Moving Charges and Magnetism
Moving Charges and Magnetism
MAGNETISM
CHAPTER – 4
Q. A long straight wire carries a certain current and produces a magnetic field 2 × 10−4 Wb m−2
at a perpendicular distance of 5 cm from the wire. An electron situated at 5 cm from the wire
moves with a velocity 107 m/s towards the wire along perpendicular to it. Then find the force
experienced by the electron. (Charge on electron 1.6 × 10−19 C)
Motion of charge inside magnetic field If 𝑣 and 𝐵⃗ act at an angle 𝜃, then due to the component of
A charge q of mass m moving with velocity 𝑣 inside a magnetic velocity v sin 𝜃 (perpendicular to 𝐵 ⃗ , the charge moves along
⃗ experiences force,
field of strength 𝐵 circular path of radius r, which is given by)
𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃
⃗
|𝐹 | = 𝑞 |𝑣 × 𝐵 | = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑟=
𝐵𝑞
where 𝜃 is angle between the direction of motion of charge ( 𝑣 ) while due to the component of velocity 𝑣cos𝜃 (along 𝐵 ⃗ ), the
and the direction of magnetic field (𝐵 ⃗ ). This force acts charge at the same time moves along the direction of magnetic
⃗
perpendicular to both 𝑣 and 𝐵 i.e., the direction of motion of the field. As a result, the charge moves along a helical path and pitch
charge and the direction of applied magnetic field. of the helical path is given by
The charge does not experience any force, if it is at rest or if it 2𝜋 𝑚𝑣cos𝜃
pitch
𝐵𝑞
moves along the direction of magnetic field. The force is
maximum, when charge moves perpendicular to the direction of Cyclotron
magnetic field. Cyclotron is a particle accelerator and is used to accelerate
(i) If 𝑣 and 𝐵⃗ are perpendicular (𝜃 = 90°), the force on the positive ions. Under the action of magnetic field, the positive
charged particle makes it to move along circular path, whose ions move along spiral path and gain energy as they cross the
radius is given by alternating electric field again and again. Cyclotron is based on
𝑚𝑣 the principle that the positive ions can be accelerated to high
𝑟=
𝐵𝑞 energies with a comparatively smaller alternating potential
(ii) difference by making them to cross the electric field again and
again, by making use of a strong magnetic field. In a cyclotron,
the frequency of applied alternating electric field is equal to
frequency of oscillation of the positive ion and this frequency is
called cyclotron frequency. It is given by
𝐵𝑞
𝜈=
2𝜋𝑚
where m and q are mass and charge of the positive ion and B is
strength of the magnetic field.
The positive ions of charge q and mass m in cyclotron attain
maximum energy which is given by
1 𝐵2 𝑞 2 𝑅2 For several decades, these were the best sources of high-energy
(i) 𝐸max = . where R is radius of the dees of the
2 𝑚 beams for nuclear physics experiments. However, these are still
cyclotron.
in use for this type of research.
(ii) 𝐸max = 2𝑛 (𝑉 𝑞 ) .
Limitations of the cyclotron
where n is number of revolutions completed by the positive
(i) Cyclotron cannot accelerate uncharged particle like
ions before leaving the dees.
neutron.
Uses of Cyclotron (ii) The positively charged particles having large mass i.e. ions
cannot move at limitless speed in a cyclotron.
Q. A 10 eV electron is circulating in a plane at right angles to a uniform field at magnetic induction 10−4 Wb/m2 (= 1.0
gauss), then find the orbital radius of electron.
Sol. 1
Kinetic energy of electron ( × 𝑚𝑣 2 ) = 10 eV and magnetic induction (𝐵) = 10−4 Wb/m2
2
1
Therefore, (9.1 × 10−31 )𝑣 2 = 10 × (1.6 × 10−19 )
2
2×10×(1.6×10−19 )
or, 𝑣 2 = = 3.52 × 1012
9.1×10−31
or, 𝑣 = 1.876 × 106 m/s
𝑚𝑣 2
Centripetal force, = 𝐵𝑒𝑣
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 (9.1×10−31 )×(1.876×106 )
Therefore, 𝑟 = =
𝐵𝑒 10−4 ×(1.6×10−19 )
−2
= 11 × 10 m = 11 cm
Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop be x. The magnetic field at point P is computed by taking two
⃗⃗⃗ at both
diametrically opposite line segments each of length 𝑑𝑙
ends of the wire, which is shown by the points from which the dl
vector is taken in the diagram. The vector which is joining the
current element at dl and P is 𝑟̂ .
