ASSIGNMENTOFPRESENTATIONSKILLS

SUBMITTEDBY:HARSITA,MUSKANANDAPEKSHA SUBMITTED

TO: DR. SAVITA MALIK MAM

TOPICCOVEREDBY

❖ INTRODUCTION
❖ MEANING
❖ DEFINITION
❖ PROCESSOFPRESENTATIONSKILLS
❖ PRINCIPLESOFPRESENTATIONSKILLS
❖ FORMS/TYPESOFPRESENTATIONSKILLS
❖ PRESENTATIONTHATDEEPLYINVOLVESTHEAUDIENCE
❖ THEPRESENTATIONTHATCREATESEXCITEMENT
❖ PERSUASIVEPRESENTATION
 INTRODUCTIONOFPRESENTATIONSKIL
LS

Presentation Skills Was Discovered By SIGMUNDFREUD

For His Work On Personality Development And The Psychoanalytic
Theory Of Personality.

Freud’sTheoryStatesThatPersonalityIsMadeUpofThreeParts:

• The Id
• The Ego
• The Superego

WhichControlsTheirOwnPartsOfThePsyche.

PRESENTATION:REFERSTOSETOFSKILLSTHATAPERSON REQUIRED
TO EXPRESS HIS VIEWS, OPINIONS OR JUDGMENT.

Presentation Are Ideas, Concepts Or Issues That Are Talked About Or Shared With A Group
Of Person Or An Audience.

Growing needs of the organization or institutions is the necessity of sharing ideas,

thought,concepts,orissues.The mostimportantaspecttospeak,totalk,andexpressordeliver that
particular message to the audience. The need or purpose of presentation is to either persuade
or providing information through a vocal medium.

Mainly:presentationisgetyourmessageunderstoodandremembered.

PRESENTATIONSKILLS

DEVELOPINGPRESENTATIONSKILLSCANHELPYOU
BECOME A MORE CONFIDENT AND ARTICULATE
PERSONWHOCANMAKEAPOSITIVEIMPACT.
 PRESENTATIONSKILLSareasetofabilitiesthathelp you
communicate your ideas ,toanaudienceclear ,
engaging , and persuasuassive way.

ACCORDINGTOMALCOMGOODALE,”TheActOf
Making Something Publicly Available , Presenting Ideas
OrOtherInformationByBoardCastingOrPrintingIt,Is
Called PRESENTATION.”

PROCESSOFPRESENTATIONSKILLS
PLANNING:
➢ TOCOVER THESCHEDULE
➢ THENUMBEROF PARTICIPANTS
➢ OBJECTIVES
➢ TOPICS
➢ AMOUNTOFTIMEREQUIRED PER TOPIC
➢ TIMEOFPRACTICEANDDELIVERY
➢ MATERIALSNEEDEDETC.WITHOUTANYPLANS,YOU HAVE
NOWHERE TO GO.

PREPARATION:PREPARATIONINCLUDESKNOWINGYOURAUDIENCEANDHOW TO
EFFEC\

TIVELYINTERACTWITHTHEM.ANSWERINGQUESTIONSLIKE:

➢ “WHOAREMYAUDIENCES?”
➢ “WHATINTERESTSTHEM?”
➢ “WHATDOTHEYWANTTOLEARNINTHEPRESENTATION?”

Findastrategythatwillhelpthemretainthematerialsofdiscussion. usevisualsaids,striking
statements, and group activities.

PRACTICE:
practicingismorethanreadingoutthescriptanumberoftimes.Itshouldbefocusedandstructured. Before
facing your audience, make sure you rehearse your voice, hand gestures, postures, facial expressions,
body movements and timing. Practice in front of a mirror or a camera at home, in the office, alone or
with friends.

Performance:presentationisnotajustaboutclickingforthenext slide &

recitation.

Allyouhavepracticedwillbeactualized

Eye contact
Face and body projection etc.
 Power pace&pitch pause pronunciation

Passion:genuinepassionpropelsyoutobecomeeffectiveinwhatyou do,
in this case, your presentation. It drives you to exert the best effort from
planning up to the presentation.

Principlesofpresentationskills

Therearefiveprinciplesforpowerfulpresentations.Remembertheword SCORE.Justlike in
football you want to SCORE when you give a presentation:

SIMPLE:Themoreyousay,thelesstheyremember,sokeepitshort,simpleandtothe point.

CLEAR:Yourobjectivesandkeymessagesshouldbeobvioustoeverybody—including you.

ORIGINAL:Makeyourpresentationstandout,andpeoplewillrememberitforlonger.

RELATED:Thinkaboutyouraudienceandrelateeverythingbacktothem.Thinkofitas the
audience’s presentation. Make it relevant and useful for your audience.

ENJOYABLE:Iftheaudienceenjoysyourtalk,theywillpaymoreattention,remember more
and take action.
Themagichappenswhenyou applythesefiveprinciplestoeachofthethreekeyartsof presenting. The
three arts are:

• Yourmessage:whatyousay
• Yourdelivery:howyousayit
• Yourvisuals:whatyoushowwhenyousayit

Eachofthese(Message,VisualsandDelivery)canandshouldmeetthefiveprinciplesso that your

presentations will be Simple, Clear, Original, Related and Enjoyable from any perspective.

Bryan’s feedback was that he felt far more confident after sticking to a framework. He is
nowregularlydeliveringgreatpresentationswithgreatconfidence,drawingonhistoolbox which
gives him consistency.

FORMS/TYPESOFPRESENTATIONSKILLS
Presentationsshouldbeasuniqueasyourbusinessandtheinformationyou’retryingto
present. However, there are certain types of presentations that are common across
industries and teams.

For example, let’s say a company wants to improve engagement on their social media
channels.Therearemanywaystheymightachievetheirgoal,includinghostinggiveaways,
dedicating more resources to creating Facebook posts or Instagram stories.
1. InformativePresentations
An informative presentation is educational, concise, and to the point. While other
presentationsmayentertainorinspire,themaingoalofaninformativepresentationisto share
information.

Agoodexampleofaninformativepresentationisahumanresourcesbenefitspresentation. Human
resources needs to explain what benefits employees receive, how benefits work, which
important dates employees need to remember, where employees can find more information,
and so on.

2. InstructivePresentations
Apresentationthatteachessomethingissimilartoaninformativepresentation,butitgoes beyond
sharing facts. It also instructs the audience on a specific topic. People attend or view an
instructive presentation with the intention to learn, and they leave with a better
understanding of the topic of the presentation.

Therearemanyexamplesofinstructivepresentations.Workshops,trainingsessions,or
webinars teach audiences a new skill or procedure by offering specific information or
instructions. Explaining new policies to a company is another type of instructive
presentation. For example, an HR benefits presentation for new employees may be
informative, but about policy changes might lean more towards instructive, especially if
employees have to take action or need to ask questions.

3. PersuasivePresentations
Many presentations hope to sell something or persuade the audience to take certain
actions.Persuasivepresentationsoftenpresentaproblemandexplaintheirsolutionusing data.
Examples of persuasive presentations include business pitches or sales proposals.

Forexample,astartupcompanylookingforinitialfundingmayneed toconvinceinvestors to back

their idea. A startup pitch deck would explain a problem in the market, how their startup
will solve that problem, and how they’ll monetize their business. A Series A
presentationcanhelpa startupsecuremoreroundsoffundingtogrowtheircompanyand pursue
further goals.

4. MotivationalPresentations
Motivational presentations in the business world may not be as dramatic or life-changing as
a TEDTalk, but they still aim to generate interest or gain an audience’s approval. Agood
exampleof amotivationalpresentation. Itmaypresent theinformationof acompany —how it
wasfounded, whoisleadingit, whatthecompanydoes —butmoreimportantly,ittellsthe
company’s story.

5. Decision-makingPresentations
A presentation that shares a problem, solution options, and their outcomes can help
speed along the process. Decision making presentations might be found in business
meetings,governmentmeetings,orall-handsmeetings.andresearchingtheiraudience
orcompetitorstoseehowtheycanimprove.Amarketingcampaignplantemplate fora
presentation would keep details of the problem, different options, and possible
outcomes organized in one place. It would inform and guide everyone involved in the
meeting, helping them make informed decisions on how to move forward.

6. ProgressPresentations
Imagine our hypothetical company decided on a marketing strategy to meet their goals.
Now that they have a campaign in place, they need to report on the progress of said
campaign.Thissixthpresentationtypesharesstatusupdates,progresstowardsdeadlines,
collected data so far, any obstacles popping up, and tasks that need to be added or
adjusted.

A team stand up presentation is a great example of this type of presentation. Team stand
uppresentationsusuallyincludeanagenda,talkingpoints,deliverableupdates,discussion
topics, and timeforquestions at theend. This presentationkeeps everyoneorganizedand
focused, ensuring that everyone is still on the same page and working towards the same
end goal.
 PresentationSkillsvs.PublicSpeakingDifference
WhatisaPresentationSkill?
Isdefinedaswhenapieceofvaluableinformationissharedwithdatatoanaudience.Itrepresentshow
beautifullyyoucanrepresentaspecifictopicalongwithaspeechinfrontofacrowd.Anindividual
needstodevelopqualitiestopresentthedataanddiscusstheinformationsothattheaudiencewilllisten
tothemwithundividedattention.Somepeoplehavetoimprovetheirskillswhileothersmayhave natural
presentation skills.

WhatisPublicSpeaking?
Ontheotherhand,publicspeakingisdefinedastheskilltospeakinfrontofalargecrowd.Inpublic
speaking,youcanshareyourlifeexperiencestoeducatethecrowdaboutcertainsituations.You
entertainthemwithyourbodylanguageandfacialexpressions.Youperforminawaysothatthemass
enjoyshearingyouandpaysattentiontoyoureveryword.

SixMajorDifferencesBetweenPublicSpeakingandPresentationSkills
Let uslookatthe sixmajor differences betweenpublicspeakingandpresentationskills.

• SkillsRequired
Publicspeakingistheartoftransferringknowledgefromonepersontoanother.Itismostlyusedtomotivateandencouragethe
audience.Accordingtosome experts,presentthemselvesverballywithdifferent communicationstyles amongtheliveaudience and
entertain them. .

• PreparationTime

Publicspeakingisanartratherthanaskill.Theaudiencewouldexpectyoutodoagoodjobwhenyou
haveenoughtimeforpreparationbutagoodspeakercanresonatewiththeaudienceeveniftheyareput
onthespot!Publicspeakingmightbespontaneous.Inextempore,itisspontaneous.Thespeakerisgiven
atopicandafewminutesto prepare forthetopic.

• Creativity
Itcanbeformalorinformaldependingontheoccasionandtheplace.Thedeliverystyleisdifferentfor
everyindividual.Everyindividualhastheirweaknessesandstrengths.Everyspeakerhasauniquestyle
thatcannotbelearned.Moreover,thespeakerhasthefreedomtoformulatetheircommunicationstyle.

Thepresentationisformal.Ithastobedeliveredaccordingtoinstructionsandguidelines.Theyhaveto
followtheformatofapresentation.Moreover,theyhavealimitedscopetoaddtheircreativitytothe
presentation.

• ThePurposeoftheSpeaker
Debateisoneoftheformsofpublicspeakingwhereeveryparticipantspeakseitherinfavororagainst
thetopic.Mostformsofpublicspeakingworkinthismannerwherethepurposeofthespeakeristo
convincetheaudience withthe stanceofthe speaker.

Inapresentation,thetopicisexplainedindetailhighlightingeveryimportantpoint.Thepresenterhasno
particularstance.Theyprovideeveryinformationrelatedtothetopic.Thepurposeofthepresenteristo
educatein a detailed way.

• SizeandTypeofAudience
Inpublicspeaking,aspeakercanaddressacrowdrangingfromafewpeopletolargegatherings.An
interviewwheretwopeoplearetalkingandastandupcomedianareexamplesofpublicspeaking.The
typesofaudienceareunknownpeople.Thespeakerhasnotmetthemnordoesheknowtheaudience.

Apresentationispresentedinfrontofadefinedsetofpeoplewhoarelimitedinnumbers.Studentsina
classandamanagertalkingaboutprospects’businessideaswithaclientareexamplesofpresentation skills.

• FormatoftheCommunication
Publicspeakingisgivingaspeechinfrontofalargeaudience.Itinvolvesvarioustypesof
communicationskillsrangingfromgivingaspeechoradebatetomotivatingtheaudiencethrough
storytellingorTedTalks.Italsoinvolvespoetryrecitationtostand-upcomediestoentertainthelive
audience.However,technologyhasadvancedthesedays.Today,publicspeakingisdefinedasanyform
ofcommunicationbetweena speakerandtheaudience.

Apresentationinvolvesvisualandspokencommunicationintheformofaslideshoworanaudiovisual
slideshow.Here,thetopicisnotonlycommunicatedtotheaudiencebutissupportedwithtables,charts,
diagrams,images,andothers.Inthecaseofapresentation,thepresenterknowstheaudienceandis familiar with
them.

Engagetheaudience—gettheminterested,givethemareasontolisten.How?

• Describeasceneoracharacter.
• Tella story.
• Shareapersonalexperience.
• Relatetoarecentevent.
• Piggybackonapreviousspeaker’sremarkortheme.
• Pointoutsomethingimportantabouttheaudienceorthecurrentsetting.
• Showacompellingvisual image.
• Askaprovocativequestion.
• Stateafactthatistroubling,amusing,orremarkable.
• Spelloutwhat'satstakeforyourlisteners.
• Offerahumorousobservationoranecdote.
• Explainyourowninterestinthe topic.
• Telllistenerswhatthetopichastodowiththem.

Thepresentationthatcreatesexictement
1. Animations

Ditch the bullet points and create inspiring content that will engage your audiences. Using
animations will help you better illustrate your story and bring complex information to life.
Animationsareacreativepresentationideathatdirectstheaudience’sattentiontoexactlywhat you want
them to consume.

In Beautiful.ai, we give you the power to decide how your animations will build on each slide.
Youcontrolthespeed,theorder,andwhethertheybuildautomaticallyoradvancewithaclick. You can
create a custom timeline, which is a manual control of your animation build.

2. Videobubbles

Usingavideoinapresentationisn’tgroundbreaking.Butwhatwe’reseeingmoreofisvideo
bubbles— an addedelementtothecornerof thepresentationslide— thatgive your slides a
human element that might be missing otherwise.
If you're looking for creative ways to spice up your next presentation deck, consider using a
videobubbletoaddsomethingpersonaltoyourstory.Herearefivewaysyoucanincorporate this
feature into your Beautiful.ai presentation;

1. Introduceyourselfatthebeginningofthe presentation
2. Addcontexttomorecomplexdataorinformation
3. Narrateeachslideforaremotepresentation
4. Uploadcustomertestimonialsinanewway
5. Showsomethinginactionasananecdotetoinformationaltextordataontheslide

3. Infographics& charts

Weknowwhatyou’rethinking:infographicsandchartsareboring.Maybethat’struein PowerPoint, but

this is Beautiful.ai.

InBeautiful.aiyoucanthrowout therulebook forchartsandgraphs.Withpre-builttemplates you can

experiment with new, creative ways to layout your data and craft your story. We encourage you
to play around with different formats and see where it takes you.

Colorsareyourfriend,too.Theycanhelpyouconveythingswithinyourgraphsandcharts more
effectively, while adding a bit of style. We suggest using different colors to provide contrast
between data sets and force the eye to the most important metrics.

4. Engagingvisualassets

A no-brainer for a more creative presentation is incorporating strong visuals. You can play
aroundwithdifferentwaystoaddphotos,videos,gifs,andiconsthroughoutyourpresentationto keep
your audience interested. But let’s take it a step further and think outside the box. Instead of
defaultingtoasolidcolorbackgroundonyourslide, tryusing abackgroundimageinstead.Or rather
than using our stock image library, you might opt to use Beautiful.ai’s AI image generator to
create a visual asset unique to you and your story. The possibilities are endless with supporting
visuals, so it’s up to you to let your creativity shine.

5. Customfonts&colors

Thefontsandcolorsyouuseinyourpresentationsareawaytoshowsomepersonality.

Bydefault, presentersaremorelikelytosticktoasimplecolorpaletteintheirdeck. Butcolors can make

all the difference when it comes to creativity. Instead of settling for the obvious
primarycolors,tryusingacombinationof mutedandboldcolorsthatcomplement eachother.
Tweaking the colors— even slightly— can take your presentation from corporate to cool.

PERSUASIVEPRESENTATION
Theabilitytoclearlyandconvincinglypresentone’sideastoothersandtoconnect deeply, both
emotionally and thoughtfully, with an audience—is a highly valuable lifelong skill that promotes
deeper learning for both the presenter and the audience.

