) r magnetic north pole of the earth rotates in vertical
Q8. An electron is projected with uniform velocity along the direction.
axis of a current carrying long solenoid. Which of the Reason: The earth has only horizontal component of its
following is true? magnetic field at the north pole
(a) The electron will be accelerated along the axis Q5. Assertion: The ferromagnetic substance do not obey
(b) The electron path will be circular about the axis Curies law.
(c) The electron will experience a force at 45 degree to
Reason: At Curie point a ferromagnetic substance start
the axis and hence execute a helical path
behaving as a paramagnetic substance.
(d) The electron will continue to move with uniform
velocity along the axis of the solenoid
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q9. A current carrying closed loop of an irregular shape lying
in more than one plane when placed in uniform Q1. What can be the cause of helical motion of a charged
magnetic field, the force acting on it
particle?
(a) will be more in the plane where its larger position is
covered Q2. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the
(b) is zero core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid. Why?
(c) is infinite Q3. An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing
(d) may or may not be zero through a region of uniform magnetic field. What is the
Q10. A current loop placed in a non- uniform magnetic field direction of the magnetic field?
experiences
Q4. Why should an ammeter have a low resistance? A beam
(a) A force of repulsion
of a particles projected along + x-axis, experiences a force
(b) A force of attraction
(c) A torque but not force due to a magnetic field along the + y-axis. What is the
(d) A force and a torque direction of the magnetic field?
Q2. A charged particle has acceleration 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ in a
⃗ = −3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ . Find the value of x.
magnetic field 𝐵
Q3. A solenoid has a core of a material with relative
permeability 400. The windings of the solenoid are
insulated from the core and carry a current of 2A. If the
number of turns is 1000 per meter, calculate
(a) H
(b) M
(c) B
(d) the magnetizing current Im.
Q5. Why should an ammeter have a low resistance? Q4. The core of toroid of 3000 turns has inner and outer radii
of 11 cm and 12 cm respectively. A current of 0.6 A
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS produces a magnetic field of 2.5 T in the core. Compute
relative permeability of the core. (µ0 = 4p × 10–7 T m A – 1).
Q1. A charged particle of mass 5 mg and charge q = +2mC has Q5. A magnetizing field of 1600 Am–1 produces a magnetic
velocity 𝑣 = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂. Find out the magnetic force on flux of 2.4 × 10–5 wb in an iron bar of cross-sectional area
the charged particle and its acceleration at this instant 0.2cm2. Calculate permeability and susceptibility of the
due to magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ = 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂. 𝑣 and 𝐵⃗ are in m/s bar.
2
and Wb/m respectively.
PRACTICE EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
Current sensitivity 10
𝐺= ⇒𝐺= = 5𝛺
MCQ Voltage sensitivity 2
Here ig = Full scale deflection current
150
S1. (d) Here the straight part will does not contribute in = = 15mA
10
magnetic field at the centre of the semicircle an it is V = voltage to be measured = 150 volts (such that each
because every element of the straight apart will be 0° division reads 1 volt)
or 180° with the line joining the centre and the 150
⇒𝑅= −3 − 5 = 9995𝛺
element. 15×10

Due to circular portion, the field can be written as S10. (d) Magnetic field at the centre of the current loop is
1 𝜇0 𝑖 𝜇 𝑖 𝜇 2𝜋𝐼
= 0 𝐵= 0
2 2r 4r 4𝜋𝑅
𝜇 𝑖 𝜇 2𝜋𝑞𝜐 𝜇 2𝜋𝑞𝜐
Hence total field at O = 0 tesla or, B= 0 ,𝑅 = 0
4r 4𝜋𝑅 4𝜋𝐵
S2. (d) Torque on the solenoid is given by the equation Substituting the given values, we get
τ =MB sin θ 4𝜋×10−7 ×2𝜋×10−6 ×6.25×1012
𝑅=
4𝜋×6.28
where θ is the angle between the magnetic field and
=1.25m
the axis of solenoid.
M = niA S11. (b) Here, 𝐸⃗ and 𝐵
⃗ are perpendicular to each other and the
⸫ τ = M B sin 30° velocity 𝑣 does not change; therefore
1 𝐸
= 2000 × 2 × 1.5 × 10-4 × 5 × 10-2 × 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣 =
2 𝐵
= 1.5 × 10-2 N m Also,
S3. (c) Time period of cyclotron can be given as, 𝐸⃗ × 𝐵
⃗ 𝐸𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐸𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9 0° 𝐸
1 2𝜋𝑚 2𝜋𝑚 𝑚𝜐 𝑝 | 2 |= = = = |𝑣 | = 𝑣
𝑇= = ;𝐵 = 𝜐; 𝑅 = = 𝐵 𝐵2 𝐵2 𝐵
𝜐 𝑒𝐵 𝑒 𝑒𝐵 𝑒𝐵
2𝜋𝑚𝜐
⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑒𝐵𝑅 = 𝑒 × 𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑚𝜐𝑅 S12. (d) Magnetic field at a point on the axis of current carrying
𝑒
𝑝2 (2𝜋𝑚𝜐𝑅)2 wire is always zero.
Kinetic Energy = = = 2𝜋 2 𝑚𝜐 2 𝑅2
2𝑚 2𝑚
-A -2
S4. (a) Rg = 50Ω, Ig = 25 × 4 × 10 Ω = 10 A
Range of V = 25 volts
V = Ig(Re + Rg)
𝑉
∴ 𝑅𝑒 = − 𝑅𝑔 = 2450𝛺
𝐼𝑔