According to the Biot-savart’s law, the magnetic induction at
point P because of the current element A is
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑟̂
𝜇 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = 0
4𝜋 𝑟2
Here, the direction of the ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 is perpendicular to the current
⃗⃗⃗ and AP. Consequently, it is along the direction of
element I 𝑑𝑙
Let us consider a circular loop of radius R with I flowing through PQ. The magnitude of magnetic field induction ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐵 can be
it. Let P be the point and its distance from center of the loop O written a
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 relation is independent of distance from conductor. A straight
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
solenoid consists of hollow tube over which a large number of
Here, θ is the angle between current element l 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑟̂ Since
turns of insulated copper wire are uniformly wound.
its value is 90o, the magnitude of dB becomes:
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 0 2
4𝜋 𝑟
The magnetic field induction ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 corresponding to each current
element is resolved into two components dBcosθ and dBsinθ
along the x-direction and y-direction respectively. The vertical
components are equal and opposite in direction, hence they
cancel each other whereas the horizontal components
contribute to the total magnetic field. Hence, the net magnetic
field B due to the entire circular loop at the point P is: If a solenoid of n turns per unit length carries a current I, then
𝐵⃗ = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖̂ (i) magnetic field at a point well inside the solenoid is given by
⃗𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∫ 𝐼𝑑𝑙2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖̂ 𝐵 = µ0 𝑛 𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟
By considering the triangle OAP as shown in the diagram, (ii) magnetic field at a point on one end of the solenoid is given
𝑅 by
cos𝜃 = (𝑥 2 2)2 1
+𝑅
𝐵 = µ0 𝑛𝐼
were, 𝑟 2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑥 2 2
we get, The Toroid
⃗ = 𝜇0
𝐵
𝑅
3 𝑖̂ ∫ 𝑑𝑙 A toroidal solenoid is an anchor ring around which is large
4𝜋
(𝑥 2 +𝑅 2 )2 number of turns of a copper wire are wrapped.
Since it is a circular loop to calculate the net magnetic field at the
point P, we integrate the line element from 0 to 2πR
2
⃗ = 𝜇0𝐼 𝑅 3 𝑖̂
𝐵
2
(𝑥 2 +𝑅 2 )2
If the circular loop contains N turns, then the magnetic field is
given by
𝑅2
⃗ = 𝜇0𝐼𝑁
𝐵 3 𝑖̂ The magnetic field produced in toroid will be same at all points
2
(𝑥 2 +𝑅 2 )2
on the circumference of the circle and at any point it will act
Ampere’s Circuital Law- along the tangent to the ring
Statement- Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral 𝜇 𝑁𝐼
𝐵 = 0
of the magnetic field around any closed path in free space is 2𝜋𝑟
equal to absolute permeability (µ0 ) times the net current For any point inside the empty space surrounded by the toroid
enclosed by the path. and outside the toroid, magnetic field is zero because the net
current enclosed in this space is zero.
∮𝐵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼 Magnetic field intensity at a point outside the cylinder (r > a)
Where, 𝐵 ⃗ is the magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 is small element, µ0 is the 𝜇 𝐼
𝐵 = 0
absolute permeability of free space and I is the current. 2𝜋𝑟
The magnetic field intensity at a point outside the cylinder varies
The Solenoid inversely as the distance of the point from the axis of the
Ampere’s circuital law holds good for a closed path of any size cylinder.
and shape around a current carrying conductor because the
Q. A long solenoid of 50 cm length having 100 turns carries a current of 2.5 A. Then find the magnetic field at the centre of
the solenoid. (μ0 = 4π × 10−7 T m A−1 )
Sol. Here, 𝑙 = 50 cm, 𝑁 = 100, 𝑖 = 2.5 A Magnetic field inside the solenoid,
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 4𝜋×10−7 ×100×2.5
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 = 𝐵= = 6.28 × 10−4 T
𝑙 0.5
Force Between Two Parallel Currents, The Ampere When two infinitely long parallel conductors carrying currents 𝐼1
and 𝐼2 are placed a distance r apart, then force on the unit length
of a conductor due to the other conductor is given by
𝜇 2𝐼 𝐼
𝐹 = 0. 1 2
4𝜋 𝑟
The force is attractive, if currents in two conductors is in same
direction; and repulsive, if currents are in opposite directions.