NATUREANDSCOPEOFPERSUASIVEPRESENTATION:-
Persuasionistypicallydefinedas“humancommunicationthatisdesignedtoinfluenceothersbymodifyin
g their beliefs, values, or attitudes” (Simons, 1976, p. 21). O'Keefe (1990) argued that there are
requirements for the sender, the means, and the recipient to consider something persuasive.

ExamplesOfPersuasivePresentations
Theimpactofpersuasivespeechestranscendsindustriesanddisciplines.In the
corporate world, persuasive speeches are the linchpin of success. Imagine you’re an
entrepreneurseekinginvestmentforyourstartup.Apersuasivepitchcansecurefunding that
transforms your vision into reality. In education, teachers and professors use persuasive
techniques to engage students and convey knowledge effectively. A compelling lecture
can ignite a passion for learning. Consider influential speeches by leaders like Martin
Luther King Jr. or Malala Yousafzai in advocacy and activism.

KeyFeaturesofPersuasiveSpeechTopicsfora
Compelling Presentation

CLEAROBJECTIVE
Persuasivespeakingisacriticalaspectofanyconvincingmessage.Everypersuasivespeech topic
should have a clear objective. Whether convincing investors to fund your project or persuading a
class to support your viewpoint, you must know what you want to achieve.
Additionally, a persuasive speech should always conclude with a strong call to action, guiding
youraudienceonwhattheyshouldtakeawayandwhatstepstofollow.Remember,interesting
persuasivespeechtopicscaptivateyouraudienceanddrivethemtoengagewithyour message,
making your speech more compelling and impactful.

AUDIENCE-CENTREDAPPROACH

To be persuasive, you must think from your audience’s perspective. Tailoring your message to
their interests, needs, and values will make your presentation more relatable and compelling.
Understandingyouraudience’sdemographics,beliefs,andmotivationswillallowyoutoconnect with
them deeper.

EMOTIONALENGAGEMENT
Human emotions are a powerfultool in persuasion. Effective speakersknowhowto connect
withtheiraudienceonanemotionallevel.Usingstorytellingtechniques,relatableanecdotes, and
examples can help engage your audience, making your message more memorable and
impactful.

CONVINCINGEVIDENCE
A good persuasive speech topicis only as strong as the evidence supporting it. Using
crediblesources,statistics,andreal-worldexamplescangreatlyenhancethepersuasivenessof your
message. When you back your claims with evidence, you build credibility and trust with your
audience.

ADDRESSINGOBJECTIONS
Tobetrulypersuasive,youmustanticipateandaddresscounterargumentsandobjections.Your
audience may have doubts or concerns; acknowledging these and providing compelling
responses will strengthen your case. It shows that you’ve thought critically about your message
and are willing to address concerns honestly.

HowToStartAPersuasive Presentation
The opening moments of your presentation are crucial for a value persuasive speech. They set
thetone,captureyouraudience’sattention,andmakethefirstimpression.Here, we’lldelveinto a
persuasive speech outline .
PersuasiveSpeechExamplesandTechniques

Begin your persuasive presentation outline with a captivating opener that intrigues your
audience.Youcanuseanecdotes,intriguingstatistics,arelevantquote,orevenarhetorical question.
We’ll provide examples and insights into using these techniques effectively.

RhetoricalQuestionsAnd Facts

Rhetoricalquestionsareanexcellent toolforengaging youraudiencefromthestart.Whenused

strategically, they can pique curiosity and invite reflection. Additionally, we’ll discuss how
startlingfactsandstatisticscangrabyouraudience’sattentionandmakeyourmessage memorable.

CompellingStories

Storytelling is a potent toolfor persuasion. Sharing a relatable story can make your message
morehuman,memorable,andemotionallyengaging.We’llprovidetipsoncraftingcompelling stories
that grab your audience’s attention and set the stage for your presentation.
StrongThesisStatement

Yourthesisstatementistheanchorofyourpresentation.Itclearlyarticulatesthecoremessage and
direction of your talk. Learn how to create a strong thesis statement that not only informs your
audience but also compels them to listen.

ExamplesOfPersuasionInEveryday Life
Advertising

Advertisingisamasterclassinpersuasion.We’lldissectsuccessfuladcampaignstorevealthe strategies
and techniques that make them so compelling.

Apple’s “Get aMac”Campaign:Apple’s iconic “Geta Mac” adcampaign,featuring Justin

Long as the personification of a Mac and John Hodgman as a PC, used humor and
personificationtopersuadeconsumers.ByportrayingtheMacascool,creative,andhassle-free while
depicting the PC as cumbersome and outdated, Apple effectively appealed to the emotions and
preferences of its target audience.

Nike’s“JustDoIt”Slogan: Nike’s“Just DoIt”sloganhasbecomeahallmark of effective

persuasion.Thesloganencouragesactionandpersonalempowerment, appealing topeople’s
desires for achievement and self-improvement. It’s a prime example of how a simple,
emotionally resonant message can inspire and persuade.
Coca-Cola’s “Share a Coke” Campaign: Coca-Cola’s “Share a Coke” campaign
personalized their products by replacing the brand name with individual names. This campaign
createdapersonalconnection,makingconsumersmorelikelytochooseandshareaCokewith a name
they recognized. The campaign used personalization and a sense of community to persuade
customers to engage with the brand.

Political Speeches

Politiciansareadeptatusingpersuasivetechniquestowinovervoters.We’llexamineiconic political
speeches to uncover the methods they employ.

Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” Speech:Dr. King’s famous speech
masterfully used rhetorical techniques such as repetition, vivid imagery, and powerful
metaphorstoconveyavisionof equalityandjustice.Itpersuadedmillionstojointhecivilrights
movement by appealing to their emotions and values.

WinstonChurchill’s“WeShallFightontheBeaches”Speech: DuringWorld War II,

Churchill’s speech rallied the British people to stand firm against Nazi aggression. His
persuasive power lay in his resolute tone, clarity of message, and emotional appeal to the
British people’s sense of duty and patriotism.

Barack Obama’s “Yes We Can” Slogan:Obama’s presidential campaign hinged on

thepersuasivepowerof theslogan“YesWeCan.”Thisphraseinspiredhope, unity,andabelief in the
possibility of positive change. It persuaded millions to support his campaign and participate in
the democratic process.
Online Marketing

Inthedigitalage,socialmediaandonlinemarketinghavebecomepotenttoolsforpersuasion.

Amazon’spersonalizedrecommendations:Amazon’sproductrecommendationsbased on
your browsing and purchase history exemplify persuasive techniques in e-commerce. By
tailoring product suggestions to your interests, Amazon increases the likelihood of making asale
through persuasive personalization.

YouTube’s “Skip Ad” feature:YouTube’s “Skip Ad” option before videos is a clever form
of persuasion. By giving viewers the choice to skip an ad, they feel a sense of control. Some
advertisersusethisshortwindowtocreatecompelling andconcisemessagesthat engageand
persuade viewers before they skip.

Influencer marketing on Instagram:Influencers leverage their credibility and rapport

with theirfollowers topromoteproductsand services. Their persuasive power comesfrom the
authenticityoftheirrecommendations.Whenaninfluencersharesapositiveexperiencewitha
product, it can be highly persuasive for their audience.
HandlingDifferentPersuasive Situations

In Negotiations

In negotiations, persuasion is essential for achieving favorable outcomes. To succeed, it’s

crucialtounderstandyourcounterpart,buildtrustbydemonstratingreliabilityandtransparency,
position your proposal in a way that highlights its benefits and aligns with the other party’s
interests, seek win-win solutions that benefit both parties and employ persuasive techniques to
manage deadlocks effectively.

InAcademicSettings

Inacademicsettings,deliveringpersuasivepresentationsisavaluableskill.Toexcel,ensure your
presentation has a clear structure with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Construct strong
arguments supported by relevant evidence, engage the audience from the start, use
persuasive language and rhetoric effectively, practice your delivery, and seek feedback for
improvement.

WithScepticalAudiences

Dealingwithskepticisminpersuasivepresentationsrequiresactivelisteningtotheaudience’s concerns,
providing compelling evidence and examples, acknowledging counterarguments, building trust by
emphasizing your expertise and the benefits of your proposal, and engaging emotions through
relatable stories and analogies.
Conclusion
Theart of persuasionisajourneyof continuouslearningandimprovement.Youcancontinueto
refineyourpersuasivepresentationskills,adapttodiversesituations,andmakealastingimpact with your
messages. Remember, you hold the key to inspire change, influence decisions, and make a
difference. As you embark on your persuasive journey, mental health is crucial, and remember
that the power to persuade is a remarkable tool for both personal and professional growth.

IMPORTANTQUESTIONS

1. Writeshort notesonthe following:-

a.) Good&bad presentations

b.) whymake presentation?

c.) presentationv/spublicspeaking.

d.) Advantagesofpresentations

e.) Presentationtypes

2. Whataretheprinciplesofpresentation&explainitstypes/formsof
presentation?

3. Whatispersuasivepresentation?&describethepresentationthat
creates excitement.

4. Asapresenter,howwouldyouproceedtomakeapersuasive
presentation? Explain.

5. “Thepresentationthatdeeplyinvolvesyouraudience”isatypeof
presentation. Discuss.
 PRESENTATION EVOKING
EMOTIONAL APPEAL

Emotional appeals refer to persuasive strategies that evoke strong feelings

in the audience to influence their attitudes or actions. These appeals aim to
connect with the audience on a personal level, often using storytelling, vivid
imagery, or relatable experiences to stir emotions such as empathy, fear,
joy, or anger. By tapping into these emotions, speakers can effectively
counter objections and enhance the impact of their arguments.
According to William Berhbach, “You can say the right thing about a
product and nobody will listen. You have got to say it in their gut. Because if
they do not feel it, nothing will happen.
Presenting the emotional side of your speech
can help for the acceptance by the audience.
No one can create emotion that does not
already exist within the collective hearts of
The audience.

HOW TO EVOKE EMOTIONAL

APPEAL?
1 Know your audience
The first step to evoke emotions in your audience is to know who they are,
what they care about, and what motivates them. You can use tools like buyer
personas, surveys, interviews, and social media listening to understand your
audience's demographics, psychographics, pain points, goals, and values.
This will help you tailor your marketing messages to their emotional needs
and preferences, and avoid triggering negative emotions or alienating them.

2 Choose the right emotion

The second step is to choose the right emotion for your marketing goal and
context. Different emotions can have different effects on your audience's
attention, interest, desire, and action. For example, happiness can boost
brand loyalty and word-of-mouth, fear can create urgency and demand,
anger can spark action and advocacy, and sadness can increase empathy and
donations. However, you should also consider the tone, intensity, and
appropriateness of the emotion you want to elicit, and avoid overdoing it or
being insensitive.

3 Use storytelling techniques

The third step is to use storytelling techniques to convey your
marketing message in a compelling and emotional way. Stories
can capture your audience's attention, imagination, and
emotions, and make them relate to your brand, product, or
cause. You can use elements like characters, conflicts, plots,
settings, and themes to craft stories that resonate with your
audience and illustrate your value proposition. You can also use
techniques like metaphors, analogies, anecdotes, and humor to
make your stories more vivid and engaging.
 4 Incorporate sensory cues
The fourth step is to incorporate sensory cues into your marketing materials
to enhance the emotional impact of your message. Sensory cues are
elements that appeal to your audience's senses, such as images, sounds,
colors, textures, smells, and tastes. They can help you create a more
immersive and memorable experience for your audience, and trigger
emotional associations and memories. You can use sensory cues to reinforce
your brand identity, highlight your product features, or create a mood or
atmosphere.

5 Use social proof

The fifth step is to use social proof to influence your audience's emotions
and behavior. Social proof is the phenomenon where people tend to follow
the actions or opinions of others, especially those they trust or admire. You
can use social proof to create a sense of belonging, credibility, validation, or
aspiration for your audience, and motivate them to take action. You can use
social proof sources like testimonials, reviews, ratings, endorsements, case
studies, or social media posts to showcase your satisfied customers, experts,
influencers, or celebrities.

6 Test and optimize

The final step is to test and optimize your marketing messages and materials
to ensure that they evoke the desired emotions in your audience. You can
use methods like A/B testing, feedback forms, analytics, or biometric tools to
measure the emotional response and performance of your marketing
campaigns. You can then use the data and insights to improve your
marketing strategy, content, design, and delivery, and achieve better results.
 ASSIGNMENT
ON
PRESENTATION THAT A SELLS A NEW IDEA

Submitted by : Muskan Roll no: 244119

Submitted to : Dr. Savita Malik

INTRODUCTION

A presentation's introduction is an important part that should capture the audience's

attention, establish the context for your work, and provide a brief outline of your
presentation. Here are some tips for writing a good presentation introduction:
Be Concise
Keep your introduction short and simple, and avoid unnecessary details.
State your name and topic
Make sure your audience knows who you are and what you're talking about from the
start.
Provide relevant background information
Share details about your education, work experience, or qualifications that are relevant
to your presentation.
Outline your presentation
Provide a brief overview of the topics and main points you'll be discussing.
Speak with confidence
Speak in a calm, clear, and confident manner.

DEFINATION
A presentation conveys information from a speaker to an audience. Presentations are
typically demonstrations, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade,
inspire, motivate, build goodwill, or present a new idea/product.

TYPES OF PRESENTATION

INFORMATIVE PRESENTATION:
An informative presentation is a type of presentation that shares information with an
audience to educate, explain, or inform them, without trying to persuade or sell them
anything. The goal of an informative presentation is to help the audience understand a
topic, issue, or technique.
Here are some characteristics of informative presentations.
Purpose
Informative presentations are designed to serve a specific purpose or function.
Content
Informative presentations can be analytical, or they can simply report facts. They can
include explanations, descriptions, reports, or demonstrations.
Audience
Informative presentations can be generic, but it's more effective to tailor the message to
the target audience.
Communication
Informative presentations should communicate information clearly and concisely.
Conclusion
The conclusion should summarize the important ideas and bring the presentation to a
smooth close.

INSTRUCTIVE PRESENTATION:
An instructional presentation, also known as an instructive presentation, is a
presentation that teaches an audience something new or provides instructions on a
specific topic. The goal of an instructional presentation is to help the audience learn and
understand the topic better.
Here are some characteristics of instructional presentations:
Technical and precise
Instructional presentations are often longer than other types of presentations and are
more technical and precise.
Step-by-step guidance
Instructional presentations provide step-by-step guidance on how to achieve a goal or
perform a task.
Clear and easy to follow
It's important to make sure that every instruction is clear, understandable, and easy to
follow.
MOTIVATIONAL PRESENTATION:
A motivational presentation is a speech or presentation that is intended to inspire an
audience to make a change in their lives. The key to a motivational presentation is to
help the audience understand why they should do something.
Here are some tips for creating a motivational presentation:
Have a clear purpose: The presentation should have a clear purpose.
Include a personal story: The presentation should include a personal story that is
written for the specific audience.
End with a call to action: The presentation should include a call to action in the
conclusion.
Customize the presentation: You can customize the presentation with your logo,
colors, fonts, texts, live surveys, or quizzes.
DECISION MAKING PRESENTATION:
A decision-making presentation is a presentation that covers the process of selecting
the best course of action from multiple alternatives to achieve a desired outcome.
It can include topics such as:
The rational model: The process of identifying problems, establishing criteria,
generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and choosing the best alternative
Tips: How to remove fear of failure and how to make quick and better decisions
The importance of decision making: How decision making is important for
organizations and how it can help with business growth
Decision making skills: How to develop decision making skills for employees.
PROGRESS:
A progress report is where you provide a detailed account of the progress on a project,
sharing completed tasks, milestones, and expectations of the near future. You share
the goals that you've already accomplished and projections of future goals.
PERSUASIVE PRESENTATION:
A persuasive presentation is a speech that aims to convince an audience to adopt a
certain point of view or take a specific action. The goal of a persuasive presentation is
to influence the audience's decision-making process.
Persuasive presentations can be used in many settings, including boardrooms,
classrooms, and public forums. They can help you build credibility and influence
outcomes, which can be valuable in both your personal and professional life.

HOW TO DELIVER A PERSUASIVE PRESENTATION?

Start strong: Make the first 30 seconds of your presentation count.
Use evidence: Support your argument with facts, logic, and examples.
Connect with your audience: Use emotional appeal to build trust and rapport.
Be clear: Define your target audience and get to the point quickly.
Use visuals: Use visual aids to summarize your ideas.
End with a call to action: Conclude with a persuasive call to action.