𝑑𝜃
S13. (d) Current in a small element, 𝑑𝐼 = 𝐼Magnetic field
𝜋
due to the element
𝜇 2𝑑𝐼
𝜇 NI 𝑑𝐵 = 0
S5. (c) 𝐵axis = ( 0 3 ) 𝑅2 4𝜋 𝑅
2𝑥 The component dB cos θ, of the field is cancelled by
𝐵 ∝ 𝑅2 another opposite component.
So, when radius is doubled, magnetic field becomes
Therefore,
four times.
S6. (c) When a charged particle enters transverse magnetic
field it traverse a circular path. Its kinetic energy
remains constant.
S7. (c) K.E. of electron = 10 eV
1
⇒ mv 2 = 10eV
2
1
⇒ (9.1 × 10−31 )𝑣 2 = 10 × 1.6 × 1019 𝜇
2 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
2 2×10×1.6×10−19 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2
⇒𝑣 = 2
2𝜋 𝑅0 0 𝜋 𝑅
9.1×10−31
⇒𝑣 S14. (c) B = μ0ni
⇒ 𝑣 2 = 3.52 × 1012 ⇒ 𝑣 = 1.88 × 106 𝑚 𝑛
𝐵1 = (𝜇0 ) ( ) (2𝑖) = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 = 𝐵
2
Also, we know that for circular motion
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣
⇒ 𝐵1 = 𝐵
= 𝐵𝑒𝑣 ⇒ 𝑟 = = 11𝑐𝑚 S15. (c) The angular momentum L of the particle is given by L
𝑟 𝐵𝑒
S8. (d) No magnetic force acts on the electron and force due to = mr2ω where ω = 2πn.
𝜔 𝜔𝑞
electric field will act opposite to its initial direction of ∴ Frequency𝑛 = ; Further 𝑖 = 𝑞 × 𝑛 =
2𝜋 2𝜋
motion. Hence its velocity decreases in magnitude. 𝜔𝑞
Magnetic moment, 𝑀 = 𝑖𝐴 = × 𝜋𝑟 2 ;
S9. (c) Resistance of Galvanometer, 2𝜋
𝜔𝑞𝑟 2 𝑀 𝜔𝑞𝑟 2 𝑞 The concept of displacement current was introduced
∴𝑀= So, = =
2 𝐿 2𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔 2𝑚 by Maxwell.
S16. (c) A current loop in a magnetic field is in equilibrium in
two orientations one is stable and another unstable. S25. (d) Lorentz force is given by the formula F= q(v * B + E)
∵𝜏=𝑀 ⃗⃗ × 𝐵
⃗ = 𝑀𝐵sin𝜃
If θ = 0° ⇒ 𝜏 = 0(stable) ASSERTION AND REASONING
If θ = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝜏 = 0(unstable)
S1. (c) Cyclotron is utilized to accelerate the positive ion. And
cyclotron frequency is given by ν=Be/2πm.
It means cyclotron frequency doesn't depend upon
velocity. Therefore, assertion is true and reason false.
S2. (a) Cyclotron does not accelerate electron because the
mass of electron is very small. It gets accelerated very
appreciably as a result of which its mass increases. It
results is mismatch between frequency of alternating
𝜇0 2𝑖2 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝜇0 4
S17. (c) 𝐵= − = (𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) current used and frequency of rotation of electron in
4𝜋 (𝑟/2) 4𝜋 (𝑟/2) 4𝜋 𝑟
𝜇0 4 𝜇0 the Dee's. So, cyclotron stops accelerating electrons
= (5 − 2.5) = .
4𝜋 5 2𝜋 after some time.
S18. (a) According to Ampere’s circuit law
∮𝐵⃗ .dI = 𝜇0 𝐼enclosed = 𝜇0 (2𝐴 − 1A) = 𝜇0 S3. (a) If the wires are twisted together, they can be formed
S19. (a) We know that the magnetic field produced by a as a single wire carrying currents in opposite
current carrying circular coil of radius r at its centre is directions. In this pattern, in wires no magnetic field is
𝜇 𝐼
𝐵 = 0 × 2𝜋 induced which does not affect adjacent circuits.
4𝜋 𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼
Here𝐵𝐴 = × 2𝜋 S4. (d) Assertion is incorrect, because only moving charges
4𝜋 𝑅
𝜇0 2𝐼 produce magnetic field around them, not stationary
and𝐵𝐵 = × 2𝜋
4𝜋 2𝑅 ones. Reason is incorrect, because moving charges
𝐵𝐴
⇒ =1 produce both electric and magnetic field around them.
𝐵𝐵
S20. (b) When a charged particle enters a magnetic field at a
S5. (d) Reversing the direction of the current reverses the
direction perpendicular to the direction of motion, the
direction of the magnetic field. However, it has no
path of the motion is circular. In circular motion the
direction of velocity changes at every point (the effect on the magnetic-field energy density, which is
magnitude remains constant). proportional to the square of the magnitude of the
Therefore, the tangential momentum will change at magnetic field.
every point. But kinetic energy will remain constant as
1
it is given by 𝑚𝑣 2 and 𝑣 2 is the square of the VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
2
magnitude of velocity which does not change.
S21. (a) We know magnetic field due to a long straight current S1. Zero, because the upper and lower current carrying
carrying wire conductors are identical and so the magnetic fields
μ i 4π×10−7 ×3 caused by them at the center O will be equal and
B= o =
2πr 2π×50×10−3
opposite.
(Note that μ0 = 4π × 10−7 in SI system)
= 1.20 × 10−5 Tesla = 0.12 G. S2. No, if an electron enters parallel to a magnetic field,
[As 1 Gauss = 10−4 Tesla] no force acts and the electron remains undeflected.
S22. (c) The magnetic induction produced due to a current S3. The magnetic field due to straight wires AB and CD is
carrying arc at its centre of curvature is zero since either θ = 0° or 180° and that due to a semi-
μ iα
B= 0 ...(a) circular arc are equal and opposite; hence net field at
4πr
(Subtending angle α at the centre of curvature) O is zero.
μ iπ π μ i
⇒ B= 0 × = 0 S4. At the edges of the solenoid, the field lines get
4πr 4 16r
diverged due to other fields and/or non-availability of
S23 (a) ⃗BO = ⃗BQRS + ⃗BST . dipole loops, while in toroid’s the dipoles (in loops)
⃗BPQ = zero, ⃗BQRS = 3 × μ0i k̂, ⃗BST = μ0 i
k̂ orient continuously.
4 2r 4πr
μ0 i 3 3μ0 i μ0 i 3π
⇒ ⃗BO = k̂ + k̂ = [ + 1] k̂ S5. Electric field lines do not form closed loops because
4πr 4 2r 4πr 2
the direction of an electric field is from positive to
S24. (c) Maxwell
negative charge. So, one can regard a line of force
starting from a positive charge and ending on a Electrostatic field is angle independent, while
negative charge. This indicates that electric field lines magnetic field is angle dependent between source
do not form closed loops. vector and displacement vector.
S5. (a) A toroid is a solenoid bent into the form of a closed
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION ring. The magnetic field lines of solenoid are straight
lines parallel to the axis inside the solenoid.
S1. (i)