If the currents in both parallel wires are equal and in same
direction then magnetic field at a point exactly half way between
the wire is zero.
Torque on a current carrying coil placed inside a magnetic field where A is the direction of the area vector. The angle between m
A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric and B is θ, the equations (1) and (2) can be expressed by one
current or a pair of poles as the dimensions of the source are expression
reduced to zero while keeping the magnetic moment constant. τ = m×B
Now we shall show that a steady current I passing through a where m is the magnetic moment and B is the uniform magnetic
rectangular loop placed in a uniform magnetic field experiences field.
a torque. It does not experience a net force. This behavior is Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
similar to the of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field. An arrangement of two equal and opposite magnetic poles
separated by a small distance is called a magnetic dipole.
The magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole is defined as
the product of its pole strength and magnetic length. It is a
vector quantity, directed from S-pole to N-pole.
Ampere found that the distribution of magnetic lines of force
around a finite current carrying solenoid is similar to that
produced by a bar magnet.
The magnetic induction at a point along the axis of a circular coil
carrying current is
𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝑰𝒂𝟐
Let’s consider a case when the rectangular loop is placed such 𝑩= 𝟑
that the uniform magnetic field B is the plane of the loop. The 𝟐(𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
field exerts no force on both arms PS and QR of the loop. It is The direction of this magnetic field is along the axis and is given
perpendicular to the arm PQ of the loop and exerts a force F1 on by right hand rule. For points which are far away from the centre
it which is directed into the plane of the loop. Its magnitude is, of the coil, x>>a, a2 is small and it is neglected. Hence for such
F1= IzB points,
𝜇 𝑛𝐼𝑎2
Similarly, it exerts a force F2 on the arm RS and F2 is directed out 𝐵= 0 3
2𝑥
of the plane of the paper. If we consider a circular loop, n = 1, its area A = πa2
F2 = IzB = F1 𝜇 𝐼𝐴
Therefore, the net force on the loop is zero. As both the forces F1 𝐵= 0 3
2𝜋𝑥
and F2 nullify each other, there is a torque on the loop. Here, we The magnetic induction at a point along the axial line of a short
can see that the torque on the loop tends to rotate it in an anti- bar magnet is
𝜇 2𝑀
clockwise direction. 𝐵= 0 3
4𝜋𝑥
τ = F1 (y/2) + F2 (y/2) 𝜇 𝑀
𝐵 = 0 3 ………eq(2)
= IzB (y/2) + IzB (y/2) 2𝜋𝑥
By comparing equations (1) and equation (2), we find that,
= I (y × z) B
M=IA
= IAB …. eq(1)
Hence a current loop is equivalent to a magnetic dipole of
where A = y × z is the area of the rectangle.
moment M = IA
Now consider a case when the plane of the loop is not along
The magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the product
the magnetic field but makes an angle with it. And also consider
of the current and the loop area. Its direction is perpendicular to
the angle between the field and the normal to the coil is angle Θ.
the plane of the loop.
The forces on both the arms QR and SP are equal, opposite and
act along the axis of the coil, which connects the centers of mass The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
of QR and SP. Being collinear along the axis they cancel out each An electron revolving in an orbit about the nucleus of an atom
other, resulting in no net force or torque. The forces on arms PQ behaves like a current carrying loop. It is called a minute current-
and RS are F1 and F2. Furthermore, they too are equal and loop and produces a magnetic field. Every current loop is
opposite, with magnitude, associated with a magnetic moment.
F1 = F2 = IzB
As they are not collinear it results in a couple. The effect of torque
is, however, less than the earlier case when the plane of the loop
was along the magnetic field. The magnitude of the torque on the
loop is,
τ= F1 (y/2) sinθ + F2 (y/2) sinθ
= I (y×z) B sinθ
= IABsinθ ….eq(2) Let us consider that the magnetic moment associated with a
So, the torques in equations (1) and (2) can be expressed as the loop carrying current I having area A.