PRESENTATION EVOKING EMOTIONAL APPEAL:

Emotions are an important part of any audience’s decision making process. In
other words, emotions play an important role in decision- making on the
part of an audience. Hence, presenting the emotional side of your search can
help for the acceptance by
the audience. No one can
create an emotion that
does not ready exist
within the collective
hearts of an audience. You
should call attention to
existing emotions, bring
them forword and
enhance them.

Accordiing to
William Berhbach,”You
can say the rigjht thing
about a product and
nobody will listen. You
have got to say it in their
gut. Because if they do not feel it, nothing will happen.”

HOW TO EVOKE EMOTIONAL APPEAL?

Use words with pathos:

Pathos is a rhetorical device that uses words to evoke emotional states. Some
examples of words with pathos include "strong," "powerful," "tragic,"
 "equality," "freedom," and "liberty".

Understand your audience:

Understand what motivates your audience and what their needs are.

Use humor:
Humor can help make your presentation more memorable and help diffuse
tense moments.

➢ Connect with audience’s emotions and repeat the message-In 1963, martin luther
king junior gave what is probably the most recognized and famous speech of all tym.
How did he do this? JHe connected with the emotions of the audience.
➢ Consider the existing emotional components- Every product or option has an
emotional components. Think about the feelings you have when you read the brand
names such Coco-cola, Totota, BMW, Sony, Phillips etc. These brands have strong
emotions associated with them.
➢ Do not be proudly- Most of the greatest idea are cocreated with audiences during
presentations. Make modification as suggested by audience and give credit of the
entire idea to these who have given the suggestions. Ideas, in this way, are most
powerful of the persuaders.
 Humorous Presentation
Introduction to a Humorous Presentation

A humorous presentation is a powerful tool that blends entertainment with education. It’s a way of delivering
content that is engaging, relatable, and most importantly, memorable. When you add humor to a presentation,
you're not just keeping your audience entertained—you're making the learning experience more enjoyable and
effective. Humor can help to break the ice, lighten the mood, and make difficult or dry topics more
approachable.

Humor can also make your message stick. Ever noticed how you remember funny moments much better than
serious ones? Well, the same goes for presentations. People are more likely to recall what was said if it was
delivered with a good laugh. Plus, a funny anecdote or well-placed joke can instantly build rapport between the
speaker and the audience. It makes the speaker more relatable, approachable, and human.

But, why is humor so effective in presentations? It goes beyond just making people laugh. Humor can:

• Lower tension and nervousness—both for you, the speaker, and your audience.
• Increase engagement—when people are laughing, they're listening.
• Aid in understanding complex material—sometimes a joke can simplify a complicated concept.
• Keep attention high—in an environment where focus can wane, humor keeps things lively.

Of course, humor in presentations needs to be appropriate, balanced, and relevant to the topic. Too much
humor can detract from the seriousness of the content, while too little might make the presentation feel dry and
impersonal. So, understanding the audience and the right moments to inject humor is crucial for delivering a
successful humorous presentation.
Characteristics of humorous presentation

The key characteristics of a humorous presentation that can make it engaging, memorable, and enjoyable for the
audience:

1. Relatable Content: Humor works best when it’s grounded in situations or topics that the audience can
relate to. Tailor jokes and stories to the audience’s experiences.
2. Storytelling: Engaging stories with unexpected twists add humor naturally. They can make abstract
points more concrete and keep the audience interested.
3. Timing and Pacing: Good timing is essential in humor. Pausing at the right moments and pacing the
presentation so the audience has time to react can enhance comedic effect.
4. Self-Deprecation: Lightly poking fun at oneself can make the presenter seem more approachable and
relatable. It shows confidence and doesn’t alienate the audience.
5. Visual Humor: Using funny images, memes, or props can add an extra layer of humor. Visuals often
make ideas stick and add variety to the presentation.
6. Wordplay and Puns: Wordplay can add clever humor to a presentation without being overbearing.
However, it’s best used sparingly to avoid being perceived as forced.
7. Observational Humor: Observing and commenting on quirky or odd aspects of everyday life resonates
well with audiences and can make your points more memorable.
8. Exaggeration: Amplifying certain points or situations beyond realistic proportions can be hilarious and
drive a point home effectively.
9. Audience Interaction: Including the audience in the humor, through lighthearted comments or
participation, creates a more engaging and fun environment.
10. Confidence and Energy: Delivering humor confidently, with lively expressions and energy, can elevate
the material and keep the audience entertained throughout.

Importance of a Humorous Presentation

1. Grabs Audience Attention: Humor breaks the ice and grabs attention from the start, making people
more receptive to the content.
2. Enhances Engagement: Laughter and light moments keep the audience involved, reducing the chance of
them tuning out.
3. Boosts Memorability: People remember information better when it’s presented in an enjoyable way.
Humor links positive emotions to the content.
4. Builds Connection: Humor creates a sense of relatability and builds rapport between the presenter and
the audience, fostering a comfortable atmosphere.
5. Reduces Tension: A funny presentation can ease nerves (both yours and the audience's), making
challenging or complex topics feel more accessible.
6. Encourages Openness: Humor makes the environment feel friendly, encouraging the audience to ask
questions and engage more freely.
 Key Points for Delivering a Humorous Presentation

1. Know Your Audience: Tailor your jokes to the group’s demographic, interests, and familiarity with the
topic.
2. Use Relatable Stories: Share funny, personal anecdotes or common experiences to create a sense of
shared understanding.
3. Pace and Timing: Good humor relies on timing. Allow laughter to settle before moving to the next
point.
4. Be Self-Deprecating (Lightly): Poking fun at yourself can make you appear more approachable and
relatable, showing you don’t take yourself too seriously.
5. Incorporate Visual Humor: Use funny images, memes, or props that enhance the topic. Visuals add
variety and boost audience engagement.
6. Include Wordplay Sparingly: Clever puns or wordplay can add light humor, but use them moderately to
keep it from feeling forced.
7. Engage the Audience: Ask lighthearted questions or encourage reactions, creating a sense of
participation and connection.
8. Exaggeration for Effect: Amplifying certain points humorously can make them more memorable and
entertaining.
9. Stay Authentic: The best humor feels natural. Avoid trying too hard or overdoing it—authenticity
resonates with audiences.
10. Close on a High Note: End with a humorous remark or anecdote that leaves a positive, lasting
impression.

Why Humor Works in Presentations

1. Creates a Positive Atmosphere: Humor relaxes the audience, making them more open and receptive.
When people laugh, they tend to feel more connected with the presenter, creating an atmosphere where
people feel comfortable, even with challenging topics.
2. Enhances Cognitive Retention: Studies show that humor activates multiple areas of the brain, which
means people remember the content longer. By linking important points to funny moments, humor can
improve recall and comprehension.
3. Encourages Creativity and Openness: When people are laughing and having fun, they’re less likely to
judge new ideas and are more open to innovative concepts. Humor in a presentation can inspire
creativity, making it an excellent tool for brainstorming or workshops.
4. Differentiates Your Presentation: A humorous presentation stands out in a sea of formal talks. By
leaving a positive impression, humor makes your presentation—and your message—more distinctive and
memorable.

Key Techniques to Incorporate Humor

1. Use Contextual Humor: Tailor your humor to the theme of the presentation. For instance, if you’re
presenting on technology, use tech-related jokes or stories that the audience can relate to. Contextual
humor feels relevant and shows you understand the topic well.
2. Integrate Appropriate Stories: Storytelling is one of the best vehicles for humor. Try sharing real-life
anecdotes or stories relevant to your presentation. Audiences relate well to true or semi-true stories with a
funny twist.
3. Timing and Pauses: Timing is critical to humor. Give the audience time to laugh before continuing.
Pauses create anticipation and let your humorous points land effectively.
4. Stay Genuine with Self-Deprecation: A small dose of self-deprecating humor can be very effective. It
helps the audience feel that you’re approachable. Just be careful not to undermine your credibility—light
jokes about yourself work best.
5. Use Visual Humor Effectively: Incorporate funny images, slides, or props that align with the topic.
Memes, cartoons, or lighthearted illustrations can add variety to the presentation and visually reinforce
key points.
6. Practice for Natural Delivery: Practice is essential to make humor feel natural. Rehearse your jokes and
get feedback from friends or colleagues to fine-tune timing and delivery.

Avoiding Pitfalls in a Humorous Presentation

1. Avoid Overusing Humor: Too many jokes can distract from your main message and dilute the impact of
your humor. Striking a balance is key—use humor as an enhancement, not the focal point of the
presentation.
2. Stay Away from Sensitive Topics: Avoid humor that could be misinterpreted or offend someone in the
audience. Stick with universal themes that can be enjoyed by everyone, and always consider the
audience's cultural and social context.
3. Don’t Force Humor: If humor doesn’t feel natural or isn’t well-suited to the topic, it’s better to skip it.
Forced jokes or unrelated punchlines can feel awkward and may not land well with the audience.
4. Watch for Non-Verbal Cues: Pay attention to audience reactions and adjust your delivery accordingly.
If a joke doesn’t land, don’t linger on it—move forward smoothly.

Examples of Humor in Different Types of Presentations

1. Educational Presentations: Use humor to break down complex topics or relieve tension around difficult
subjects. For example, in a math or science presentation, humorous analogies or cartoons can make
technical points easier to understand.
2. Business or Sales Presentations: Humor can help lighten the formality of a corporate setting and foster
trust. A humorous story about a client experience or a fun analogy can make data-heavy sections more
engaging.
3. Motivational or Inspirational Talks: Adding humor to a motivational speech can make it more
relatable. For instance, sharing humorous setbacks that led to your successes can make the talk feel
genuine and grounded.
4. Workshops or Training Sessions: Humor is a great way to keep people engaged during longer sessions.
Fun icebreakers, jokes related to the training topic, or light-hearted examples make workshops feel less
tedious and more interactive.

Conclusion
Incorporating humor into presentations can be a powerful way to connect with your audience, enhance
engagement, and leave a lasting impression. Humor makes complex information more approachable, creates a
positive atmosphere, and helps the audience retain key points. By using relatable stories, well-timed jokes, and
visual humor, presenters can make their message memorable and enjoyable.

However, it’s essential to strike the right balance, ensuring humor complements the content rather than
overshadowing it. Thoughtful preparation, understanding your audience, and staying authentic are key to
delivering humor that resonates. In the end, a humorous presentation not only educates but entertains, making it
an impactful experience for everyone involved. So, go ahead—make them laugh, and make it unforgettable!
Assignment on personality development and
presentation skills
Submitted by:Priyanka ,Tanu
Submitted to: Dr Savita Malik

Topics covered

• Unplanned presentation and unplanned presentation

• Planning a presentation- analysing the audience
• Location of presentation
• Objectives of presentation
• Researching the topic
• Structuring the presentation
• Presentation notes and session plan
 Unplanned presentation

It’s not necessary that presentation are alwaysplanned .There are

presentation that are not planned or prepared.
An unplanned presentation can refer to a presentation that is given
without any preparation.
On the spot presentation without any preparation and no time for

thinking presentation . You do not have any time for thinking prior to
presentation. In the above situation the presentation given by
presenter is called unplanned presentation.

• Key points in unplanned presentation

Here are some key points to consider for an unplanned
presentation:
1. Prepare: Have a backup plan, anticipate questions, and be ready
to adapt to time limits.
2. Be organized: Practice organizing your thoughts without a script
so you can sound spontaneous but orderly.
3. Set expectations: Let your audience know what to expect at the
beginning of your presentation.
4. Respond calmly: Handle unexpected situations with grace to
demonstrate your professionalism.
5. Be flexible: Be creative and adapt to changes in your audience’s
interest.
6. Summarize: Provide a concise recap of your main points so your
audience can easily recall them.
7. Handle feedback:A fifth challenge that can improve your
presentation is how you handle feedback. Feedback can help
you learn from your strengths and weaknesses, and improve
your future presentations.

Planned presentation
 A planned presentation in management is a carefully prepared
and organized way to deliver information to an audience. It’s
important to plan a presentation well to ensure the
presenter understands the material and can deliver it
effectively.
This type of presentation include all those presentation of
which you have prior knowledge and have much time to do
research and conceptualize the idea.
There are many types of presentations, including:

• Informative: The goal is to educate and inform the audience.

• Persuasive: A type of presentation that aims to persuade the
audience.
• Demonstration or how-to: A presentation that demonstrates how to
do something.
• Training or instructional: A presentation that provides training or
instruction.
• Sales: A presentation that aims to close deals, retain clients, and bring
in new leads.
• Humorous presentation: Humorous presentations are a great way to
break the ice with your audience, to keep your listeners interested,
and to ensure your presentation is memorable, but don’t feel like you
have to be a comedian. A few well-placed jokes to show your human
side is all you need.
• Motivational or inspirational: A presentation that aims to generate
interest or gain the audience’s approval.
• When choosing a presentation type, it’s important to consider the
following: The purpose of the presentation, The audience, The
objectives, The audience’s preferences, and The specific presentation
needs of the audience.

Panning a presentation

Planning a presentation is the first step in

preparing and delivering information in an
organized and visual way. A good presentation
requires careful planning to ensure the
presenter understands what they are presenting
and how to deliver the message effectively.
These are the factors that help in effective
planning a presentation.
 The five W's of planning a presentation are who,
what, when, where, and why:

1. Who: Identifies the person or thing

2. What: Describes what happened
3. When: Provides details about the time, day, and date
4. Where: Indicates the location of the what
5. Why: Provides insight into the motivation behind the
event.
• While planning a presentation, you can
consider the following:

• Know your audience: Learn about your audience’s

interests, values, beliefs, and language level so you can
adapt your message to them.

• Set aside time: Plan what you’re going to say and create
an outline.

• Be selective: Decide on your key message or argument.

• Use visual aids: Include photos, videos, or props to make

your presentation more visually appealing and effective.
 • Practice: Preparation is as important as the presentation
itself.

• Check the venue: Know what resources are available and

plan what to bring and how long it will take to set up.

• Create a planning schedule: Write out a list of all the tasks

you need to do and allocate time to each task.

Process of planning a presentation

Process of planning a presentation involves following steps:
1. Analysing the audience
2. Location of presentation
3. Objectives of presentation
4. Researching the topic
Let us discuss the above process one by one.
 1. Analysing the audience

Audience analysis involves identifying the audience and adapting a

speech to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and
beliefs. Taking an audience-centered approach is important
because a speaker’s effectiveness will be improved if the
presentation is created and delivered in an appropriate manner.
Identifying the audience through extensive research is often difficult,
so audience adaptation often relies on the healthy use of
imagination.
Audience Analysis Factors
• Audience expectations
When people become audience members in a speech situation,
they bring with them expectations about the occasion, topic, and
speaker. Violating audience expectations can have a negative
impact on the effectiveness of the speech.
 • Knowledge of topic
Audience knowledge of a topic can vary widely on any given
occasion, therefore, communicators should find out what their
audience already knows about the topic. Never overestimate the
audience’s knowledge of a topic. If a speaker launches into a
technical discussion of genetic engineering but the listeners are not
familiar with basic genetics, they will be unable to follow your
speech and quickly lose interest. On the other hand, drastically
underestimating the audience’s knowledge may result in a speech
that sounds condescending.
Try to do some research to find out what the audience already
knows about the topic.

• Attitude toward topic

Knowing audience members’ attitudes about a topic will help a
speaker determine the best way to reach their goals.

• Audience size
Many elements of speech-making change in accordance with
audience size. In general, the larger the audience the more formal
the presentation should be. Sitting down and using common
language when speaking to a group of 10 people is often quite
appropriate. However, that style of presentation would probably be
inappropriate or ineffective if you were speaking to 1,000 people.
Large audiences often require that you use a microphone and
speak from an elevated platform.

• Demographics
The demographic factors of an audience include age, gender,
religion, ethnic background, class, sexual orientation, occupation,
education, group membership, and countless other categories.
Since these categories often organize individual’s identities and
experiences, a wise speaker attends to the them. Politicians usually
pay a great deal of attention to demographic factors when they are
on the campaign trail.

• Setting
The setting of a presentation can influence the ability to give a
speech and the audience’s ability and desire to listen. Some of
these factors are: the set-up of the room (both size and how the
audience is arranged), time of day, temperature, external noises
(lawn mowers, traffic), internal noises (babies crying, hacking
coughs), and type of space (church, schoolroom, outside).

• Voluntariness
Audiences are either voluntary, in which case they are genuinely
interested in what a presenter has to say, or involuntary, in which
case they are not inherently interested in the presentation. Knowing
the difference will assist in establishing how hard a speaker needs
to work to spark the interest of the audience. Involuntary audiences
are notoriously hard to generate and maintain interest in a topic.

