MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

Magnetic field produced by electric current

When current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced in the region surrounding the
conductor.
It is first observed by Prof. H.C.Oersted, he demonstrated it by keeping a magnetic needle above a
conductor. The deflection in the needle was observed when current passed through it. The direction in
which deflection produced is given by Ampere’s swimming rule.

Right hand clasp rule (Right hand thumb rule)

The direction of the magnetic field around the straight conductor carrying current is found using right hand
thumb rule.
Statement: If a straight current carrying conductor is imagined to be held in the right hand such that the
thumb pointing in the direction of current, then curled fingers gives the direction of the magnetic field.

Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field (J-14, J-16, M-19)

Consider a charge q moving with a velocity v in a magnetic field of strength B.
The force experienced by this moving charge is given by F = qvB sinθ
or F  q(v x B)
where θ  is the angle between the velocity of moving charge and the direction of magnetic field.

Case (i): The force is maximum, when θ = 90° Fmax = qvB

Case (ii): The force is minimum, when θ = 0o or θ = 180° Fmin = 0 (M-22)

Definition of magnetic field B: The strength of the magnetic field is defined as the force experienced by a
moving charge of unit magnitude with unit velocity in a perpendicular magnetic field.
Units of magnetic field ( ⃗ )
1. In C.G.S. system, unit of magnetic field strength is gauss (G).
2. In SI, unit of magnetic field strength is tesla (T).
Note: 1 gauss(G) = 10-4 T

Define1tesla: The force experienced by a moving charge of 1C with a velocity of 1ms-1 in a perpendicular
magnetic field is said to be 1tesla (T).
Note: Consider the magnetic force, F  q(v x B) the direction of this force is perpendicular to both and

⃗ . Thus, angle between the force and the displacement of the charge is 900.
Hence, work done by the magnetic force on the charge is given by zero. i.e. W = . = F S cos 900 = 0.

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Force on a current carrying conductor:
Consider a rod of a uniform cross-sectional area A and length l.
The number of charge carriers /volume = n
The number of charge carriers N = n(volume)
N = n (Al)
The total charge, q = Ne = n (Al)e
I  steady current
vd  be the drift velocity of the charge
B  external magnetic field
θ  is the angle between length of the conductor and direction of magnetic field
The force on these charges is F = qvB sin 
F = (nAl)e vd B sin  [ I = nAevd]
F = I l B sinθ

In vector form F  I( x B)

Case (i): The force experienced by the current carrying conductor is maximum when it is placed
perpendicular to the magnetic field i.e., θ = 90° Fmax = B I l
Case (ii): The force experienced will be zero when the conductor is placed parallel or anti parallel to the
direction of magnetic field. Fmin = 0.

Fleming’s left hand rule:

Stretch the left hand such that the fore finger, the central finger and the thumb are mutually perpendicular to
each other. When fore-finger points in the direction of magnetic field and central finger points in the
direction of current (moving charge), then the thumb gives the direction of the force acting on the conductor.
Moving charge in a magnetic field
Case I. A moving charged particle does not experience any force (F = 0) if its motion is parallel (   0o ) or
anti -parallel (   180o ) to the magnetic field. And the path of the charged particle is straight line

Case II. When charged particle moves at right angle to the magnetic field.(5 mark)
A charge moving perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field experiences a force so that it undergoes
uniform circular motion.
(i) Radius of circular path: For a charge of q moving in a magnetic field of strength B, in a circular path of
radius r with a linear speed v, having mass m, the centripetal force is provided by the magnetic force.
Hence, FCPF  FMAGNETIC

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 mv 2
 qBv
r
mv
r
qB

rαv (Radius directly proportional to velocity)

(ii) Time period (T): The time period of revolution of the charge in a circular
2r
path is given by T
v
2m
T
qB
Time period is constant

qB
(iii) Frequency (f): The frequency of revolution of the charge in a circular path is given by  
2m
qB
(iv)Angular frequency,  = 2 = 2 ( )
2 m

qB
= This angular frequency is called gyro frequency.
m

CaseIII: When the charged particle moves at an angle to the magnetic field (other than 00, 900 and 1800)
When a moving charge enters a magnetic field with a velocity v, at an angle other than 0o 180o or 90o, it
undergoes a helical path.
 Pitch: The linear distance travelled by the charged particle
in one rotation is called pitch of the helix i.e. pitch of the helix,
p  vcosθ T
2 m
p  vcosθ
qB

2πmv
p cosθ
qB

Lorentz force: (J-17)

When a charged particle having charge q moves in a region, where both electric field ⃗ and magnetic
field ⃗ exist, it experiences a net force called Lorentz force ( ).
i.e. Lorentz force, = force on charge due to electric field + Force on charge due to magnetic field
F  FE  FM
 
F  qE  q v  B

F  q  E   v  B 
 

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Biot –Savart’s law (Laplace’s law)
Laplace’s law is used to determine the strength of the magnetic field at a
point near a current carrying conductor.