(ii) Kinetic energy does not irrespective of the


direction of the charge as,
Power delivered, 𝐹 . 𝑣 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗ ). 𝑣 = 0

Scalar triple product (𝑣 × 𝐵 ). 𝑣 = 0
S2. A cyclotron makes use of the principle that the
energy of the charged particles can be increased to a
high value by making it pass through an electric field
repeatedly. The magnetic field acts on the charged
(b) The magnetic field lines of toroid are circular
particle and makes them move in a circular path
having common center. Inside a given solenoid, the
inside the dee. Every time the particle moves from
magnetic field may be made strong by
one dee to another it is acted upon by the alternating
(i) passing large current and
electric field, and is accelerated by this field, which
(ii) using laminated coil of soft iron.
increases the energy of the particle.
Uses: (i) It is used to bombard nuclei with high
energetic particles accelerated by cyclotron and NUMERICAL
study the resulting nuclear reaction. (ii) It is used to
implant ions into solids and modify their properties S1.
or even synthesize new materials.
S3. A galvanometer cannot be used as such to measure
current due to following two reasons.
(i) A galvanometer has a finite large resistance and is
connected in series in the circuit, so it will increase
the resistance of circuit and hence change the value
of current in the circuit.
(ii) A galvanometer is a very sensitive device, it gives 𝑚
Mass per unit length of a metallic rod is =
a full-scale deflection for the current of the order of 𝑙