• Egocentrism
Most audience members are egocentric: they are generally most
interested in things that directly affect them or their community. An
effective speaker must be able to show their audience why the topic
they are speaking on should be important for them.
 2. location of presentation

The location of a presentation is the place where a presentation is

given. The type of presentation may depend on the location, such
as presenting to a large audience in a conference hall.
• Factors affecting location of presentation
The location of a presentation can affect the type of presentation
and how it’s delivered:

• Podium
A podium can help you decide where to stand and how to position
yourself. You can also use it to place your notecards.
• Movement
Moving around the presentation can help keep the audience
engaged. For example, you can start in the centre of the stage for
your introduction, then move to the side for each point, and end in
the centre again for your conclusion.
• Screen position
Standing to the side of the screen can help keep the audience’s
view of the screen unobstructed.
• Room size
The size of the room can affect how loudly you need to speak and
how you should adjust your visual aids.
• Audience size
The number of people in the audience can affect how you prepare
your visuals and handouts.
• Audio-visual equipment
It’s important to know what audio-visual equipment is available and
who will be operating it. You can ask to access the room before the
audience arrives to test your visuals and sound.
• Suitable chairs and table
• Lighting
• Work noises
• Arrangements of rooms
• Temperature
• Accessibility
• Distraction
• Power failure
 • The facilities

3. Objective of presentation

Presentation objectives are the statements that describe what you

want to achieve with your presentation. They are not the same as
the topic, the agenda, or the content of your presentation. Rather,
they are the outcomes that you want your audience to remember,
feel, or do after listening to you.

The objectives of a presentation are not vague statements of

presenter goals.
They follow a clearly defined structure.
You need to use that structure for setting your objectives because…
A clearly defined presentation objective is the first step to a
remarkable presentation.
A clear and meaningful presentation objective determines…

• How confidently you deliver your presentation

• How much your audience trusts your suggestions
• How you prioritize your points and structure your presentation
• How your presentation ends – i.e. whether your presentation ends
with polite claps or with a clear decision to address the next step.

Here are some tips for writing an objective for a presentation:

• Define your purpose: Consider what you want to achieve with your
presentation, in addition to informing your audience about the topic.
• Be SMART: SMART objectives are specific, measurable, achievable,
realistic, relevant, aligned, and time-bound.

• Use an action verb: Select an action verb to describe the behaviour

you want to achieve.
• Create an outline: An outline can help you organize your ideas and
decide where to include research and quotes.
• Have a clear agenda: A clear objective and agenda can help you
outline your presentation and avoid unnecessary information.

• Need of objective
Presentation objectives are important because they help you:
• Focus
Objectives help you focus on the most relevant points and structure
your presentation logically.
• Measure success
Objectives help you evaluate your performance andmeasure
how effective your presentation was.
• Connect with your audience
Objectives help you tailor your presentation to your audience’s
interests and needs.
• Increase credibility
Stating your objectives clearly can increase your credibility as a
presenter.
• Set expectations
Objectives help your audience know what to expect and how to
engage with your presentation.
• Make your presentation memorable
Objectives help you consider what your audience will leave with,
which can make you memorable.
• Help your audience feel it was worth their timeObjectives help your
audience feel that your presentation helped them accomplish
something.
5.Researching the topic

Research into a topic is generally conducted for at least two

reasons. Firstly, to supply information for the session to be
presented and secondly to give the researcher some expert
information on the topic.
Researching a presentation topic involves gathering information
about the topic to help you deliver a convincing message and
understand the current situation. Researching a presentation topic
can include:
Reading recent news stories
Reading scientific or data-heavy articles from reputable institutions
and publications
Reading any other industry-related materials
Researching a presentation topic can help you: Understand the
current situation, Deliver a convincing message, Showcase your
expertise, and Share the results of your hard work.
Why there is need for Research?

1. To give correct information and up to date information to the

participants
2. To know the topic thoroughly
3. To give answer to the questions

• There are many sources for research topics, including:

Personal experiences
Consider problems you’ve faced or things you’ve noticed, such as
high staff turnover in an organization.

Course materials
Look at course readings, class notes, and any research guides
created by a subject librarian.

Print media
Books, brochures, journals, magazines, and newspapers can provide
a general overview of a topic.

Electronic sources
Use online databases like Google Scholar or JSTOR to find peer-
reviewed articles from reputable journals. You can also use search
engines like Google or Bing to find websites with useful information.

Interviews and surveys

Conduct interviews or surveys to gather information about a subject.

When choosing a research topic, you can avoid controversial topics

that involve emotional or political issues. Researching controversial
topics can be difficult and may lead to negative consequences.

Structuring the presentation

A presentation structure is crucial for organizing the content and

delivery of your talk. The presentation structure lays out a clear and
logical sequence of information.
This clear sequence ensures that your audience can easily follow and
understand your message, maximizing the impact your speech can
deliver and influencing your target audience.
Key Elements of a Presentation Structure
The easiest way to study a presentation structure is to subdivide it
into sections. Basically, every presentation has a structure that
follows this formula: Introduction > Body > Conclusion.

1. Introduction
The introduction is the first section of the presentation and sets the
tone for the rest of the presentation. It should be attention-grabbing
and make the audience want to listen to the rest of the presentation.
When defining how to start a presentation, these are the best tips
we recommend you implement.

• Start with a Hook

Kick off your introduction with a strong hook that grabs your
audience’s attention. This could be an intriguing fact, a thought-
provoking question, or a compelling story related to your topic. A
captivating opening will make your audience want to listen and
engage with your presentation.

• Clearly State Your Topic

Be clear and concise when stating your topic. Your audience should
immediately understand what your presentation Is about and what
they can expect to learn. A clear statement of your topic sets the
stage and provides a roadmap for the rest of your presentation.

• Establish Credibility
Take a moment to establish your credibility by briefly sharing your
qualifications or experience related to the topic. This helps to build
trust and rapport with your audience, and it shows that you are
knowledgeable and well-prepared.

• Engage Your Audience

Make your audience part of the presentation by engaging them from
the start. Ask a question, encourage participation, or invite them to
think about how the topic relates to their own experiences.
Engagement helps to create a connection between you and your
audience. Using a surprise factor is an alternative if you feel the topic
you’re about to present may not fully resonate with the target
audience.
 • Preview Main Points
End your introduction by briefly previewing the main points you will
cover in your presentation. This provides a clear structure for your
audience to follow and helps them understand what to expect in the
body of your presentation. An agenda slide is the perfect tool for this
purpose.

2. Body
The body is the main part of the presentation and provides the
content and information that the audience came to hear. It should
feature the main points and details supporting your presentation’s
objective. Depending on your topic, this could include data,
arguments, case studies, examples, or demonstrations. Each main
point should be clear and distinct, with evidence or examples
substantiating it. The content should be tailored to your audience’s
level of knowledge and interest.

3. Conclusion
A well-structured conclusion is the linchpin that holds your
presentation together, reinforcing your main points and leaving a
lasting impression on your audience. It is your final opportunity to
communicate your message and encourage audience engagement.
So, before you consider how to end a presentation, here are some
powerful tips to ensure you conclude your presentation with impact.

• End with a Strong Statement or Quote

This technique is commonly used in motivational presentations,
where the speaker leaves the audience with a slide containing a
quote related to the topic of the presentation, something that evokes
inner reflection about the topic discussed.
Conclude your presentation with a strong, memorable statement or a
powerful quote that ties back to your main message. This adds weight
to your argument and leaves a lasting impression on your audience.
If you aim to surprise your audience, silence can also be a strong
statement if your presentation has to raise awareness about a
problem.

• Incorporate a Call-to-Action
Clearly communicate to your audience what you want them to do
next. Whether it’s to adopt a new perspective, take specific action, or
continue the conversation outside of the presentation, a clear call to
action drives engagement and encourages your audience to act upon
your message.

• Ask Thought-Provoking Questions

Pose thought-provoking questions that stimulate reflection and
discussion. This opens the door for audience participation and
engagement and allows you to interact with the audience in a Q&A
session.
 Presentation notes and session plan
• Meaning of presentation notes
These are the roadmap for the presenter to be followed for making
a presentation.
These can be prepared in the form of :
• PowerPoint notes
• Index card: work well as a way to remind yourself of the key messages
of your presentation.
• Sheet of paper

How to use presentation notes

• Never write in full sentences. Key phrases or headlines only.

• Make sure your notes are easy to read
• Give a number to each card
• Use lined or unlined note cards rather than lined paper.
• Avoid Reading the notes word for word.
 Should we use notes presentation

• There are exception, but for most part we should not read notes word
to word.
• We should use key words only
• We should not try to make a secret of using notes.

Meaning of session plan

• Session plan may be defined as a set of presentation notes in logical

order for the presenter to follow to ensure that the objectives set for
the presentation are achieved.
• Session plan includes other relevant information such as:
o Presentation aids required
o References
o Identified problem areas
• Separate session plan should be used for each session
Purpose of session plan

The purpose of a session plan is to provide a roadmap for a session by outlining

the activities, resources, and learning objectives that will guide the session. A
session plan can help trainers be better prepared and organized, and ensure
that participants are engaged and learn.

Here are some benefits of a sessionplan:

• Structure and direction: A session plan provides structure and direction for trainers.
• Learning objectives: A session plan ensures that learning objectives are met.
• Engagement: A session plan helps ensure that participants are engaged.
• Interaction: A session plan provides a sense of interaction between trainers and learners.
• Consistency: A session plan helps ensure consistency in training and assessments.
• Progression: A session plan helps ensure that there is progression and that each session
builds on the previous one.
• Previous year questions related to this topic

1. Describe the structure of an effective presentation, The presentation notes and

session plan .
2. Discuss the process of selecting a research topic , how presentation topic create
excitement and evoke emotional appeal?
3. What is unplanned presentation? How does a presenter analyses the audience
and location of presentation?
4. Explain the process of making presentation notes and session planning.

End of the presentation

 Assignment on Methods of
Presentation

Submitted by: Sweeti, Tamanna Jain, Anjali

Submitted to: Dr. Savita Malik Ma’am

Topics Covered
Methods of Presentation:
❖ Introduction
❖ Fishbowl
❖ Role play
❖ Group discussion
❖ Conference
❖ Seminars
❖ Workshops
❖ Clinics
❖ Brainstorming
❖ Simulations
❖ Games
❖ Questioning
❖ The lecture
❖ The demonstration
❖ Videos / films
❖ Student practice and reading
❖ Questions

Delivering a Presentation:
❖ Introduction
❖ effectiveness
❖ Presenter How to show effectiveness in presentation
❖ Difficult situations and nerves
❖ Dealing with difficult situations
❖ Nerves
❖ Strategies of controlling nerves
❖ Questions

1. Introduction:
In today’s fast-paced world, the ability to convey information effectively is more important than
ever. Whether in academic settings, corporate environments, or public forums, the methods we
use to present our ideas can significantly impact audience engagement & understanding. A well-
chosen presentation method not only clarifies the message but also captivates the audience,
fostering connection & dialogue.
This exploration of presentation methods compasses a diverse array technique each tailored to
different contexts & objectives. From traditional oral presentation to interactive workshops &
digital formats like webinars, each method has its unique strengths & applications.
Understanding these various approaches allows presenters to select the most suitable one for
their content & audience, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of their characteristics, benefits
& best practice equipping individuals with the tools necessary to present their ideas confidently
& effectively.

2. Fishbowl:
The fishbowl method is an interactive presentation technique often used for discussions, group
activities, or workshops. Here’s how it works:
A. Structure:
• Setup: Arrange chairs in two concentric circles. The inner circle for
participants who will actively discuss the topic while the outer circle consists of
observers.
• Participants: A small number of people sit in the inner circle to engage in
conversation or debate on a specific topic.
• Observations: The outer circle listens & observers the discussion.
They can take notes of prepare questions.

B. Interaction:
• Rotation: At any point, someone from the inner circle to switch places,
allowing for fresh perspectives & voices.
• Discussion flow: The inner circle discusses the topic while the outer
circle remains quiet, fostering focused dialogue.

C. Benefits:
• Engagement: Encourages participants from a broader audience, not just
those in the inner circle.
• Diverse perspective: Allows multiple viewpoints to emerge, enriching
the conversation.
 • Active listening: The outer circle role is to listen & observe which helps
participants understand different perspectives.
• Dynamic discussion: The rotating nature of the method keeps the
conversation fresh and prevents any one person from dominating.

3) Role play:
Role play is a presentation method that involves a group of people acting out a scenario in
defined roles. It can be used in a variety of contexts, including education, business counselling
& gaming.
• Real-world scenarios: Role play can help students learn by providing real-world
scenarios.
• Practice presentation skills: Role play can help you practice your presentation skills
in a safe environment where you can get feedback & learn from mistakes.
• Consider different perspectives: Role play can help those involved & watching
consider different perspectives.
• Shared experience: Role play can provide shared experience for participants.
• Accurate assessment: Role play can provide an accurate assessment of participant’s
skills.

➢ Some type of role play include: Conflict role play, cooperative role-play,
information gap role-play & task-based role play.
Role play can be carried out one to one or as a group role play.

4) Group discussion:
A group discussion is a structured conversation where individuals come together to
exchange ideas, perspective & opinions on a specific topic. It typically involves the
following key elements:
i. Topic selection: A relevant & thought provoking topic is chosen for
discussion.
ii. Participants: Individuals usually in a group setting who contribute their
thoughts & ideas.
iii. Communication: Effective communication is crucial. Participants
should listen actively, express themselves clearly & respect each other’s
viewpoints.
iv. Facilitation: In some cases, a moderator or facilitate ensures that the
discussion remains focused & productive, keeping track of time &
ensuring everyone has a chance to speak.

5) Conference:
 A conference or method of presentation typically covers various ways to effectively
communication ideas to an audience.
i. Oral presentation: Techniques for public speaking, storytelling & audience
interaction.
ii. Visual presentation: using slides, info graphics & multimedia for clarity.
iii. Written presentation: Structuring reports, whitepapers & posters.
iv. Digital & remote presentation: Best practices for webinars & virtual tools.
v. Workshops: Interactive sessions & live demos.
vi. Technology use: Leveraging AR, VR & AI to enhance presentations.
vii. Nonverbal communication: The importance of body language & pacing.
viii. Engagement techniques: Gamification, live polls & feedback for audience
interaction.

6) SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS
What is Seminar Presentation?
A “Seminar” is a meeting for discussion or training. In the academic sphere a seminar is a class
at a university or a college where a small group of students and a teacher discuss a particular
topic. Presentation is the way in which something is offered, shown or explained. A seminar
is an informal talk about your findings or research. So a seminar presentation can be defined as
a small group of persons in a class or in an organization assembled to have an exchange of
views on a particular topic. The participants express their views on the given topic in an
informal way. So a seminar is a very enlightening and effective information sharing process.
Holding of a seminar is a teaching learning process.

How can you make an effective presentation?

1) The most important thing is the preparation to be made about the seminar. You should have
a good fundamental knowledge of the subject. It will enable you to speak with confidence
as well as to enable you to answer satisfactorily the questions put to you.
2) Write, plan and organize your material so that your presentation has a logical progression. A
well-planned presentation has –
i) Introduction of the topic,
ii) Explanation of the subject matter,
iii) Conclusion

I) Introduction
Introduction of the topic is very important. It can arrest the attention of the audience. It becomes
enthusiastic about your presentation. Before giving the introduction of the topic you may greet
the audience and introduce yourself. You may start your presentation by asking a question.
Suppose your topic is the importance of computers – you can ask “would you like to live in a
world without computers?” or “Can you imagine today’s world without computers?”

2) The main body

 After introducing the subject of the seminar you should elaborate the subject in a logical and
coherent way. Your presentation must have-
i) Clarify of expression
ii) Accuracy of language and
iii) Spontaneity of expression

3) Conclusion
In the concluding part you should give a summary of the whole presentation. You should give
solutions of the problems discussed and suggestions, if any. Don’t forget to thank the audience
for listening to your presentation attentively and with interest.

7) WORKSHOPS:
The workshops are organized to develop the psychomotor aspects (skill development) of the
learner regarding practices of new innovation in area of education. Under this technique
participant have do some practical work to produce instructional teaching and testing material.
Definition: Workshop is defined as assembled group of 10-25 persons who share a common
interest or problem. They meet to improve their individual and skill of a subject through

PRINCIPLES OF WORKSHOP :

• Allowing the participant to prepare and select objectives to be reached will increase the
participant motivation.
• Improve a person’s attitude toward other people.
• Learn better human relations.
• Giving the participant an active role will taking teaching more effective.
• Workshop should be conducted with full coordination with organizers.
• Workshop should focus on current issues in the profession to be discussed.
• Every individual has worth and contribute to the common goal.