Laplace’s law states that the magnetic field dB at a point P due to a current
element is directly proportional to the
i) strength of the current (I)
ii) length of the element, (dl)
iii) sine of the angle between the element and the line joining the point to the element, (sin) and
iv) inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the point and the current element, (r2)

Consider a conductor
XY  conductor length
I  current through the conductor
P  be a point at a distance r from the conductor.
Idl sin 
From Biot-savarts law dB 
r2
μ0 Idlsinθ
dB =
4π r 2

0
where is constant of proportionality,  o =4  x 10-7 Hm-1 is called permeability of free space.
4
Magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current:
(M-14, M-15, M-17, M-18, M-19)
Consider a circular coil of n turns
r  radius
I  current through the coil
AB
P  point on the axis of a coil at a distance ‘x’ from the dBcosα M
a
centre of the coil O r α
Step I: Consider a pair of diametrically opposite elements α dBsinα
I O x P dBsinα
AB and CD of length dl.
The magnetic field at P due to the element AB is given by dBcosα N
   IdlSin     Idl CD
dB =  o  =  o 2 along PM ( θ = 90°)
 4  a  4  a
2

The field at P due to the element CD is given by

   Idl
dB =  o  2 along PN
 4  a

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Step II: Resolve dB into dB cos α along y axis and dB Sin α along x axis.
The components along y- axis cancel each other and the components along x-axis add up.

Hence the field at P due to elements AB and CD = 2 dB Sin α along OP

Step III: The magnetic field at P due to one turn of coil B =  2dBsin α
   Idl
=  2  o  2 sin α where sin α = r / a
 4  a
   Ir
= 2  o  3  dl
 4  a
   2 Ir  circumference 
=  o  3 r   dl   r 
 4  a  2 

   2Ir
2
Resultant field, B =  o  3
 4  a

   2nIr
2
For n turns of coil, B=  o 
 4  a
3

From figure a2 = r2 + x2 2
 a = (r + x )
2 1/2 3 2
 a = (r +x )
2 3/2

   2nIr
2
 B=  o  2 along the axis OP
 4  (r  x )
2 3/ 2

Direction of B : If the current flow in clockwise direction then the direction of magnetic field is along the
axis and away from the observer, it is towards the observer when the current flows in the anticlockwise
direction.

Magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying circular coil:

From the equation of magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current

   2nIr
2
B=  o  2
 4  (r  x )
2 3/ 2

   2nIr 2
At the centre x=0, hence B=  o 
 4  r
3

o nI
B
2r

Ampere’s circuital law: (M-15, J-14)

The line integral of magnetic field B around any closed path in air is equal to μ o times the total current
enclosed by the path
According to Ampere circuital law  B.dl = μ I
o net

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where  B.dl  is line integral of magnetic field B around any closed path

I net  is the net current enclosed by the path.

Applications of Ampere’s circuital law

(i) Magnetic field due to straight current carrying conductor

(J-15, M-18)
Consider an infinitely long straight conductor.
I
I  current through the conductor B
r dl
P  point at a distance r from the conductor O P
r  radius of circular loop
dl  the small element chosen

The magnetic field B act on the same direction

Hence from Ampere’s circuital law  B.dl = μ I o

 Bdl cos 0 = μ I
o
o

B  dl = μ o I
B (2πr)= μ o I
μoI
B=
2πr

The solenoid
Solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a helix with the closely
spaced turns insulated from each other. Its length is very large
compared to its radius.
 Inside the solenoid the magnetic field is uniform and parallel
to the solenoid axis.
 Outside the solenoid the magnetic field is very small and assumed to be zero.

To determine the magnetic field inside the solenoid

Consider a solenoid
I  the current flowing in the solenoid
n  the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid., a
abcda  rectangular closed loop is chosen as shown.
StepI: The line integral of B over a closed path is given by
b c d a

 B. dl =  B.dl   B.dl   B.dl   B.dl

a b c d

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 c a

 B.dl   B.dl  0
b d
( the anglebetween B and dl is 90o )

c
and  B.dl  0
d
( the magnetic field outsidethe solenoid is 0)

b
Hence  B.dl  B l .....................(1)
a

Step II: According to ampere’s circuital law,

 B.dl =  0  net current enclosed by loop ABCD.