vector product of the magnetic moment of the coil and the 𝜇𝐿 =i.A
magnetic field. Therefore, we can define the magnetic moment The current due to a revolving electron is,
𝑒
of the current loop as, 𝑖=
𝑇
m = IA
𝑒
Where, T= the period of revolution of electron motion around 𝜇𝐿 = (mvr)
2𝑚
the nucleus that is 𝑒
2𝜋𝑟 𝜇𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑇= 2𝑚
𝑣
e= Charge on an electron So from the above equation
𝑒 Where L= mvr=The orbital angular momentum of the electron
𝑖= 2𝜋𝑟
Another value of L is,
𝑣
𝑒𝑣 𝑛ℎ
𝑖= 𝐿=
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋
𝑒 𝑛ℎ
The area of the current loop is: 𝜇𝐿 =
2𝑚 2𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑒ℎ
Now put the value of I and A in equation, 𝜇𝐿 = i . A 𝜇𝐿 = 𝑛
4𝑚𝜋
𝑒𝑣 Where n=1,2, 3…… is the principal quantum number.
𝜇𝐿 = ( ) 𝜋𝑟 2
2𝜋𝑟
𝑒𝑣𝑟 This equation gives the magnetic moment associated with the
𝜇𝐿 =
2 orbital motion of the electron.
𝑒𝑣𝑟 𝑚
𝜇𝐿 = ( )
2 𝑚
Q. A rectangular coil of length 0.12 m and width 0.1 m having 50 turns of wire is suspended vertically in a uniform magnetic
field of strength 0.2 Weber/m2 . The given coil carries a current of 2 A. If the plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of
30° with the direction of the field, then find torque required to keep the coil in stable equilibrium.
Sol. The required torque is 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴 𝐵 sin θ
where 𝑁 is the number of turns in the coil, 𝐼 is the current through the coil, 𝐵 is the uniform magnetic field, 𝐴 is the area
of the coil and 𝑞 is the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and normal to the plane of the coil.
Here, 𝑁 = 50, 𝐼 = 2 A, 𝐴 = 0.12 m × 0.1 m = 0.012 m2
𝐵 = 0.2 Wb/m2 and θ = 90° − 30° = 60°
∴ 𝜏 = (50)(2 A)(0.012 m2 )(0.2 Wb/m2 ) sin 60°
= 0.20 N m
Q. A current carrying closed loop in the form of a right-angle isosceles triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is placed in a
uniform magnetic field acting along 𝐴𝐵. If the magnetic force on the arm 𝐵𝐶 is 𝐹 then find the
force on the arm 𝐴𝐶.
Q. A circular coil 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 carrying a current ‘𝑖’ is placed in a uniform magnetic field. If the
magnetic force on the segment 𝐴𝐵 is 𝐹 , then what will be the force on the remaining segment
𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴
Sol. The net magnetic force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is always zero.
∴ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 = −𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −𝐹
Q. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A, is held perpendicular to a magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T.
Then find the torque acting on the loop.
Q. Current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is 5 div/mA and its voltage sensitivity (angular deflection per unit
voltage applied) is 20 div/V. The resistance of the galvanometer is
Q. A milli voltmeter of 25 milli volt range is to be converted into an ammeter of 25 ampere range. Then find the value (in
ohm) of necessary shunt.
Q16. A current loop in a magnetic field Q23. A current i is flowing in a conductor PQRST shaped as
(a) can be in equilibrium in one orientation shown in the figure. The radius of curved part QRS is r and
(b) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, both the length of straight portions PQ and ST is very large. The
equilibrium states are unstable magnetic field at the center O of the curved part is –
(c) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one stable
while the other is unstable
(d) experiences a torque whether the field is uniform or
non-uniform in all orientations
Q17. Two long parallel wires P and Q are held perpendicular to
the plane of paper with distance of 5 m between them. If
μo i 3π μo i 3π
P and Q carry current of 2.5 amp. And 5 amp. Respectively (a) [ + 1] k̂(b) [ − 1] k̂
4πr 2 4πr 2
in the same direction, then the magnetic field at a point μo i 3π μo i 3π
half-way between the wires is (c) [ + 1] (−k̂)(d) [ − 1] (−k̂)
4πr 2 4πr 2
(a) μ0 /17 (b) √3𝜇0 /2𝜋 Q24. The concept of displacement current was introduced by
(c) 𝜇0 /2𝜋 (d) 3𝜇0 /2𝜋 _________.