8) Games:
Games can be presented through various methods, each enhancing the experience in unique ways.
Here are some popular methods of presentation for games:

1. Digital Platforms:
o PC and Consoles: High-quality graphics and complex game play.
o Mobile Devices: Casual gaming with touch interfaces.
2. Tabletop Formats:
o Board Games: Physical components with strategic game play.
o Card Games: Deck-building and tactical play.
3. Live Action:
o LARP (Live Action Role-Playing): Participants physically act out their
characters.
 o Escape Rooms: Themed physical spaces where players solve puzzles to
"escape."
4. Theatrical Performances:
o Interactive Theatre: Audience members participate in the storyline.
5. Virtual Reality (VR):
o Immersive environments where players interact in 3D space.
6. Augmented Reality (AR):
o Games that overlay digital elements onto the real world (e.g., Pokémon GO).
7. Online Streaming:
o Live broadcasts of game play with commentary, allowing for audience
interaction.
8. Educational Formats:
o Serious games designed for learning, often presented in classroom settings or
workshops.

Each method offers unique opportunities for engagement, creativity, and social
interaction!

4o mini

9) Questioning:
Questioning is a powerful tool in presentation methods, as it engages the audience and encourages
active participation. Here are some effective strategies:

1. Open-Ended Questions: Start with questions that require more than a yes or no
answer. This encourages discussion and deeper thinking.
2. Rhetorical Questions: Pose questions to provoke thought without expecting an
answer. This can emphasize a point or introduce a new topic.
3. Audience Polling: Use live polls or surveys to gauge audience opinions or
knowledge. This can make your presentation more interactive.
4. Think-Pair-Share: Ask a question, give the audience time to think, then pair up to
discuss before sharing with the larger group. This fosters collaboration.
5. Check for Understanding: Throughout the presentation, ask questions to assess
comprehension and clarify any misunderstandings.
6. Scenario-Based Questions: Present hypothetical situations related to your topic
and ask how the audience would respond. This applies concepts to real-world
contexts.
7. Feedback Questions: Invite questions or feedback at the end of your presentation
to encourage dialogue and address any lingering uncertainties.

Incorporating these questioning techniques can enhance engagement and retention in your
presentations.

10) The lecture:

Lectures are a traditional method of presentation, often used in educational settings. Here are
some key aspects to consider when delivering an effective lecture:
Structure

1. Introduction:
o Outline the objectives of the lecture.
o Provide context or background information.
2. Body:
o Organize content into clear, logical sections.
o Use examples and anecdotes to illustrate points.
o Incorporate multimedia (slides, videos, diagrams) to enhance understanding.
3. Conclusion:
o Summarize key points.
o Highlight takeaways or implications.
o Open the floor for questions or discussions.

Techniques for Engagement

• Varied Delivery: Use different tones, pacing, and body language to maintain interest.
• Audience Interaction: Encourage questions during or after sections, or include quick
polls.
• Storytelling: Integrate stories to make the material relatable and memorable.

Use of Visual Aids

• Slides: Keep slides clear and uncluttered. Use bullet points, images, and graphs to
reinforce points.
• Whiteboard/Flipchart: Write key points or draw diagrams in real-time for emphasis.

Tips for Success

• Practice: Rehearse your lecture to refine delivery and timing.

• Know Your Audience: Tailor content to the audience's level of knowledge and
interests.
• Manage Time: Keep track of time to ensure all material is covered without rushing.

Lectures can be highly effective when well-structured and delivered with enthusiasm, helping
to convey information clearly and engage the audience.

11) The demonstration

Demonstration as a method of presentation involves showing how something works or how to
perform a specific task. This method is particularly effective in fields like science, cooking,
technology, and education. Here are some key aspects to consider:

Purpose and Benefits

• Practical Learning: Demonstrations allow the audience to see theory applied in

practice, which enhances understanding.
 • Engagement: They actively involve the audience, making the learning experience
more interactive and memorable.
• Clarity: Visual representation can clarify complex concepts or processes.

Structure of a Demonstration

1. Preparation:
o Gather all necessary materials and equipment.
o Ensure that everything is functional and safe to use.
2. Introduction:
o Clearly state the purpose of the demonstration.
o Explain its relevance to the audience.
3. Demonstration Process:
o Step-by-Step Approach: Break down the task into clear steps.
o Explanation: As you demonstrate, explain what you’re doing and why.
o Highlight Key Points: Focus on important techniques or common pitfalls.
4. Conclusion:
o Recap the main points covered in the demonstration.
o Offer a summary of what the audience should take away.

Techniques for Effective Demonstration

• Use of Visual Aids: Incorporate charts, slides, or props to enhance understanding.

• Audience Participation: Involve audience members in the demonstration to increase
engagement.
• Real-Time Feedback: Encourage questions throughout to clarify doubts immediately.

Tips for Success

• Rehearse: Practice the demonstration to ensure fluidity and confidence.

• Pacing: Go at a pace that allows the audience to absorb the information.
• Safety First: If using tools or materials that pose risks clearly outline safety measures.

Follow-Up

• Q&A Session: After the demonstration, invite questions to reinforce learning.

• Provide Resources: Offer handouts or links to additional materials for further
exploration.

Using demonstrations effectively can significantly enhance understanding and retention of

information, making complex concepts more accessible and engaging for the audience.

12) Videos/films:
Using videos and films as methods of presentation can be highly effective for engaging an
audience and conveying information in an impactful way. Here are some key considerations:
Purpose and Benefits

• Visual Engagement: Videos can capture attention and maintain interest through
dynamic visuals and audio.
• Illustration of Concepts: They can effectively demonstrate processes, showcase real-
life applications, or present complex ideas in an easily digestible format.
• Emotional Connection: Films can evoke emotions, helping the audience relate to the
content on a personal level.

Types of Videos and Films

1. Educational Videos: These provide clear explanations of concepts or processes, often

using animations or graphics.
2. Documentaries: These can give in-depth insights into a topic, combining storytelling
with factual information.
3. Instructional Videos: Step-by-step guides that show how to perform a task or use a
product.
4. Case Studies: Videos that illustrate real-world applications and success stories,
providing practical context.

Structure of a Video Presentation

1. Introduction:
o Briefly introduce the video’s topic and relevance.
o Set expectations for what the audience will learn.
2. Content:
o Ensure the video is clear, concise, and aligned with the presentation goals.
o Use visuals and sound effectively to reinforce key messages.
3. Conclusion:
o Summarize the main points after the video.
o Encourage reflection or discussion based on what was shown.

Tips for Effective Use

• Quality Matters: Use high-quality videos with good visuals and sound to maintain
professionalism.
• Relevance: Ensure the video is directly related to the topic and enhances understanding.
• Length: Keep videos concise to hold attention—generally, 3 to 5 minutes is ideal for
presentations.
• Technical Readiness: Test equipment and software before the presentation to avoid
technical issues.

Follow-Up

• Discussion: Engage the audience in a discussion about the video’s content to deepen
understanding.
• Q&A: Invite questions to clarify any points raised in the video.
• Resources: Provide links to the video or related materials for further exploration.
Incorporating videos and films can significantly enhance your presentation, making it more
engaging and effective while conveying complex information clearly.

13) Student practice and reading:

Incorporating student practice and reading into methods of presentation can enhance
learning by actively engaging students and reinforcing material. Here’s how to
effectively implement these strategies:

Student Practice

1. Interactive Activities:
o Group Work: Organize students into small groups to collaborate on tasks
or projects related to the presentation topic.
o Role-Playing: Allow students to act out scenarios that illustrate key
concepts, enhancing understanding through experiential learning.
2. Hands-On Exercises:
o Demonstrations: Have students perform tasks that relate to the
presentation, such as experiments in science or problem-solving in math.
o Simulations: Use simulations to mimic real-world situations, allowing
students to practice decision-making skills.
3. Peer Teaching:
o Encourage students to teach each other certain concepts or skills. This
reinforces their understanding and builds confidence.
o Feedback Sessions:
1. After practice activities, facilitate feedback sessions where students can
share insights and reflections on their learning experiences.

Reading

1. Assigned Readings:
o Provide relevant articles, book excerpts, or case studies for students to read
before or after the presentation. This helps to contextualize the material.
2. Guided Reading Sessions:
o Conduct reading sessions where key texts are read aloud, followed by
discussions to clarify and deepen understanding.
3. Reading Comprehension Activities:
o Create activities that require students to summarize, analyze, or discuss the
reading material in small groups, promoting critical thinking.
4. Integration with Presentation:
o Incorporate reading materials directly into the presentation by referencing
key points or quotes, ensuring students see the connection between reading
and the topic.

Tips for Success

• Variety: Use a mix of practices and reading materials to cater to different learning
styles.
 • Clear Instructions: Provide clear guidelines and objectives for each activity to
maximize engagement and focus.
• Time Management: Ensure that practice and reading activities fit within the overall
time allocated for the presentation.

Follow-Up

• Discussion: Facilitate a discussion to reflect on what students learned from both the
practice and reading activities.
• Assess Understanding: Use quizzes, reflections, or projects to assess student
comprehension and retention of the material.

Incorporating student practice and reading into presentations not only enriches the
learning experience but also fosters critical thinking and collaboration among students.

Delivering of presentation

1) Introduction:
How many times have you stood in front of the mirror and thought, “This is MY time? I
will make it and make it big this time. Will I succeed? What will happen if I make a
laughing stock of myself?” Relax, not only you but almost everyone faces a similar
apprehension before making a presentation, be it to a small or a large group.
In this chapter we shall discuss the following aspects of delivering aspects of delivering a
presentation:

• Presenter Effectiveness
• Difficult situations and nerves
• Motivation and attention

2) Effectiveness:
Delivering an effective presentation involves several key elements:

1. Clear Structure: Organize your presentation with a clear introduction, body, and
conclusion. This helps your audience follow your points easily.
2. Engaging Opening: Start with a hook—a compelling story, statistic, or question—to
grab attention right away.
3. Visual Aids: Use slides, images, or videos to reinforce your message, but keep them
simple and uncluttered.
4. Practice: Rehearse your presentation multiple times to improve your delivery and know
you’re Audience: Tailor your content to meet the interests and knowledge level of your
audience. Understanding their background can help you connect more effectively.
5. Confidence. Familiarity with your material reduces anxiety.
6. Body Language: Maintain good eye contact, use gestures, and be mindful of your
posture to convey enthusiasm and confidence.
7. Vocal Variety: Vary your tone, pace, and volume to keep your audience engaged and
emphasizes key points.
8. Interact with Your Audience: Encourage questions or discussions throughout to create a
more dynamic experience.
9. Summarize Key Points: Reinforce your main messages at the end of your presentation
to ensure they resonate with your audience.
10. Feedback and Adaptation: Be open to feedback and adjust your approach in future
presentations based on what you learn.

By focusing on these elements, you can enhance your effectiveness as a presenter and make a
lasting impact on your audience.

3) Presenter how to show effectiveness in

presentation:
To demonstrate effectiveness as a presenter, consider the following strategies:

1. Confidence: Project confidence through your body language, tone of voice, and
demeanour. This reassures the audience and enhances your credibility.
2. Engagement: Involve your audience by asking questions, encouraging
participation, or incorporating interactive elements like polls or discussions.
3. Clarity: Speak clearly and at a moderate pace. Use simple language and avoid
jargon to ensure your message is easily understood.
4. Passion: Show enthusiasm for your topic. Your energy can be contagious and will
keep the audience interested.
5. Visual Support: Use effective visual aids that complement your message. Ensure
they are clear, relevant, and not overly detailed.
6. Storytelling: Incorporate stories or examples to illustrate your points. This makes
your presentation relatable and memorable.
7. Time Management: Stick to your allotted time. This shows respect for your
audience’s time and keeps the presentation focused.
8. Feedback: Encourage questions and be responsive to audience feedback. This
shows you value their input and are engaged in the discussion.
9. Summary and Call to Action: At the end, summarize key points and provide a
clear call to action or next steps, reinforcing the importance of your message.
10. Self-Reflection: After the presentation, reflect on what worked well and what
could be improved for next time. Continuous improvement will enhance your
future effectiveness.

By incorporating these strategies, you can effectively convey your message and leave
a lasting impression on your audience.

4) Difficult situations and nerves:

Experiencing nerves in a difficult situation during a presentation is common, and there
are strategies to manage these feelings effectively:

1. Preparation:
 • Know You’re Material: The more familiar you are with your content, the
more confident you’ll feel. Practice thoroughly and anticipate potential
questions.

2. Rehearsal:

• Practice in Front of Others: Rehearse in front of friends or colleagues to get

used to presenting and to receive constructive feedback.

3. Visualization:

• Visualize Success: Imagine yourself delivering the presentation confidently

and successfully. This mental rehearsal can boost your confidence.

4. Breathing Techniques:

• Deep Breathing: Before you begin, take a few deep breaths to calm your
nerves. Inhale slowly through your nose, hold for a moment, and exhale
through your mouth.

5. Focus on the Audience:

• Shift Your Focus: Instead of worrying about yourself, concentrate on the

audience and what they can gain from your presentation. This perspective can
alleviate anxiety.

6. Acknowledge Nervousness:

• Accept Your Feelings: Recognize that it’s normal to feel nervous.

Sometimes, just acknowledging this can reduce its intensity.

7. Engage the Audience:

• Start with a Question or Story: This not only grabs attention but also takes
the spotlight off you for a moment.

8. Use Notes Wisely:

• Have Key Points Handy: Use notes or an outline to guide you if you lose
your place. This can help you feel more secure.

9. Stay Positive:

• Positive Self-Talk: Replace negative thoughts with positive affirmations.

Remind yourself of your strengths and past successes.

10. Learn from Experience:

 • Reflect Post-Presentation: After the presentation, consider what went well
and what you could improve. Each experience is a chance to grow.

11. Seek Support:

• Talk to Someone: If you’re particularly anxious, consider discussing your

feelings with a mentor or colleague for advice and encouragement.

By implementing these strategies, you can better manage nerves and navigate difficult
situations during presentations, ultimately enhancing your effectiveness as a speaker.

5) Dealing with difficult situations:

Dealing with difficult situations during a presentation can be challenging, but with the
right strategies, you can navigate them effectively. Here are some tips:

1. Stay Calm:

• Pause and Breathe: If something unexpected happens, take a moment to

breathe deeply. This helps you regain composure and think clearly.

2. Acknowledge Issues:

• Address Problems Head-On: If there’s a technical glitch or a disruption,

acknowledge it calmly. For example, say, “It seems we’re having some
technical difficulties; let me give it a moment.”

3. Maintain Flexibility:

• Adapt Your Plan: Be ready to adjust your presentation if necessary. If a

section isn’t working or time is running short, modify your delivery
accordingly.

4. Engage the Audience:

• Encourage Interaction: If you feel the audience is disengaged, ask a

question or invite their thoughts. This can shift the focus and create a more
dynamic atmosphere.

5. Stay Positive:

• Keep a Positive Attitude: Maintain a positive demeanour, even in tough

situations. Your attitude can influence how the audience perceives the
situation.

6. Use Humour (When Appropriate):

• Lighten the Mood: A well-placed, appropriate joke can help ease tension. Just
ensure it’s suitable for the context.

7. Know Your Key Messages:

• Stick to Core Points: If you get sidetracked, return to your main messages. This
keeps your presentation focused, even amid distractions.

8. Be Honest:

• If You Don’t Know, Admit It: If a question arises that you can’t answer, it’s
okay to say, “That’s a great question; I’ll look into it and get back to you.”

9. Practice Active Listening:

• Listen to the Audience: Pay attention to audience feedback, whether verbal

or non-verbal. This can guide you in adjusting your delivery on the spot.

10. Reflect After the Presentation:

• Evaluate What Happened: After the presentation, reflect on what went well
and what could be improved. This can help you prepare for future challenges.

11. Seek Support:

• Lean on a Colleague: If you’re in a team setting, having someone else to

support you can make a difference. They can help manage difficult situations
if they arise.

By applying these strategies, you can effectively handle difficult situations during
your presentation, maintaining control and ensuring your message is conveyed
clearly.

6) Nerves:
Feeling nervous before or during a presentation is a common experience, and
managing those nerves can greatly improve your performance. Here are some
effective strategies to help you cope with presentation anxiety:

1. Preparation:

• Know You’re Material: The more familiar you are with your content, the
more confident you’ll feel. Practice multiple times, and anticipate
questions.