 B.dl =  0  number of turns in the loop ABCD  I

 B.dl =  0nlI………………. (2)

from (1) and (2), we have
Step III: Bl  o I enc
Bl  o  nIl 
B = μo n I

where n = N/L where N is the number of turns in the length of the solenoid L.

The toroid (M-16)

A solenoid in the form of a ring is called toroid.

B  μ o nI expression for the magnetic field due to a toroid

Force between two parallel conductors carrying currents

When two parallel current carrying conductors are close together they exert force on one another. If the
direction of currents is same there exists a force of attraction between the two. If currents are in opposite
directions, the conductors repel each other.
Expression for Force between two parallel conductors carrying currents and hence define
1ampere. (J-15, M-16, J-16, J-17, J-18, M-19, M-20)
a b
Consider two infinitely long parallel conductors carrying current I1 & I2 respectively in
the same direction as shown. Let‘d’ be the distance of separation of two conductors.
The magnetic field at any point P on the conductor b due to current I1 in conductor a is
Ba
 I F
Ba = o 1 into the plane of paper P
2 d
Due to this magnetic field, the conductor b experiences a force which given by d
Fb = Ba I2 l
I1 I2

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  I 
=  o 1  I 2 l
 2 d 

  I I l
or Fb =  o  1 2
 2  d
is the expression for force experienced by the conductor b towards a.

Note: 1) Fb = –Fa forces are mutual.

2) Parallel currents attract, and antiparallel currents repel. (M-14, J-14)

Definition of ampere
  I I l
From F =  o  1 2
 2  d
4 x 10 7
When I1 = I2 = 1A, d = 1 m, when the conductors are in vacuum, Fl = = 2 x 10-7 N/m
2
1ampere: is defined as that steady current which when flows through two infinitely long straight conductors
separated by a distance of 1m in air or vacuum experiences a force of 2 x 10 -7 N per meter length of each
conductor.

Torque on a rectangular Current Loop in a magnetic field (M-22)

Consider a rectangular loop ABCD placed in an external magnetic field of strength B.
a and b  length and breadth respectively
I  current flowing through the coil
A conductor of length l experiences a force of
F = BIl sinθ in an external magnetic field B.
When the plane of the loop is in the direction of the magnetic field:
The forces on the sides BC and AD are FBC = FAD = 0
The forces on the sides AB and DC are given by
FAB = BIl sin 90o = BIl into the plane of the paper
FCD = BIl sin 90o = BIl out of the plane of paper
The two forces FAB and FCD constitute couple. Hence the loop rotates. The rotating effect of the loop is
measured by torque.
Torque on the loop, τ = one of the forces x arm of the couple
τ = F x b = BIl x b
τ = B I A where A is area of the loop
For n turns of wire in the loop, τ = nBIA

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When the area vector (normal to the plane of the loop) makes an angle with B:
When the area vector (normal to the plane of the loop) makes an angle θ with B. The
force on the two sides of the loop FAB and FCD constitute couple. F
arm of couple
Torque on the loop, τ = one of the forces x arm of the couple
= F x bsinθ [ from the diagram, sinθ = arm of couple / b] b B
θ θ
= BIl x b sinθ n
= B I A sinθ where A is area of the loop F
For n turns of wire in the loop, τ = nBIAsinθ

Note: Torque is minimum when θ = 0° when the plane of loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field and it
is maximum when the plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field.

Magnetic dipole moment (magnetic moment) m :

The product of current I flowing through the loop and the area enclosed A by the loop is termed as magnetic
moment. M  IA
Its SI unit is magnetic moment A-m2
It is always directed towards normal to the current loop.
Hence torque on the current loop is given by τ = MBsinθ
Where, M = nBA for a loop of n turns.

Magnetic orbital dipole moment of a revolving electro (atom as a magnetic dipole):

 e 
Note: In vector notation, l    L
 2me 

l e
Note: From eqn.(2)  gyro magnetic constant.
L 2me

Note: According to Bohr’s quantization law, angular momentum of electrons is given by

h
L= n , where n=1,2,3……..and h is Planck’s constant.
2
Then eqn. (2) becomes e nh  eh 
l   n
2me 2  4 m 

if n = 1, then l (minimum)=  eh  , which is Bohr magneton. It is also denoted by  B .