Q18. Two wires with currents 2 A and 1 A are enclosed in a (a) Newton (b) Ampere
circular loop. Another wire with current 3 A is situated (c) Maxwell (d) Fleming
⃗ .d𝑙 around the loop is
outside the loop as shown. The ∮ 𝐵 Q25. Lorentz force is given by the formula
(a) F= q(v + B + E) (b) F= q(v – B – E)
(c) F= q(v * B * E) (d) F= q(v * B + E)
Q1. A metallic rod of mass per unit length 0.5 kg m−1 is lying
Q2. An electron, passing through a region is not deflected. Are horizontally on a smooth inclined plane which makes an
you sure that there is no magnetic field in that region? angle of 30° with the horizontal. The rod is not allowed to
slide down by flowing a current through it when a
Q3. What is the magnetic field at point O due to current
magnetic field of induction 0.25 T is acting on it in the
carrying wires shown in figure?
vertical direction. Then determine the current flowing in
the rod to keep it stationary.
Q2. A straight wire of length 0.5 metre and carrying a current
of 1.2 ampere is placed in uniform magnetic field of
induction 2 tesla. The magnetic field is perpendicular to
the length of the wire. Then determine the force on the
Q4. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the wire.
core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid. Why? Q3. A charge having 𝑒/𝑚 equal to 108 C/kg and with velocity
Q5. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed 3 × 105 m/s enters into a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 = 0.3
loops? tesla at an angle 30° with direction of field. Then
determine the radius of curvature.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION Q4. The resistance of an ammeter is 13 Ω and its scale is
graduated for a current upto 100 amps. After an
Q1. charge ‘q’ moving B along the X-axis with a velocity v is additional shunt has been connected to this ammeter it
subjected to a uniform magnetic field B acting along the becomes possible to measure currents upto 750 amperes
Z-axis as it crosses the origin O. by this meter. Find the value of shunt resistance.
(i) Trace its trajectory. Q5. ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Find the values of ∮ 𝐵 𝑑ℓ for the loops L1, L2, L3 in the
(ii) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the figure shown.
magnetic field? Justify your answer.
The sense of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑ℓ is mentioned in the figure.
1 2
3
4 L1
L2
L3
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
Due to circular portion, the field can be written as S10. (d) Magnetic field at the centre of the current loop is
1 𝜇0 𝑖 𝜇 𝑖 𝜇 2𝜋𝐼
= 0 𝐵= 0
2 2r 4r 4𝜋𝑅
𝜇 𝑖 𝜇 2𝜋𝑞𝜐 𝜇 2𝜋𝑞𝜐
Hence total field at O = 0 tesla or, B= 0 ,𝑅 = 0
4r 4𝜋𝑅 4𝜋𝐵
S2. (d) Torque on the solenoid is given by the equation Substituting the given values, we get
τ =MB sin θ 4𝜋×10−7 ×2𝜋×10−6 ×6.25×1012
𝑅=
4𝜋×6.28
where θ is the angle between the magnetic field and
=1.25m
the axis of solenoid.
M = niA S11. (b) Here, 𝐸⃗ and 𝐵
⃗ are perpendicular to each other and the
⸫ τ = M B sin 30° velocity 𝑣 does not change; therefore
1 𝐸
= 2000 × 2 × 1.5 × 10-4 × 5 × 10-2 × 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣 =
2 𝐵
= 1.5 × 10-2 N m Also,
S3. (c) Time period of cyclotron can be given as, 𝐸⃗ × 𝐵
⃗ 𝐸𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐸𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9 0° 𝐸
1 2𝜋𝑚 2𝜋𝑚 𝑚𝜐 𝑝 | 2 |= = = = |𝑣 | = 𝑣
𝑇= = ;𝐵 = 𝜐; 𝑅 = = 𝐵 𝐵2 𝐵2 𝐵
𝜐 𝑒𝐵 𝑒 𝑒𝐵 𝑒𝐵
2𝜋𝑚𝜐
⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑒𝐵𝑅 = 𝑒 × 𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑚𝜐𝑅 S12. (d) Magnetic field at a point on the axis of current carrying
𝑒
𝑝2 (2𝜋𝑚𝜐𝑅)2 wire is always zero.