2. Rehearsal:
 • Practice in a Realistic Setting: Rehearse in front of a mirror, record
yourself, or present to friends or colleagues to simulate the actual
experience.

3. Visualization:

• Visualize Success: Picture yourself delivering the presentation confidently

and receiving positive feedback. This mental practice can reduce anxiety.

4. Breathing Techniques:

• Deep Breathing Exercises: Before you start, take a few deep breaths to
calm your nerves. Inhale for four counts, hold for four, then exhale for
four.

5. Focus on the Audience:

• Shift Your Focus: Concentrate on the audience’s needs and how your
presentation can benefit them. This takes the spotlight off you.

6. Positive Affirmations:

• Use Positive Self-Talk: Replace negative thoughts with positive

affirmations. Remind yourself of your strengths and past successes.

7. Engage the Audience Early:

• Start with a Question or Story: This can create a connection and make
the audience feel more involved, easing your nerves.

8. Use Notes Wisely:

• Have Key Points on Hand: Use notes or an outline as a safety net.

Glancing at them can help you stay on track if you feel lost.

9. Accept Imperfection:

• Embrace Mistakes: Understand that everyone makes mistakes. If

something goes wrong, acknowledge it and move on. The audience is
often more forgiving than you think.

10. Practice Mindfulness:

• Stay Present: Focus on the moment rather than worrying about how
you’re being perceived. Mindfulness techniques can help ground you.

11. Post-Presentation Reflection:

 • Reflect on Your Experience: After your presentation, evaluate what went
well and what you can improve. This will help you grow and reduce
nerves in future presentations.

By implementing these strategies, you can manage your nerves more effectively and
deliver a more confident and engaging presentation.

7) Strategies of controlling nerves:

Controlling nerves during a presentation is crucial for delivering your message
effectively. Here are some strategies to help you manage anxiety:

1. Thorough Preparation:

• Know Your Material: Familiarize yourself with your content. The more
prepared you are, the more confident you’ll feel.

2. Practice Regularly:

• Rehearse Multiple Times: Practice in front of a mirror, record yourself, or

present to friends. Repetition helps solidify your confidence.

3. Visualization Techniques:

• Imagine Success: Visualize yourself presenting confidently and engagingly.

This can create a positive mindset.

4. Deep Breathing Exercises:

• Calm Your Nerves: Before you begin, take a few deep breaths. Inhale slowly,
hold for a moment, and exhale. This can help reduce anxiety.

5. Engage with Your Audience:

• Make Eye Contact: Connect with your audience by looking at them. This can
make you feel more grounded and less isolated.

6. Start with a Story or Question:

• Create Engagement Early: Begin with an engaging story or a question to

draw the audience in, which can also take the focus off you for a moment.

7. Use Positive Affirmations:

• Reinforce Confidence: Use positive self-talk to counter negative thoughts.

Remind yourself of your strengths and past successes.

8. Focus on the Message, Not Yourself:

 • Shift Your Attention: Concentrate on delivering your message and helping
your audience rather than worrying about how you’re perceived.

9. Have a Backup Plan:

• Prepare for the Unexpected: If something goes wrong (e.g., a technical

issue), have a plan to adapt. Knowing you can handle surprises reduces
anxiety.

10. Mindfulness and Grounding Techniques:

• Stay Present: Use mindfulness practices to focus on the present moment

rather than getting caught up in worries about performance.

11. Limit Caffeine and Sugar:

• Watch Your Diet Before Presenting: Consuming too much caffeine or sugar
can increase anxiety. Opt for water or herbal tea instead.

12. Reflect After the Presentation:

• Evaluate and Learn: After your presentation, think about what went well and
what you can improve. This can help reduce anxiety for future presentations.

Implementing these strategies can help you control nerves and present more
confidently, making your delivery more effective and engaging.

Important questions:

Short questions:

1. Define presenter’s effectiveness?

2. Define simulation?
3. Define workshop?
4. Define role play?
Long questions:

5. What is the process of delivering a presentation? Explain the

role of presenter effectiveness in detail.
6. Write short notes on:
• Brainstorming
• Seminar
7. Elucidate the role playing technique with suitable example.
Hindu Girls College
Sonipat
Assignment
On
Motivation & Attention
Outcomes of Presentation

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Savita Malik Anjali Chopra
Rakhi
Mahak
Chapter -8 Motivation and Attention
• Introduction
• Meaning of Motivation
• Definition of Motivation
• How to motivate your audience?
• The five P’s of motivating an audience
• How to grab and keep audience attention?
• Gary’s principles of learning to motivate and grab attention

Chapter -9 Outcomes of Presentation

• Inspiring Presentation
• Presentation that builds trust
• Presentation that offers a solution
• Value added presentation
• Presentation that facilitates decision making
 Introduction
If a presenter or trainee wants his participants to learn, he should motivate
them to listen him and ensures that he keeps their attention. If the participants
realize that their needs will be met, they are usually eager to learn. Therefore,
it is important for the presenter to motivate the individuals in the group to
listen, learn or participate: Without motivation they would not do anything.
Once we have created motivation we sometimes still need to remind the
participants of reasons for wanting to learn. By using these reminders, and the
learning principles, we can keep the group’s attention. We must know our
audience in advance so that we can identify its motivators.

Meaning of Motivation
Whenever a person does some work there is always a need behind it which
motivates him in doing so. This impelling need is called motive. Under
motivation, the will to do a work is aroused among the people by making them
feel the motive behind their work. Motivation is derived from the word ‘motive’
which means that latent power in a person which impels him to do a work. In
brief, motivation is that process wherein the persons are made to recognize
their needs, in the realization of which, they do hard work for the interest of the
enterprise.

Definition of Motivation
According to W.G. Scott, “Motivation means a process of stimulating people to
action to accomplish desired goals.”

How to motivate your audience?

1. Understand the audience: Understand their age, interests, cultural
background, and values. What are their pain points on aspiration? Identify why
your audience is attending your talk or engaging with your content. Are they
seeking inspiration, knowledge, or solutions? Personalize your message to
resonate with their needs. Make it relevant and relatable to their lives or
professional situations.
2. Establish Credibility: Share your knowledge and experiences relevant to the
topic to build trust. Show that you understand their challenges and struggles.
Relating personal stories or experiences that resonate with their situation
fosters connection. Even if you don’t have any direct experience of the topic,
carry out enough research so you can appear knowledgeable and answer
questions. Highlight facts, case studies, or endorsements that back up your
claims, making your message more compelling.
3. Create a Vision: Paint a vivid image of what’s possible if they follow your advice
or guidance. Use visionary language to ignite their imaginations. People are
driven by emotion. Connect with their hopes, fears, and desires by using
powerful storytelling. Help your audience envision success. Outline specific,
achievable steps or milestones that make the end goal feel possible.
4. Experience: In addition to storytelling, you can get your audience involved
physically to help them understand your messages quicker and remember
them for longer. Questions and answers, group exercises, and role play are all
valuable ways to influence and motivate people.
5. Educate: Get people enough information so they understand the need to act
and feel confident about the action they need to take. People don’t tend to do
things unless they see a personal benefit. Use in each business presentation
you make try to convey every message in the context of what the audience will
gain. The bigger the rewards, the easier it is to influence and motivate.
6. Create a sense of urgency: Use time-bound phrases like “Now is the time”,
“Don’t wait”, or “Take action today.” Urgency creates momentum. Make your
audience feel that the opportunity to act is limited- whether that’s time,
resources, or options. Highlight what will happen if they don’t take actions.
While you don’t want to scare them, letting them know the risks of inaction
can spur motivation.
7. Encourage: Be supportive, particularly if asking people to do something
outside their comfort zone. For example, help them to imagine themselves
undertaking the task, or convey it as series of achievable steps rather than an
impossible leap. Being a role model will help as it says, ‘I did this and so can
you’.
8. Eloquence: Deliver your speech with high energy, sincerity, inspiration and
sense of humor. Vary your tone of voice, smile often and show passion for your
subject matter. Make your body language reflect your comments.
9. Example: People often look to role models for guidance, so try to be one to
motivate and influence your audience. If you need to influence and motivate
 people to adopt a behaviour, exhibit it yourself. If you need them to perform a
task, perform it first. A business speaker succeeds when people choose to be
like them.
10.End with a strong call to action: Tell your audience exactly what they need to
do next. Whether it’s signing up for something, making a decision, or changing
a habit, be clear and direct. If possible, lower the barrier to entry. Make the
first step seem easy or small so they feel comfortable starting the journey. End
on a high note by reaffirming the possibilities ahead and instilling confidence
in their ability to succeed.

The five ‘P’s of Motivating an Audience

There are five ‘P’s in motivating your audience. Whether your audience is a
room of fifty to five hundred, an employee or a prospective client, you need
to take them through these five ‘P’s to motivate them.
1. Get your audience to PAY ATTENTION. First on the list is to ensure they are
paying attention to you. In other words, they must listen to you.
2. Make sure your audience can correctly PERCEIVE your message. The audience
must receive the message in the same meaning in which you want to deliver
during the presentation.
3. PERSUADE the audience to your side. In this regard, your credibility, your
passion and your logic will play an important role.
4. Give participants a call to action so they can PROCEED in the direction you
would like them to.
5. Design your information in such a way that it can be PRESERVED in audience’s
memory.

How to grab and keep audience attention?

1. Tell a story: Telling a compelling story is a good way to start a presentation. In
fact, narrating a story and sharing experience is something people do every
day. Thus, adding it to your presentations won’t be a great challenge. Starting
with a good story can also help you find creative ways to communicate the
purpose of your presentation.
2. Ask questions: If you are wondering how to start a presentation speech, start
it with a question. One of the best ways is to ask a series of rhetorical
questions. Such as:
• How many of you in this room have hated filling up tax returns?
• How many of you drive a German car?
3. Use quotation: One of the funny ways to start a presentation is to quote
movies. Why? Because it’s entertaining! Videos play a critical part in most
people’s lives. So a well-placed movie quote at the beginning of your speech
can liven up your listeners. For instance: “Life is like a box of chocolates. You
never know what you’re gonna get.” (Forest Gump)
4. Structure and clarity: Ensure your content has a clear, logical flow. Break it
down into digestible segments (introduction, body, conclusion). Be concise and
focused on your key message. Avoid overloading the audience with too much
information at once. Smooth transitions between sections help the audience
follow along, maintaining their focus throughout.
5. Emotional Appeal: Tap into emotions- whether it’s humor, empathy, or
excitement- to make your content more relatable. Personal stories build a
stronger connection and make your message feel more authentic and relevant.
6. Narrate a joke: Jokes are wonderful for relaxing the audience and setting a
cheerful mood. Relaxed audiences tend to be more interactive. This might
make the presenters work somewhat easier.
7. Use suspense and curiosity: Pose a problem or set up a situation without
immediately revealing the solution. Build a suspense so that the audience stays
focused, eager to learn the outcome. Let the audience know that something
important coming up.
8. Make eye contact: You must make eye contact. If you are in a room full of
people, just keep scanning the room till your eyes lock with other people’s
eyes. Try your best to make this look natural and not robot-like.
9. Keep the energy high: Keep a varied pace in your speech, alternating between
fast and slow segments to maintain a dynamic flow. If the content is long, plan
for moments where audience can take a mental break.
10.End with impact: Recap the key points and end with a strong, memorable
statement that ties everything together. Give the audience a clear next step.
Whether it’s a challenge, a reflection or a practical task, a call to action keeps
the momentum going even after the presentation ends.

Gary’s principles of learning to motivate and grab attention

1. Recency: The principle of recency tells that the things that are learned last are
those best remembered by the participant. It’s important for the presenter to
summarize frequently and to ensure that the key messages are emphasized
 again at the end of the presentation. The presenter should plan review sections
into their presentations.
2. Appropriateness: The principle of Appropriateness says that all the
information, training, training aids, case studies and other materials must be
appropriate to the participants’ needs. Presenters must continually let
participants know how the new information links with previous knowledge, so
that we remove their fears of the unknown.
3. Motivation: The principle of Motivation shows us that the participants must
want to learn, they must be ready to learn and there must be some reason to
learn. If we fail to use the law of Appropriateness and neglect to make the
materials relevant, we will almost certainly lose participants’ motivation.
4. Primacy: The principle of Primacy states that the things participants learn first
are usually learnt best, so the first impression of information that participants
get from the speaker are really important.
5. Two-way communication: The principle of two-way communication clearly
states that the information-delivery process involves communication with the
participants and not at them. This does not mean that the whole session
should be a discussion.
6. Feedback: The principle of Feedback informs us that both the facilitator and
the participant need information from each other. The facilitator needs to
know that the participants are following and keeping pace and the participants
need feedback on the standard of their performance.
7. Active learning: The principle of Active Learning shows us that participants
learn more when they are actively involved in the process. Remember the
saying ‘we learn by doing’? If you want to instruct a group in writing reports,
do not just tell them how it should be done-get them do it.
8. Multiple-sense learning: The principle of Multiple-sense Learning says that
learning is far more effective if the participants use more than one of their five
senses. If you tell participants about a new type of sandwich filling they may
remember it. If you show them the product they probably will remember it.
9. Exercise: The principle of exercise indicates that things that are repeated are
best remembered. The law of Exercise is also referred to as overlearning or
meaningful repetition. Multiplication tables learnt at school are one example
of the law of Exercise.
❖ Inspiring Presentation
An inspiring presentation is a speech or talk that motivates, energizes, and
empowers the audience by delivering a clear, passionate message. This might
involve optimistic and uplifting stories based on faith or real life situations
taken from the lives of ordinary or famous people form history, sports, politics
and Business World.
The objective of an inspirational speech is to provide the listener with the
desire and confidence to pursue difficult goals to maximise their own potential.
An inspirational speech is not an easy task and usually undertaken by
professional speakers and politicians.

Main elements of writing an inspirational speech

Optimism: Instil optimism to make the audience believe in what you are
saying.
Achievable Objectives: Goals must be positive and the audience must believe
that they are achievable.
Passion: Convey the subject with enthusiasm, passion and conviction to appeal
to the emotions of the audience.
Confidence: Inspire the audience with a ‘Can Do’ approach.

The structure and outline of an inspirational speech

1. Your opener: The opening, ice-breaker or attention grabber.
2. Introduction: Tell them what the speech is about and what your main
points will be.
3. Credibility: Establish your credibility by demonstrating expertise, evidence
and knowledge of the subject.
4. Optimism: Ensure that your message is full of optimism, the ‘feel good’
factor.
5. Achievable Objectives: State what the goals are and instil in the audience
that they are achievable.
6. Confirmation: Confirm the repeat the main points.
7. Alternatives: Discuss the alternatives to strengthen your ideas further.
8. Conclusion: Try to ‘Go out with a Bang’ or end with a memorable punch
line or positive statement.
 How to prepare an inspiring presentation?
1. Know your audience: Understand their needs. Research your audience to
know their interests, challenges, and what motivates them. Speak directly
to their goals or problems, showing that you understand their situation and
offering a vision they can relate to.
2. Craft a strong opening: Open with a story, a compelling question, a bold
statement, or a surprising fact to grab attention. Establish early on that your
presentation will provide value and inspire a change or action.
3. Tell a Story: Frame your presentation around a story. Stories help people
connect emotionally and remember key points. Share a personal or
relatable story that reflects the theme of your presentation. It creates an
authentic connection.
4. Define a clear message: Focus on one key message or theme. Too much
information can overwhelm and dilute the impact. Reiterate your main
message throughout to ensure it resonates and stays with the audience.
5. Use engaging visuals: Use visuals that complement your message, not
clutter it. Avoid text-heavy slides. High-quality visuals, videos, or
infographics can enhance emotional impact and make your presentation
more memorable.
6. Incorporate Emotion: Use examples, quotes, or stories that evoke feelings
such as hope, excitement, or empathy. Vary your tone and body language.
Your voice and body language should reflect the emotional tone of your
message.
7. Encourage Participation: Involve the audience by asking reflective or
thought-provoking questions. Use polls, hands-on activities, or discussions
to make the audience feel like active participants.
8. Close with a call to action: End your presentation by encouraging the
audience to take specific actions. Finish with a memorable quote, final story,
or thought-provoking message that lingers with the audience.
9. Practice: Practice delivering a presentation to refine your flow, timing, and
confidence. Test your presentation with friends or colleagues to gauge their
reactions and adjust if needed.
10.Stay Authentic: Authenticity resonates with audience. Speak naturally and
from the heart. Let your enthusiasm for the topic shine through, as this is
contagious and helps inspire others.
❖ Presentation that builds trust
A presentation that builds trust refers to a communication approach designed
to establish a sense of confidence and reliability between the presenter and
the audience. The key objective is to foster a relationship where the audience
believes in the speaker’s credibility, honesty, and intentions.
In such a presentation, the speaker is not just conveying information but also
working to gain the audience's trust by being transparent and honest.