microampere, hence if connected as such it will not 0.5 kg m−1 . Let 𝐼 be the current flowing.
measure current of the order of ampere. For equilibrium,
𝑚𝑔 sin 30° = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 cos 30°
S4. Similarities: Both electrostatic field and magnetic 𝑚𝑔 0.5×9.8
𝐼= tan 30° = = 11.32 A
field: 𝑙𝐵 0.25×√3
(i) follows the principle of superposition. S2. From, 𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙 × 𝐵 = 1.2 × 0.5 × 2 = 1.2 N
(ii) (ii) depends inversely on the square of distance from 𝑚𝑣 2
source to the point of interest. S3. 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin θ =
𝑅
Differences: 𝑚𝑣 3×105
𝑅= = 1 = 0.02 m = 2 cm
(i) Electrostatic field is produced by a scalar source (q) 𝑞𝐵 sin θ 108 ×0.3×
2
and the magnetic field is produced by a vector source S4. Let the shunt resistance be 𝑆.
(I𝑑 l). Given: 𝐼 = 750 A,
(ii) Electrostatic field is along the displacement vector 𝐼𝑔 = 100 A, 𝑅𝐺 = 13 Ω
between source and point of interest; while magnetic
field is perpendicular to the plane, containing the
displacement vector and vector source. (iii)
∴ 𝑆 = 1300/650 = 2 Ω
S5. for L1 ∮ 𝐵⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑ℓ = m0(I1 – I2)
here I1 is taken positive because magnetic lines of
force produced by I1 is anti-clockwise as seen from
top. I2 produces lines of 𝐵 ⃗ in clockwise sense as seen
From the figure, from top. The sense of ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑ℓ is anticlockwise as seen
𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝐺 = (𝐼 − 𝐼𝑔 )𝑆 from top.
Or 100 × 13 = [750 − 100]𝑆 ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
for L2 : ∮ 𝐵 𝑑ℓ = 𝜇0 (I1 – I2 + I4)
Or 1300 − 650 𝑆 ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
for L3 : ∮ 𝐵 𝑑ℓ = 0s
HOMEWORK EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
and spin motion. Charge particles at rest do not
MCQ produce electric field.
S1. (b) 1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla S4. (d) The earth has only vertical component of its
magnetic field at the magnetic poles. Since compass
S2. (b) Accelerate the positively charged particles
needle is only free to rotate in horizontal plane. At
A cyclotron is a device used to accelerate positively
north pole the vertical component of earths field
charged particles.
will exert torque on the magnetic needle so as to
S3. (d) B = μ0nI align it along its direction. As the compass needle
Magnetic field at any point inside the straight cannot rotate in vertical plane, it will rest
solenoid is given as B = μ0nI. horizontally, when placed on the magnetic pole of
S5. (c) Lorentz force the earth.
When the charged particles move in a combined S5. (b) The susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance
magnetic and electric field, then the force acting is decreases with the rise of temperature in a
known as Lorentz force. complicated manner. After Curies point the
S6. (c) Tesla susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance varies
The SI unit of the magnetic field is Tesla. inversely with its absolute temperature.
S7. (b) the magnetic moment of a current I carrying a Ferromagnetic substance obeys Curies law only
circular coil of radius r and number of turns N varies above its curie point.
as r2.
S8. (d) F = -evB sin 180° = 0 (i.e 0= 0°or 180° in both cases F VERY SHORT ANSWER
= 0). The electron will continue to move with QUESTIONS
uniform velocity or will go undeflected along the S1. Charge particle moves inclined to the magnetic
axis of the solenoid. field. When there is an angle between velocity of
charged particle and magnetic field, then the
S9. (b) A current carrying closed loop of any shape when
vertical component of velocity (v sin θ) will rotate
placed in a uniform magnetic field does not
the charge particle on circular path, but horizontal
experience any force.
component (v cos θ) will move the charged particle
S10. (d) In non- uniform magnetic field current loop in straight line. Hence path of the charge particle
experiences an unequal opposite force which forms becomes helical.
torque.
S2. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within
the core of a toroid because toroid has no ends. A
ASSERTION AND REASONING
solenoid is open ended and the field lines inside it
S1. (c) Galvanometer to ammeter conversion takes place which are parallel to the length of the solenoid,
by connecting a low value resistance known as cannot form closed curves inside the solenoid.
shunt in parallel with it. The assertion is true. S3. Magnetic field is parallel or antiparallel to velocity of
When two resistors are connected in parallel then electron i.e., angle between v and B is 0° or 180°.
the effective resistance becomes lowers. Hence the S4. By Fleming’s left hand rule magnetic field must be
reason in false. along negative z-axis.
S2. (d) It is quite clear that magnetic poles always exist in S5. An ammeter is connected in series with the circuit
pairs. Since, one can imagine magnetic field to read the current. If it had large resistance, it will
configuration with three poles. When north poles or change the current in circuit which it has to measure
south poles of two magnets are glued together. correctly; hence ammeter reading will have
They provide a three-pole field configuration. It is significant error; so for correct reading an ammeter
also known that a bar magnet does not exert a should have a very low resistance.
torque on itself due to own its field.
S3. (c) In an atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
and as such the circular orbits of electrons may be
considered as the small current loops. In addition to S1. ⃗ = 2 × 10–6 (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ × 4𝑘̂) × (3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) =
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵
orbital motion, an electron has got spin motion also. 2 × 10 [–6𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂] N
–6