Kinetic Energy = = = 2𝜋 2 𝑚𝜐 2 𝑅2
2𝑚 2𝑚
-A -2
S4. (a) Rg = 50Ω, Ig = 25 × 4 × 10 Ω = 10 A
Range of V = 25 volts
V = Ig(Re + Rg)
𝑉
∴ 𝑅𝑒 = − 𝑅𝑔 = 2450𝛺
𝐼𝑔
𝑑𝜃
S13. (d) Current in a small element, 𝑑𝐼 = 𝐼Magnetic field
𝜋
due to the element
𝜇 2𝑑𝐼
𝜇 NI 𝑑𝐵 = 0
S5. (c) 𝐵axis = ( 0 3 ) 𝑅2 4𝜋 𝑅
2𝑥 The component dB cos θ, of the field is cancelled by
𝐵 ∝ 𝑅2 another opposite component.
So, when radius is doubled, magnetic field becomes
Therefore,
four times.
S6. (c) When a charged particle enters transverse magnetic
field it traverse a circular path. Its kinetic energy
remains constant.
S7. (c) K.E. of electron = 10 eV
1
⇒ mv 2 = 10eV
2
1
⇒ (9.1 × 10−31 )𝑣 2 = 10 × 1.6 × 1019 𝜇
2 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
2 2×10×1.6×10−19 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2
⇒𝑣 = 2
2𝜋 𝑅0 0 𝜋 𝑅
9.1×10−31
⇒𝑣 S14. (c) B = μ0ni
⇒ 𝑣 2 = 3.52 × 1012 ⇒ 𝑣 = 1.88 × 106 𝑚 𝑛
𝐵1 = (𝜇0 ) ( ) (2𝑖) = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 = 𝐵
2
Also, we know that for circular motion
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣
⇒ 𝐵1 = 𝐵
= 𝐵𝑒𝑣 ⇒ 𝑟 = = 11𝑐𝑚 S15. (c) The angular momentum L of the particle is given by L
𝑟 𝐵𝑒
S8. (d) No magnetic force acts on the electron and force due to = mr2ω where ω = 2πn.
𝜔 𝜔𝑞
electric field will act opposite to its initial direction of ∴ Frequency𝑛 = ; Further 𝑖 = 𝑞 × 𝑛 =
2𝜋 2𝜋
motion. Hence its velocity decreases in magnitude. 𝜔𝑞
Magnetic moment, 𝑀 = 𝑖𝐴 = × 𝜋𝑟 2 ;
S9. (c) Resistance of Galvanometer, 2𝜋
𝜔𝑞𝑟 2 𝑀 𝜔𝑞𝑟 2 𝑞 The concept of displacement current was introduced
∴𝑀= So, = =
2 𝐿 2𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔 2𝑚 by Maxwell.
S16. (c) A current loop in a magnetic field is in equilibrium in
two orientations one is stable and another unstable. S25. (d) Lorentz force is given by the formula F= q(v * B + E)
∵𝜏=𝑀 ⃗⃗ × 𝐵
⃗ = 𝑀𝐵sin𝜃
If θ = 0° ⇒ 𝜏 = 0(stable) ASSERTION AND REASONING
If θ = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝜏 = 0(unstable)
S1. (c) Cyclotron is utilized to accelerate the positive ion. And
cyclotron frequency is given by ν=Be/2πm.
It means cyclotron frequency doesn't depend upon
velocity. Therefore, assertion is true and reason false.
S2. (a) Cyclotron does not accelerate electron because the
mass of electron is very small. It gets accelerated very
appreciably as a result of which its mass increases. It
results is mismatch between frequency of alternating
𝜇0 2𝑖2 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝜇0 4
S17. (c) 𝐵= − = (𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) current used and frequency of rotation of electron in
4𝜋 (𝑟/2) 4𝜋 (𝑟/2) 4𝜋 𝑟
𝜇0 4 𝜇0 the Dee's. So, cyclotron stops accelerating electrons
= (5 − 2.5) = .
4𝜋 5 2𝜋 after some time.
S18. (a) According to Ampere’s circuit law
∮𝐵⃗ .dI = 𝜇0 𝐼enclosed = 𝜇0 (2𝐴 − 1A) = 𝜇0 S3. (a) If the wires are twisted together, they can be formed
S19. (a) We know that the magnetic field produced by a as a single wire carrying currents in opposite
current carrying circular coil of radius r at its centre is directions. In this pattern, in wires no magnetic field is
𝜇 𝐼
𝐵 = 0 × 2𝜋 induced which does not affect adjacent circuits.