Tips for building trust in presentation

1. Be Authentic and Genuine
• Speak naturally and avoid sounding overly rehearsed.
• Share personal experiences or stories that reflect your values and build rapport
with the audience.
2. Be Transparent and Honest
• Acknowledge both the positives and negatives of the topic you’re presenting.
• If you don’t know the answer to a question, admit it honestly rather than giving
inaccurate information.
3. Know Your Audience
• Understand your audience’s needs, concerns, and expectations, and tailor your
message accordingly.
• Address their specific pain points to show empathy and relevance.
4. Support Claims with Evidence
• Use reliable data, facts, or real-life examples to back up your points.
• Cite credible sources and avoid exaggerating claims.
5. Maintain Consistent Eye Contact
• Eye contact shows confidence and sincerity. It helps you connect with the
audience and makes your message more personal.
6. Speak with Confidence, Not Arrogance
• Show that you believe in your message, but remain humble and open to
feedback.
• Avoid overly technical jargon that may alienate the audience; keep your
language clear and accessible.
7. Use Positive Body Language
• Stand upright, use open gestures, and avoid defensive or closed-off body
positions.
• Smile and use facial expressions that convey warmth and openness.
8. Show Empathy
• Acknowledge the audience’s concerns or fears and validate them.
• Listen to questions or feedback attentively and respond thoughtfully.
9. Be Prepared and Well-Organized
• Structure your presentation logically so it’s easy to follow.
• Being well-prepared shows respect for your audience’s time and demonstrates
professionalism.
10. Follow Through on Promises
• If you say you’ll provide additional information or follow up after the
presentation, make sure you do it.
• Delivering on your promises enhances your credibility.

How to deliver trust building presentation?

1. Start with a Strong, Credible Opening: Briefly mention your background and
credentials. Be sure to speak clearly and maintain good posture. Tell your
audience what they can expect from your presentation and why it’s relevant
to them. A well-structured start signals reliability. Acknowledge the audience's
concerns or challenges. This builds rapport and shows you understand their
needs.
2. Use Clear and Direct Communication: Avoid jargon and overly complicated
terms. Simple, concise language fosters understanding. Speak slowly enough
for people to process, but with enough energy to keep the momentum. This
shows sincerity and keeps you connected to your audience. It also helps you
gauge their reactions and adjust your pace or tone accordingly.
3. Project Confidence and Authenticity: Stand tall, keep your arms open (rather
than crossing them), and use hand gestures to emphasize points. These cues
help convey confidence and openness. Don’t over-rehearse to the point that
your delivery feels robotic. Stay natural in your tone and expression to make a
genuine connection with your audience. If you don’t know something, admit
it. Offering to follow up later can demonstrate integrity.
4. Use Stories and Examples to Build Connection: Personal or professional
experiences related to your topic help humanize your message and make it
more relatable. Use examples or case studies to show the real impact of your
ideas. This grounds your claims in reality, building credibility. If relevant,
reference feedback or results from trusted sources to reinforce your points.
5. Involve Your Audience: Engage the audience with thoughtful, open-ended
questions. This involvement makes them feel valued and more inclined to trust
you. If there are questions or objections, handle them respectfully and
 thoroughly. Being receptive to feedback and criticism shows confidence. Give
people time to absorb key points. Pausing at key moments demonstrates
thoughtfulness and helps avoid overwhelming your audience.
6. Display Transparency and Honesty: If your solution or idea has potential
downsides, mention them and explain how you plan to mitigate them.
Transparency builds trust. Use data, quotes from experts, or reliable statistics
to validate your points. This shows you’ve done your homework. Welcoming
feedback and acknowledging alternative viewpoints shows you value the
audience’s input and are willing to engage in a meaningful conversation.
7. Maintain Consistent Tone and Message: Don’t drift off into unrelated areas.
A focused presentation demonstrates that you respect your audience’s time.
Ensure your verbal message matches your body language and tone. Mixed
signals, such as sounding nervous while claiming confidence, can undermine
trust. If you make a promise during your presentation—whether it’s more
information or follow-up actions—commit to delivering on it. This reinforces
your reliability.
8. Conclude with Impact and Clarity: Reinforce the most important takeaways
to ensure clarity. Be clear about your main message. Provide a clear next step,
whether it’s a specific action or further engagement. A confident conclusion
shows you believe in what you’re presenting. Sincerely thank them for their
time and attention. This small gesture shows respect and appreciation, which
helps leave a positive final impression.
9. Post-Presentation Follow-Up: Make yourself available for further questions
and provide any promised materials or answers promptly. Following through
after the presentation keeps trust intact. Asking for feedback, even
constructive criticism, shows you’re open to growth and value their input.

❖ Presentation that offers a solution

A presentation that offers a solution is a type of presentation where the
speaker identifies a specific problem and then proposes a clear, well-thought-
out solution to address it. The main objective of this presentation is to
persuade the audience that the suggested solution is the best approach to
resolve the issue at hand.
This type of presentation often involves the following elements:
1. Problem Identification: The speaker defines and explains the problem, often
using data or real-world examples to highlight its importance.
2. Solution Proposal: The speaker presents a detailed solution to the problem,
including the methods or steps to be taken to implement it.
3. Benefits of the Solution: The speaker explains why the proposed solution is
effective, emphasizing the positive outcomes that will result from adopting it.
4. Challenges and Risk Management: The speaker acknowledges any potential
obstacles and outlines strategies to overcome them.
5. Persuasion: The goal is to convince the audience (whether it's a business team,
stakeholders, or customers) that the solution is practical, efficient, and worth
implementing.
In summary, this type of presentation is meant to solve a problem by delivering
a compelling and actionable solution, with the ultimate aim of gaining support
or approval from the audience.

How to prepare a presentation that offers solution?

1. Opening- Define the Problem: Begin with a fact, statistic, or story that highlights
the urgency or relevance of the problem. Lay out the issue you are addressing
in simple, relatable terms. Use data or examples that resonates with your
audience. Explain the negative effects of the problem or stakeholders. Why does
it need solving?
2. Present the solution: Provide a clear, concise description of the solution you are
proposing. Use simple, straightforward language. Show how your solution
directly addresses the key aspects of the problem. What are the specific pain
points it resolves? Highlight what makes your solution unique or better than
alternatives. This could include its effectiveness, cost, ease of implementation,
or innovation.
3. Break down the solution: Give a step-by-step outline of how the solution works.
Make it easy for the audience to understand each phase. Use case studies,
statistics, or testimonials that demonstrate the solution’s success in practice.
This helps build credibility. Acknowledge potential barriers to implementing the
solution and explain how these can be addressed or mitigated.
4. Highlight the benefits: Show the audience what they stand to gain from your
solution, whether it’s time savings, cost reductions, or improvements in quality
or efficiency. Use graphs, charts, or infographics to highlight the advantages of
your solution over current methods or competitor’s approaches. Highlight how
your solution provides lasting results, ensuring sustained benefits over time.
5. Call to action: Be clear about what needs to happen next to implement the
solution. Whether it’s approval, further discussions, or a trial period, make the
 required actions explicit. Offer a realistic timeline for the solution’s
implementation and expected results. This creates a sense of direction and
urgency. Invite questions, feedback, or suggestions from the audience, showing
that you value their input in refining or executing the solution.
6. Closing- Reinforce the solution’s value: Summarize the problem, the solution,
and the main benefits briefly. Close with a compelling message that leaves a
lasting impression, emphasizing the solution’s impact and why it’s the best path
forward.
7. Follow-up: Ensure that any materials supporting your presentation, such as
slides, case studies, or reports, are shared with your audience. Let the audience
know how you or your team can assist with the solution’s implementation,
answering any additional questions, or providing further clarification.

Visual aids
Problem Solution Diagrams: Show the before and after state with your solution.
Data-Driven Slides: Use charts to showcase metrics like cost savings, improved
efficiency, or success rates.
Simple, Engaging Slides: Ensure slides are clear and not overcrowded, using
visuals to reinforce key points.

❖ Value- Added Presentation

A Value- Added Presentation is a presentation designed to offer more than just
basic information; it aims to deliver extra insights, benefits, or solutions that are
relevant to the audience’s needs. The term “value-added” refers to the
additional benefits or unique aspects that distinguish your content and make it
more impactful or beneficial to the audience.
Key characteristics of a value-added presentation:
1. Audience-Centric: It addresses the specific needs, challenges, or interests of the
audience, ensuring relevance.
2. Problem-Solving: It doesn't just present facts but offers solutions, insights, or
recommendations that the audience can apply.
3. Clear Benefits: The presentation highlights how the audience can gain from the
information provided, such as new strategies, enhanced understanding, or
business opportunities.
4. Engagement and Interaction: To create more value, it often includes
opportunities for interaction, such as Q&A sessions, discussions, or activities that
help deepen the learning experience.
5. Unique Insights: It includes data, case studies, or perspectives that go beyond
what the audience might already know, positioning the speaker or presenter as
a trusted expert.

In essence, a value-added presentation enhances the audience’s experience by

delivering not only content but also actionable takeaways, thus adding
measurable value to their goals.

Ways to add value in your presentation

Here are several ways to add value to your presentation and make it more
engaging and impactful:
1. Know Your Audience: Tailor your content to your audience’s needs, interests,
and level of expertise. Personalizing your message helps keep them engaged.
2. Start with a Hook: Open with a powerful story, statistic, or question to grab
attention. This sets the tone and draws the audience in right from the beginning.
3. Clear Structure: Organize your content with a logical flow—start with an
introduction, proceed with the key points, and finish with a strong conclusion.
This helps maintain clarity and coherence.
4. Use Visuals Effectively: Incorporate meaningful visuals like graphs, infographics,
and images that complement your message. Keep slides simple, avoid clutter,
and make sure visuals enhance understanding.
5. Engage with Questions: Pose thought-provoking questions to the audience to
stimulate thinking and interaction. This makes the presentation more dynamic
and keeps the audience involved.
6. Tell a Story: Weave narratives or case studies into your presentation to make
your points more relatable and memorable. People are more likely to remember
stories than facts.
7. Practical Takeaways: Offer actionable insights or recommendations that the
audience can apply. Presenting solutions or strategies adds tangible value.
8. Use Data and Evidence: Support your points with data, statistics, or case studies.
Make sure to interpret the data for the audience so they understand its
relevance.
9. Be Authentic and Personable: Establish a connection by being yourself and
showing enthusiasm for the subject. People are more likely to be engaged if they
feel you are genuinely passionate.
10. Interactive Elements: Use polls, live demos, or Q&A sessions to make the
presentation interactive. This encourages participation and keeps the energy up.
11. Pace and Timing: Keep your pacing in check. Don’t rush through key points, and
give the audience time to digest the information. Proper timing ensures you
maintain interest without overwhelming them.
12. Rehearse and Be Prepared: Practice thoroughly so that your delivery is smooth
and confident. Being prepared helps you manage nerves and respond effectively
to audience questions.

By incorporating these elements, your presentation can be more engaging,

informative, and impactful for your audience.

❖ Presentation that Facilitates Decision-Making

The presentation that facilitates decision making involves the presentation
techniques that force the audience to make decisions about the situational
problems or complex problems. The presentation offers a solution to the
problem. Hence, the participants, after analysing the solution, make decisions
whether to accept or reject that solution.
Decision-making facilitation is the final outcome of any presentation. If the
presentation is not successful in persuading the audience for making some
decisions (favourable), the aim of presentation is not achieved.

Elements of Presentation that Facilitates Decision-Making

A presentation that facilitates decision-making should include the following
elements:
1. Clear call to action: End the presentation with a clear call to action, such as asking
the audience to choose between options or approve a change.
2. Logical Structure: Use headings, subheadings, bullet points, numbers, or symbols
to organize the content into sections, categories, or steps.
3. Concise Language: Use clear and concise language that is appropriate for the
audience and context.
4. Key Factors: List the key factors or considerations that are influencing the
decision-making process.
5. Analysis and Evaluation: Provide an analysis and evaluation of each alternative
based on the decision criteria.
6. Recommendation: Make a recommendation for the preferred alternative and
justify it.
✓ How can a presentation offer a solution and facilitate decision making? Explain
with examples.
✓ What is the difference between presentation that facilitate decision-making and
presentation that add value to the content? Which should be preferred?
✓ How presentation can used as tool for facilitating decision making? Explain.
✓ Explain different outcomes of a presentation. How presentation facilitates
decision-making?
✓ How can a presentation offer a solution and facilitates decision making? Explain
with examples.
 ASSIGNMENT OF PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT

SUBMITTED BY: - TAMANNA, NIDHI SHARMA

Topics Covered

Chapter:- 10 The Concept of Personality

• Introduction
• Meaning of Personality
• Personality Vs. Character
• Personality Consciousness
• Test of personality Consciousness
• Factor Determining Personality
• Development of Personality
• Freudian Stages

Chapter:- 11 The Personality Pattern and Syndrome

• Concept of Personality Pattern
• Development of Personality Pattern
• Concept of self
• Kind of Self
• Personality Traits – Big Five Personality Traits
• Personality Syndromes
• Types of Personality Syndrome

• Chapter:- 12 Symbols of Self

• Introduction
• Role of Symbols of Self
• Common Symbols of Self
• Clothing
• Name and Nickname
• Speech
• Age
• Reputation
Chapter :- 10 The Concept of Personality

Introduction

Personality is the combination of a person’s unique characteristics,

including their behavior, emotions and thoughts. It is a complex
phenomenon that’s influenced by a variety of factors, including:
GENETICS :- Inherited traits like height ,colour and temperature
can play a role in personality.
ENVIRONMENT :- Family status, education, peer pressure and life
experience can all shape a person’s personality.
DEVELOPMENT :- Personality can change over time, but most
theories agree it is relatively stable.

Personality psychology is the study of personality including its

development, structure and variation.

Here are some more facts about personality

• The pattern of characteristics thoughts, feelings and behaviors

that distinguishes one person from another and that persists
over time and situation.
• Change with reflect events and feelings during the lifespan
only affect the surface and the core character
• Profound changes in personality are usually consequences of
major life change and deliberate effort.

MEANING OF PRSONALITY
Personality is derived from Latin word “Persona” which means a
dress or mask which Greek actors used to wear during playing a
drama or play.
So, it gives importance to outer appearance that time but now it is
known that just outer appearance cannot be stated as personality.
Personality means the power to have influence on others.
DEFINITI0N

♦ According to Weinberg and Gould,1999 :-

“The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person

unique”.

♦ According to Jb Watson :-

“Personality as the sum total of activates that can be

discovered by actual observation over a long enough period
of time to give reliable information.

♦ According to Jung :-

“Personality appears in the form of archetypes, or universal

patterns of thoughts and behavior that affect what we focus
on and how we interact with the words.
PERSONALITY Vs. CHARACTER
Personality and character are both important aspects of a
person, but they have different meanings:-

❖ PERASONALITY
A person’s personality is their unique way of thinking ,acting
and feeling. It include their temperaments,
behavior ,interest, values and emotional patterns.
Example of personality traits:- Open-minded, hot-
temperature, easygoing ,confidence, nervous.

❖ CHARACTER
A person’s character is their combination of traits and
qualities that distinguish them. It includes their
values,beliefs and morals. Character is important because it
helps define what is right and wrong ,and provides moral
guidance.
Example of character traits :-
Loyal,generous,kind,sincere,persistent,open-minded,
brave, quiet.
Difference Between Character and Personality

Character Personality
1. Character is the ethical and 1. Personality is the consistent
moral foundtation that shapes patterns of thoughts and
our actions and decisions. behaviour that define our unique
traits and tendencies.
2. Character can be shaped by 2. Personality can be influenced
factors such as by several factors such as
values,education etc. genetics and upbringing etc.
3. Character triats can grow and 3. Personality traits remains
change over time with efforts as stable throughtout time,but some
they are developed after self- aspects of your personality can be
reflection and can underg developed through personal
growth. development.
4. It based on principales. 4. It based on technique.
 5. Focus on how to “Appear to be” 5 . Focus on how to “Actually
Be”
• Revolve around : • Revolve around :-
• Image creation • Integrity
• Public relation • Compassion
• Communication • Responsibilty
• Management • Justice

PERSONALITY CONSCIOUSNESS
INTRODUCATION
Cousciousness,many have argued, is what separates humans from other
animals.consciousness refers to our awareness of our own mental
processes, such as our thoughts, feelings and sensations. It is possible that
we are the only beings on this planet that have this type of self awarenes or
level of consciousness ond ability to introspect,or look inward and examine
these processes.