 4 m 

Bohr magneton: can be defined as the orbital magnetic moment of an electron circulating in the innermost
 eh 
orbit of the atom. B = 
i.e.  4 m 

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Moving coil galvanometer
Moving coil galvanometer is a device used to detect and measure very low currents.
Principle: A current carrying loop experiences a torque in a uniform magnetic field.
Description:
It consists of a rectangular coil having n turns of copper wire wound on a
nonmagnetic frame. A cylindrical piece of soft iron is placed inside the
coil without touching it. This intensifies the magnetic field. The whole
set up is placed between two concave magnets which makes the
magnetic field radial. The coil is connected to a fine hair spring, to
which a pointer is pivoted. The pointer is free to move over the scale.
Theory
I  current through the coil it deflects in the magnetic field.
The deflecting torque acting on the coil is given by, τd = nBIA
B  the magnetic field A  area of the coil.
When the coil deflects, the hair spring exerts a restoring torque which tries to bring the coil to its original
position.
Restoring torque, τd = k θ where K  is the couple per unit twist.
Hence at equilibrium, deflecting torque = restoring torque
nBIA = k θ
 k 
I 
 nBA 

I 

i.e., the current is directly proportional to the deflection of coil.

Sensitivity of a galvanometer:
A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if a small current flowing through the coil of galvanometer produces a
large deflection in it.
I. Current sensitivity (J-18)
The current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer per unit
current flowing through it.
  ( NAB) NAB
i.e. current sensitivity =  i.e. current sensitivity =
I k k
SI unit of current sensitivity is div/A

II. Voltage sensitivity: Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the
galvanometer per unit voltage applied to it.

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   NAB
i.e. voltage sensitivity =  i.e. voltage sensitivity =
V IR kR
SI unit of voltage sensitivity is div/volt

Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter with the help of shunt: (M-15)

The introduction of ammeter should not alter the current to be measured in the circuit. The resistance of
ammeter should be low. To decrease the effective resistance of the Galvanometer, a low resistance called
shunt resistance ‘S’ is connected in parallel with the Galvanometer.
This modified version of the Galvanometer is called ammeter. The value of ‘S’ to be connected
across the Galvanometer depends on the current to be measured. If I is the current to be measured and Ig is
the current for which the Galvanometer gives full scale deflection, then
IS
Ig 
GS
I g G  S   I S
Ig G
S
I  Ig

Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter: (M-17, J-17)

A Galvanometer as it is cannot be used as a voltmeter since the resistance of the galvanometer is low. To
increase the effective resistance of the Galvanometer, a high resistance R is connected in series with the
Galvanometer. The value of R to be connected in series with the galvanometer depends on the p.d to be
measured. If V is the p.d. to be measured then.
V = Ig (G +R)

G+R=

R= –G Where Ig  is the current through galvanometer for full scale deflection.

Galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance

Note: The resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero

The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinity.
 The two reasons to show that, ‘the galvanometer as such can not be used as an
ammeter’.(M-22)
The high resistance of Galvanometer can disturb the original current flowing through the coil
The high current present in the circuit can destroy the coil windings present in the galvanometer

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 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
Problems on force on a charge and current carrying conductor

1. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire carrying a current of 8 A and
making an angle of 30º with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T?
[NCERT] Ans: 0.6 N m-1
2. A 3.0 cm wire carrying a current of 10 A is placed inside a solenoid perpendicular to its axis. The
magnetic field inside the solenoid is given to be 0.27 T. What is the magnetic force on the wire?
[NCERT] Ans: 8.1 × 10-2 N; direction of force given by Fleming’s left-hand rule
3. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at a certain place is 3.0 ×10-5 T and the
direction of the field is from the geographic south to the geographic north. A very long straight
conductor is carrying a steady current of 1A. What is the force per unit length on it when it is placed
on a horizontal table and the direction of the current is (a) east to west; (b) south to north?
[NCERT] Ans: a) 3 × 10-5 N m-1 downwards b) zero
4. A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.45 m and mass 60 g is suspended by two vertical
wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod through the wires. (a) What magnetic field
should be set up normal to the conductor in order that the tension in the wires is zero? (b) What will
be the total tension in the wires if the direction of current is reversed keeping the magnetic field same
as before? (Ignore the mass of the wires.) g = 9.8 m s-2. [NCERT]
Ans: (a) A horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.26 T normal to the conductor in such a direction
that Fleming’s left-hand rule gives a magnetic force upward. (b) 1.176 N.

5. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of 2 A. It is suspended in mid-air by
a uniform horizontal magnetic field B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
[NCERT] Ans: 0.65T

6. A uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T exists in a cylindrical region of radius10.0 cm, its direction parallel
to the axis along east to west. A wire carrying current of 7.0 A in the north to south direction passes
through this region. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the wire if,
(a) the wire intersects the axis,
(b) the wire is turned from N-S to northeast-northwest direction,
Ans: (a) 2.1 N vertically downwards
(b) 2.1 N vertically downwards

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Problems on moving charge in a magnetic field

7. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 × 10-31 kg and charge 1.6 × 10-19 C) moving at
a speed of 3 ×107 m/s in a magnetic field of 6 × 10-4 T perpendicular to it? What is its frequency?
Calculate its energy in keV. ( 1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19 J). [NCERT] Ans: 2 MHz, 2.5 keV

8. An electron emitted by a heated cathode and accelerated through a potential difference of 2.0 kV,
enters a region with uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. Determine the trajectory of the electron if the
field (a) is transverse to its initial velocity, (b) makes an angle of 30º with the initial velocity.
[NCERT] Ans: (a) Circular trajectory of radius 1.0 mm normal to B.
(b) Helical trajectory of radius 0.5 mm with velocity component 2.3 × 107 ms-1 along B.

9. In a chamber, a uniform magnetic field of 6.5 G (1 G = 10-4 T) is maintained. An electron is shot into
the field with a speed of 4.8 × 106 m s-1 normal to the field. Explain why the path of the electron is a
circle. Determine the radius of the circular orbit. Obtain the frequency of revolution of the electron in
its circular orbit. Does the answer depend on the speed of the electron? Explain. (e = 1.6 × 10–19 C,
me = 9.1×10-31 kg) [NCERT] Ans: 4.2 cm

Problems on Biot –Savart’s law (B due to circular current coil)

10. A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns, each of radius 8.0 cm carries a current of 0.40 A.
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B at the centre of the coil? [NCERT] Ans: 3.1 × 10-4 T

11. Consider a tightly wound 100 turn coil of radius 10 cm, carrying a current of 1 A. What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of the coil? [NCERT] Ans: 6.28 × 10-4 T

12. Two concentric circular coils X and Y of radii 16 cm and 10 cm, respectively, lie in the same vertical
plane containing the north to south direction. Coil X has 20 turns and carries a current of 16 A; coil Y
has 25 turns and carries a current of 18 A. The sense of the current in X is anticlockwise, and
clockwise in Y, for an observer looking at the coils facing west. Give the magnitude and direction of the
net magnetic field due to the coils at their centre. [NCERT] Ans: 1.6 × 10-3 T towards west

13. A wire of length 0.26 m is bent to form a circular loop. If 2A of current is flowing through this loop,
calculate the magnetic field due to this loop at a point P, which is at a distance of 0.15m from its centre
on its axis. [March-2018]

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14. A circuit copper coil of mean radius 6.284 cm has 20 turns. If a current of 2A is passed through
this coil, find the magnitude of the magnetic field at its centre. Also find the magnetic dipole moment
of this current coil. [March 2022] Ans: B=4 X10-4 T and M=0.49 Am2

15. The magnetic fields at two points on the axis of a circular coil at a distance of 0.05m and 0.2m from
the centers are in the ratio 8:1. Find the radius of the coil.

16. A and B are two identical coils, of diameter 0.134m having 10 turns each. They are placed
concentrically with their planes at right angles to each other. A current of 1A flows through each coil.
Calculate the resultant magnetic field at their common centre.

Problems on B due to solenoid, toroid and straight conductor

17. A long straight wire carries a current of 35 A. What is the magnitude of the field B at a point 20 cm
from the wire? [NCERT] Ans: 3.5 × 10-5 T

18. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in north to south direction.
Give the magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5 m east of the wire.
[NCERT] Ans: 4 × 10-6 T, vertical up
19. A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of 90 A in east to west direction. What is the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to the current 1.5 m below the line?
[NCERT] Ans: 1.2 × 10-5 T, towards south
20. A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1 cm and is made up of 500 turns. It carries a current of 5
A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid? [NCERT] Ans: 6.28 × 10-3 T

21. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of
the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A, estimate the magnitude of B inside the solenoid
near its centre. [NCERT] Ans: 2.5 × 10-2 T
22. A solenoid 60 cm long and of radius 4.0 cm has 3 layers of windings of 300 turns each. A 2.0 cm
long wire of mass 2.5 g lies inside the solenoid (near its centre) normal to its axis; both the wire and
the axis of the solenoid are in the horizontal plane. The wire is connected through two leads parallel to
the axis of the solenoid to an external battery which supplies a current of 6.0 A in the wire. What value
of current (with appropriate sense of circulation) in the windings of the solenoid can support the
weight of the wire? g = 9.8 m s-2. [NCERT] Ans: 108 A
Problems on two parallel conductors carrying current
23. Two long and parallel straight wires A and B carrying currents of 8.0 A and 5.0 A in the same
direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm. Estimate the force on a 10 cm section of wire A.
[NCERT] Ans: 2 × 10-5 N; attractive force normal to A towards B

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