4𝜋 𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼
Here𝐵𝐴 = × 2𝜋 S4. (d) Assertion is incorrect, because only moving charges
4𝜋 𝑅
𝜇0 2𝐼 produce magnetic field around them, not stationary
and𝐵𝐵 = × 2𝜋
4𝜋 2𝑅 ones. Reason is incorrect, because moving charges
𝐵𝐴
⇒ =1 produce both electric and magnetic field around them.
𝐵𝐵
S20. (b) When a charged particle enters a magnetic field at a
S5. (d) Reversing the direction of the current reverses the
direction perpendicular to the direction of motion, the
direction of the magnetic field. However, it has no
path of the motion is circular. In circular motion the
direction of velocity changes at every point (the effect on the magnetic-field energy density, which is
magnitude remains constant). proportional to the square of the magnitude of the
Therefore, the tangential momentum will change at magnetic field.
every point. But kinetic energy will remain constant as
1
it is given by 𝑚𝑣 2 and 𝑣 2 is the square of the VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
2
magnitude of velocity which does not change.
S21. (a) We know magnetic field due to a long straight current S1. Zero, because the upper and lower current carrying
carrying wire conductors are identical and so the magnetic fields
μ i 4π×10−7 ×3 caused by them at the center O will be equal and
B= o =
2πr 2π×50×10−3
opposite.
(Note that μ0 = 4π × 10−7 in SI system)
= 1.20 × 10−5 Tesla = 0.12 G. S2. No, if an electron enters parallel to a magnetic field,
[As 1 Gauss = 10−4 Tesla] no force acts and the electron remains undeflected.
S22. (c) The magnetic induction produced due to a current S3. The magnetic field due to straight wires AB and CD is
carrying arc at its centre of curvature is zero since either θ = 0° or 180° and that due to a semi-
μ iα
B= 0 ...(a) circular arc are equal and opposite; hence net field at
4πr
(Subtending angle α at the centre of curvature) O is zero.
μ iπ π μ i
⇒ B= 0 × = 0 S4. At the edges of the solenoid, the field lines get
4πr 4 16r
diverged due to other fields and/or non-availability of
S23 (a) ⃗BO = ⃗BQRS + ⃗BST . dipole loops, while in toroid’s the dipoles (in loops)
⃗BPQ = zero, ⃗BQRS = 3 × μ0i k̂, ⃗BST = μ0 i
k̂ orient continuously.
4 2r 4πr
μ0 i 3 3μ0 i μ0 i 3π
⇒ ⃗BO = k̂ + k̂ = [ + 1] k̂ S5. Electric field lines do not form closed loops because
4πr 4 2r 4πr 2
the direction of an electric field is from positive to
S24. (c) Maxwell
negative charge. So, one can regard a line of force
starting from a positive charge and ending on a Electrostatic field is angle independent, while
negative charge. This indicates that electric field lines magnetic field is angle dependent between source
do not form closed loops. vector and displacement vector.
S5. (a) A toroid is a solenoid bent into the form of a closed
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION ring. The magnetic field lines of solenoid are straight
lines parallel to the axis inside the solenoid.
S1. (i)
microampere, hence if connected as such it will not 0.5 kg m−1 . Let 𝐼 be the current flowing.
measure current of the order of ampere. For equilibrium,
𝑚𝑔 sin 30° = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 cos 30°
S4. Similarities: Both electrostatic field and magnetic 𝑚𝑔 0.5×9.8
𝐼= tan 30° = = 11.32 A
field: 𝑙𝐵 0.25×√3
(i) follows the principle of superposition. S2. From, 𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙 × 𝐵 = 1.2 × 0.5 × 2 = 1.2 N
(ii) (ii) depends inversely on the square of distance from 𝑚𝑣 2
source to the point of interest. S3. 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin θ =
𝑅
Differences: 𝑚𝑣 3×105
𝑅= = 1 = 0.02 m = 2 cm
(i) Electrostatic field is produced by a scalar source (q) 𝑞𝐵 sin θ 108 ×0.3×
2
and the magnetic field is produced by a vector source S4. Let the shunt resistance be 𝑆.