So the total magnetic moment of electron is the 𝐹 2×10−6


By Newton’s Law 𝑎 = = (−6𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
vector sum of its magnetic moments due to orbital 𝑚 5×10−6
= 0.8 (−3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) m/s2
S2. ⃗ ) are ⊥ er
Magnetic force (𝐹𝑚 ) and magnetic field (𝐵 where n is the number of turns per unit length of the
to each other. toroid and µ0 is permeability of free space.
⃗ will also be ⊥ er . If the space is filled by a core of some material of
So, 𝑎𝑀 and 𝐵
permeability µ, then the field is given by
∴ a m ⋅ ⃗B = |a⃗ M ||B
⃗ |cos 90∘ B = µ n i0
But µ = µ0ur, where µr is the relative permeability of
(2𝑖ˆ + 𝑥ĵ) ⋅ (−3𝐢ˆ + 2ĵ − 4k̂) = 0
2(−3) + (x × 2) + [0 × (−4)] = 0 the core material. Thus,
𝐵
2x = 6 B = µ0 ur ni0 or µr =
µ0 𝑛𝑖0
x=3 3000
Here B = 2.5 T, i0 = 0.7 A and n = m –1, where r is
2𝜋𝑟
S3. (a) The field H is dependent of the material of the core, the mean radius of the toroid
and is 11+12
(r = = 11.5 cm 11.5 × 10–2 m). Thus,
2
H = nI = 1000 × 2.0 = 2 ×103 A/m. 2.5
(b) The magnetic field B is given by µ=
(4𝜋×10–7 )×(3000/2𝜋×11.5×10–2 )×0.7
B = µr µ0 H 2.5×11.5×10–2
=
= 400 × 4p ×10–7 (N/A2) × 2 × 103 (A/m) = 1.0 T 2×10–7 ×3000×0.7
(c) Magnetization is given by µr = 684.5
M = (B– µ0 H)/ µ0 𝛷 2.4×10–5 𝑊𝑏
= (µr µ0 H–µ0 H) / µ0 = (µr – 1) H = 399 × H S5. B= = =1.2 Wb/m2 = 1.2 N A –1 m–1.
𝐴 0.2×10–4 𝑚2
» 8 × 105 A/m The magnetizing field (or magnetic intensity) H is
(d) The magnetizing current IM is the additional current 1600 Am – 1. Therefore, the magnetic permeability is
that needs to be passed through the windings of the given by
solenoid in the absence of the core which would 𝐵 1.2𝑁𝐴–1 𝑚 –1
give a B value as in the presence of the core. Thus µ= = = 7.5 × 10 – 4 N/A2.
𝐻 1600𝐴𝑚 –1
B = µr n0 (I + IM). Using I = 2A, B = 1 T, we get IM = 794 Now, from the relation µ = µ0 (1 + 𝜒𝑚 ), the
A. µ
susceptibility is given by 𝜒𝑚 = – 1.
µ0
S4. The magnetic field in the empty space enclosed by
the windings of a toroid carrying a current i0 is µ0 n We know that µ0 = 4p × 10 – 7 N/A2.
7.5×10–4
i0 𝜒𝑚 = – 1 = 596.
4×3.14×10–7

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