(I𝑑 l). Given: 𝐼 = 750 A,
(ii) Electrostatic field is along the displacement vector 𝐼𝑔 = 100 A, 𝑅𝐺 = 13 Ω
between source and point of interest; while magnetic
field is perpendicular to the plane, containing the
displacement vector and vector source. (iii)
∴ 𝑆 = 1300/650 = 2 Ω
S5. for L1 ∮ 𝐵⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑ℓ = m0(I1 – I2)
here I1 is taken positive because magnetic lines of
force produced by I1 is anti-clockwise as seen from
top. I2 produces lines of 𝐵 ⃗ in clockwise sense as seen
From the figure, from top. The sense of ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑ℓ is anticlockwise as seen
𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝐺 = (𝐼 − 𝐼𝑔 )𝑆 from top.
Or 100 × 13 = [750 − 100]𝑆 ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
for L2 : ∮ 𝐵 𝑑ℓ = 𝜇0 (I1 – I2 + I4)
Or 1300 − 650 𝑆 ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
for L3 : ∮ 𝐵 𝑑ℓ = 0s
HOMEWORK EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
and spin motion. Charge particles at rest do not
MCQ produce electric field.
S1. (b) 1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla S4. (d) The earth has only vertical component of its
magnetic field at the magnetic poles. Since compass
S2. (b) Accelerate the positively charged particles
needle is only free to rotate in horizontal plane. At
A cyclotron is a device used to accelerate positively
north pole the vertical component of earths field
charged particles.
will exert torque on the magnetic needle so as to
S3. (d) B = μ0nI align it along its direction. As the compass needle
Magnetic field at any point inside the straight cannot rotate in vertical plane, it will rest
solenoid is given as B = μ0nI. horizontally, when placed on the magnetic pole of
S5. (c) Lorentz force the earth.
When the charged particles move in a combined S5. (b) The susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance
magnetic and electric field, then the force acting is decreases with the rise of temperature in a
known as Lorentz force. complicated manner. After Curies point the
S6. (c) Tesla susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance varies
The SI unit of the magnetic field is Tesla. inversely with its absolute temperature.
S7. (b) the magnetic moment of a current I carrying a Ferromagnetic substance obeys Curies law only
circular coil of radius r and number of turns N varies above its curie point.
as r2.
S8. (d) F = -evB sin 180° = 0 (i.e 0= 0°or 180° in both cases F VERY SHORT ANSWER
= 0). The electron will continue to move with QUESTIONS
uniform velocity or will go undeflected along the S1. Charge particle moves inclined to the magnetic
axis of the solenoid. field. When there is an angle between velocity of
charged particle and magnetic field, then the
S9. (b) A current carrying closed loop of any shape when
vertical component of velocity (v sin θ) will rotate
placed in a uniform magnetic field does not
the charge particle on circular path, but horizontal
experience any force.
component (v cos θ) will move the charged particle
S10. (d) In non- uniform magnetic field current loop in straight line. Hence path of the charge particle
experiences an unequal opposite force which forms becomes helical.
torque.
S2. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within
the core of a toroid because toroid has no ends. A
ASSERTION AND REASONING
solenoid is open ended and the field lines inside it
S1. (c) Galvanometer to ammeter conversion takes place which are parallel to the length of the solenoid,
by connecting a low value resistance known as cannot form closed curves inside the solenoid.
shunt in parallel with it. The assertion is true. S3. Magnetic field is parallel or antiparallel to velocity of
When two resistors are connected in parallel then electron i.e., angle between v and B is 0° or 180°.
the effective resistance becomes lowers. Hence the S4. By Fleming’s left hand rule magnetic field must be
reason in false. along negative z-axis.
S2. (d) It is quite clear that magnetic poles always exist in S5. An ammeter is connected in series with the circuit
pairs. Since, one can imagine magnetic field to read the current. If it had large resistance, it will
configuration with three poles. When north poles or change the current in circuit which it has to measure
south poles of two magnets are glued together. correctly; hence ammeter reading will have
They provide a three-pole field configuration. It is significant error; so for correct reading an ammeter
also known that a bar magnet does not exert a should have a very low resistance.
torque on itself due to own its field.
S3. (c) In an atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
and as such the circular orbits of electrons may be
considered as the small current loops. In addition to S1. ⃗ = 2 × 10–6 (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ × 4𝑘̂) × (3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) =
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵
orbital motion, an electron has got spin motion also. 2 × 10 [–6𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂] N
–6