For example :- if you are angry, you can try to understand your angry, why you
are angry ,what that anger feels like,etc. But can a cat?

DEFINITION
Concsciousness means awareness to one’s mental activity as well as the
environment. This consciousness has three application :-

• Sensory awareness
• Inner awarenes
• Senses of self

Consciousness as sensory awareness

→ Sound or smell around you
→ Selective attention – focusing on particular stimulus
→ Watching tv
→ Experiment

Consciousness as inner awareness

 → Imagination is a different kind of consciousness.

Cousciousness as a sense of self

→ Young children talk in first person because they don’t know who they
are yet.
→ How we exit in the world.

LEVEL OF COUSCIOUSNESS

Segmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness

the conscious, preconscious. Each of these levels corresponds and overlaps
with Freud's ideas of the id,ego,and superego.
 • Consciousness

An organisms or individual awareness of, or possibility of knowing what

happening inside and outside itself.

• Subconscious

Consciousness just below the level of awareness. It contains thoughts and

ideas just out of own awareness .

• Under conscious

A deeper level of awareness is the unconscious.it contains thoughts and

desires about which we have no true or direct idea.

Test of Personality Consciousness

COISCIOUSNESS
Conscientiousness is the personality trait of being responsible, careful, or diligent.
Conscientiousness implies a desire to do a task well, and to take obligations to others
seriously. Conscientious people tend to be efficient and organized as opposed to easy-
going and disorderly.

PERSONALITY

Personality tests are designed to systematically elicit information about a

person's motivations, preferences, interests, emotional make-up, and style
of interacting with people and suitation.

PERSONALITY TEST
There are many personality tests, including the Big Five Personality Test, which
assesses five core personality traits:

• Openness: How open a person is to new experiences

• Conscientiousness: How organized and efficient a person is
• Extraversion: How outgoing and energetic a person is
• Agreeableness: How friendly and compassionate a person is
• Neuroticism: How likely a person is to experience negative emotions
like fear, anger, and anxiety.

COUSCIOUSNESS TEST

Personality cousciousness is visible if there is :-

1. First impression.
2. Judge accuracy.

FIRST IMPRESSION
A first impression is the event when one person first encounters another person
and forms a mental image of that person. Impression accuracy varies depending
on the observer and the target (person, object, scene, etc.) being observed.

❖ First impressions are based on a wide range of characteristics: age, race,

culture, language, gender, physical appearance, accent, posture, voice,
number of people present, economic status, and time allowed to
process.

JUDGE ACCURACY

Judge accuracy refers to the quality of being true or correct, even in small
details. In the context of judging personality, some factors that may
contribute to accuracy include:
• Social skills: Judges with good social skills may have more relevant
information to make judgments. Behaviors that may indicate good
 social skills include making eye contact, expressing warmth, and
showing interest in what others have to say.
• Agreeableness: Agreeableness may be related to judgmental
accuracy.
• Adjustment: Adjustment may be related to judgmental accuracy.
• Cognitive factors: Cognitive factors may be more strongly related to
rating accuracy than personality-related factors. Specific
intelligences in the social cognition domain, such as dispositional
reasoning, may help to understand what makes an accurate judge.

FACTOR DETERMINING PERSONALITY.

The term “personality” traces its origins to the Greek word

“persona”, meaning “to speak through.”

The determinants of personality are the various factors and

influences that shape an individual’s unique pattern of thoughts,
emotions, and behaviors. These determinants help explain why
individuals differ in their personalities and why they respond
differently to various situations.

The key determinants of personality include Hereditary factors,

Environmental factors, Situational factors, Cultural factors, Social
factors, etc.
 Hereditary Factors

Heredity, also known as genetics, refers to the influence of genetic

factors and biological inheritance on an individual’s personality. It
involves the transmission of traits and characteristics from parents to
their offspring. Various aspects are considered regarding heredity when
it comes to the study of personality, some of them are:
• Genetic Inheritance
• Twin and Family Studies
• Gene-Environment Interplay

Environmental Factors
Environmental factors encompass the external influences and experiences
that individuals encounter throughout their lives. These factors can
significantly shape and mold an individual’s personality. Here are key aspects
of environmental determinants:
• Family Environment
• Cultural and Societal Influences
• Peer Groups and Socialization

Situational Factors

Situational factors refer to the immediate context or circumstances an

individual encounters. While personality is generally considered relatively
stable, situations can temporarily influence behavior and expression.
• Stress
• Mood and Emotional State

Cultural Factors

Cultural factors encompass the societal and cultural environment in which

an individual is immersed. These factors shape an individual’s values, beliefs,
and behaviors. Key aspects of cultural factors include:
• Cultural Values {individual}
• Social Norms{society}
 Social Factors
Social factors encompass the broader societal context and
interpersonal relationships that an individual experiences throughout
their life. These factors include:
• Peer Influence
• Social Support

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

Personality development is the process of developing the

characteristics and traits that make up a person's unique personality. It
is a dynamic process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including
genetics, environment, and life experiences.

FRAUDIAN STAGES

According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more

than a single component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states
that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and
the superego. These elements work together to create complex human
behaviors.
 The Id

• According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy,

making it the primary component of personality.
• The id is the only component of personality that is present from
birth.
• TThis aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes
instinctive and primitive behaviors.
The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate
gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.If these needs are not
satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.
For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an
immediate attempt to eat and drink.

The id is very important early in life because it ensures that an infant's

needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, they will cry
until the demands of the id are satisfied. Young infants are ruled entirely
by the id; there is no reasoning with them when these needs demands
satisfaction.

The Ego

• According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that
the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in
the real world.
• The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
mind.
• The ego is the personality component responsible for dealing with
reality.

Everyone has an ego. The term ego is sometimes used to describe your
cohesive awareness of your personality, but personality and ego are not
the same. The ego represents just one component of your full
personality.
The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy
the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality
principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to
act upon or abandon impulses.
The term ego is often used informally to suggest that someone has an
inflated sense of self. However, the ego in personality has a positive
effect. It is the part of your personality that keeps you grounded in
reality and prevents the id and superego from pulling you too far toward
your most basic urges or moralistic virtues. Having a strong ego means
having a strong sense of self-awareness.

The Superego
• The last component of personality to develop is the superego.
• According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age .
• The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that
we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and
wrong).
• The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.

The superego has two parts:

❖ The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as

bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and
lead to bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt and
remorse.
❖ The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for behaviors that the
ego aspires to.

ERIKSON STAGE
Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the
most popular and influential theories of development. While
his theory was impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's
work, Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development
rather than psychosexual development.
Stage 1: INFANCY
The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs
between birth and 1 year of age and is the most fundamental stage in
life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, developing trust is based
on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers.

At this point in development, the child is utterly dependent upon adult

caregivers for everything they need to survive including food, love,
warmth, safety, and nurturing. If a caregiver fails to provide adequate
care and love, the child will come to feel that they cannot trust or
depend upon the adults in their life.

Stage 2: EARLY CHILDHOOD

The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
takes place during early childhood and is focused on children
developing a greater sense of personal control.
The role of development

At this point in development, children are just starting to gain a little

independence. They are starting to perform basic actions on their own
and making simple decisions about what they prefer. By allowing kids to
make choices and gain control, parents and caregivers can help
children develop a sense of autonomy.

Stage 3: PLAY AGE

The third stage of psychosocial development takes place during the
preschool years. At this point in psychosocial development, children
begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing
play and other social interactions.

Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead
others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of
guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative.
Stage 4: SCHOOL AGE
The fourth psychosocial stage takes place during the early school years from
approximately ages 6 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to
develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.
Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success
leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Stage 5: ADOLESCENCE
The fifth psychosocial stage takes place during the often-turbulent teenage
years. This stage plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal
identity which will continue to influence behavior and development for the
rest of a person's life. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal
identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads
to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a
sense of self. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement
through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense
of self and feelings of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of
their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves
and the future.

Stage 6: EARLY ADULTHOOD

Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other
people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in
loneliness and isolation. This stage covers the period of early adulthood
when people are exploring personal relationships.
Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed
relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step
will form relationships that are enduring and secure

Stage 7: ADULHOOD
Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by
having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people.
Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while
failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career

and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that
they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and
community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and
uninvolved in the world.

Stage 8: MATURE ADULTHOOD

The final psychosocial stage occurs during old age and is focused on
reflecting back on life. Malone JC, Liu SR, Vaillant GE, Rentz DM,
Waldinger RJ. Midlife Erikson Ian psychosocial development: Setting the
stage for late-life cognitive and emotional health.

At this point in development, people look back on the events of their

lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if
they regret the things they did or didn't do.
Erikson's theory differed from many others because it addressed
development throughout the entire lifespan, including old age. Older
adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success
at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret,
bitterness, and despair.
CHAPTER: -11

THE PERSONALITY PATTERN AND SYNDROME

CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY PATTERN

Personality describes the unique patterns of thoughts, feelings,

and behaviors that distinguish a person from others. A product of
both biology and environment, it remains fairly consistent
throughout life.
Examples of personality can be found in how we describe other
people's traits..

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Personality development involves all of the factors that influence

how our personalities form and change over time. This can
include our genetic background and the environment where we
are raised. While personality tends to be pretty stable, it can
change over time, especially as people get older.
Thus, personality pattern is not the product of learning exclusive
or heredity exclusive. Instead, it comes from interaction of the
two. However, we should study the role of heredity and learning
in the development of personality pattern:
 • ROLE OF HEREDITY

Heredity of the genetic basis is a very important determinant of

personality because the principal raw material of personality
such as physique, intelligence and temperament are to a large
extent dependent on the genetic endowment of a person.
Environment is also a very important determinant of personality
development.+
other aspects that make up who we are . We form and regulate
our self-concept as we grow, based on the knowledge we have
about ourselves.
• Self-concept is a person's overall view of themselves, including
their physical, mental, social, and spiritual characteristics. It's a
multidimensional concept that's made up of traits, competencies,
and values.

KIND OF SELF-CONCEPT
Self- concept have different - different forms given below:-
 • The basic self – concept :- who you believe you are
Self-concept is the perception that we have of ourselves, our answer when
we ask ourselves the question “Who am I?” It is knowing about one's own
tendencies, thoughts, preferences and habits, hobbies, skills, and areas of
weakness.

• The transitory self concept :- The transitory perception of self is a

concept in psychology that describes how a person's self-perception is
based on their current situation.
Self-concept is a person's attitudes and opinions about their existence,
and it's made up of multiple dimensions. Some of these dimensions are
more related to personality aspects like physical, social, or emotional,
while others are more linked to academic achievement.

• The social self concept :- The social self is a component of self-concept

that refers to how a person perceives themselves in relation to others:
✓ How people perceive themselves: How people see themselves in relation to
others, including their characteristics, such as shyness or charisma
✓ How people present themselves: How people present themselves to others
✓ Social identity: Aspects of the self-concept that are shared with ingroup
members and differentiate them from outgroups

The social self is fluid and can change depending on the situation or the
person a person is relating to. For example, a person may feel dependable
and well-liked after winning a game, but may feel unlovable and irresponsible
after a breakup.

• The ideal self- concept :- The ideal self is a motivator and a self-
guide that can help guide a person's actual self. It can also help
evaluate the actual self and reflect discrepancies between the actual
self, the ideal self, and the ought self.
 PERSONALITY TRAITS

The Big Five model was built on understanding the relationship

between personality and academic behaviour. It was defined by
several independent sets of researchers who analysed words
describing people's behaviour.These researchers first studied
relationships between many words related to personality traits. They
made lists of these words shorter by 5–10 times and then used factor
analysis to group the remaining traits to find the basic factors of
personality.

The initial model was advanced in 1958 by Ernest Tupes and

Raymond Christal, research psychologists at Lackland Air Force
Base in Texas, but failed to reach scholars and scientists until the
1980s. In 1990, J.M. Digman advanced his five-factor model of
personality, which Lewis Goldberg put at the highest organised level.
These five overarching domains have been found to contain most
known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic
structure behind them all.

BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS

 There are 5 type of personality traits and in short we can say
OCEAN of personality traits:-

OPENNESS
Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual
ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. People who are
open to experience are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and
sensitive to beauty. They tend to be, compared to closed people, more
creative and more aware of their feelings. They are more likely to hold
unconventional beliefs.
 According to research by Sam Gosling, it is possible to assess
openness by examining people’s homes and work spaces. Individuals
who are highly open to experience tend to have distinctive and
unconventional decorations. They are also likely to have books on a
wide variety of topics, a diverse music collection, and works of art on
display.

CONSCIENTIOIUSNESS

Conscientiousness is the trait of being painstaking and careful, or the

quality of acting according to the dictates of one’s conscience. It
includes such elements as self-discipline, carefulness, thoroughness,
organisation, deliberation (the tendency to think carefully before
acting), and need for achievement. It is an aspect of what has
traditionally been called character. Conscientious individuals are
generally hard working and reliable. When taken to an extreme, they
may also be workaholics, perfectionists, and compulsive in their
behaviour. People who are low on conscientiousness are not
necessarily lazy or immoral, but they tend to be more laid back, less
goal oriented, and less driven by success

EXTROVERSION

Extroversion is characterized by positive emotions, urgency, and the

tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others. The trait
is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world.
Extroverts enjoy being with people, and are often perceived as full of
energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who
are likely to say “yes!” or “let’s go!” to opportunities for excitement. In
groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to
themselves.
Introverts lack the social exuberance and activity levels of extroverts.
They tend to seem quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the
social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be
interpreted as shyness or depression. Introverts simply need less
stimulation than extroverts and more time alone. They may be very
active and energetic, simply not socially.The trait of extroversion-
introversion is a central dimension of human personality theories.

AGREEABLENESS
 Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative
rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. The trait
reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony.
Agreeable individual’s value getting along with others. They are
generally considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to
compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have
an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically
honest, decent, and trustworthy.

NEUROTICISM

Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as

anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability.
Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and
vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as
threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative
emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which
means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional
regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism
to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress.
At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are
less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm,
emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom
from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of
positive feelings.

PERSONALITY SYNDROMES

People have unique personalities made up of a complex combination of

different traits. Personality traits affect how people understand and relate to
the world around them, as well as how they see themselves.
Ideally, people's personality traits allow them to flexibly adapt to their
changing environment in ways that lead to more healthy relationships with
others and better coping strategies. When people have personality traits
that are less adaptive, this leads to inflexibility and unhealthy coping. For
example, they may manage stress by drinking or misusing drugs, have a
hard time managing their anger, and find it hard to trust and connect with
others.

Personality forms early in life. It is shaped through a blend of your:

• Genes — Your parents may pass down some personality traits to you.
Sometimes these traits are called your temperament.
• Environment — This includes your surroundings, events that have
happened to you and around you, and relationships and patterns of
interactions with family members and others.
A personality disorder is a mental health condition where people have a
lifelong pattern of seeing themselves and reacting to others in ways that
cause problems. People with personality disorders often have a hard time
understanding emotions and tolerating distress. And they act impulsively.
This makes it hard for them to relate to others, causing serious issues, and
affecting their family life, social activities, work and school performance,
and overall quality of life.
 TYPES OF PERSONALITY SYNDEOME

In some cases, you may not know that you have a personality disorder.
That's because how you think and behave seems natural to you. You also
may think others are responsible for your challenges.
 There are many types of personality disorders, each with important
differences. These disorders are organized into three groups, or clusters,
with shared features and symptoms:

• ABNORMAL SYNDROME

A number of syndrome characteristics of abnormal syndrome

personality pattern have been identified and have proved valuable in
diagnosis of personality disorders. There are three elements of
abnormal syndromes:

1. Psychopathic personality :- psychopathy is a personality disorder

characterized by disturbances in emotional, interpersonal, and
behavioral domains. It involves individuals who grossly take
advantage of others by neglecting and disrespecting their interests,
often behaving like predators without concern for the pain they cause .

2. Delinquet persoanlity :- delinquency are behavioural problems

involving violation of major rules, societal norms, and laws.

3. Manic syndrome: - mania is a condition in which you have a period of

abnormally elevated or irritable mood, as well as extreme changes in
emotions, thoughts, energy, talkativeness and activity level. This
highly energized level of physical and mental activity and behavior is
a change from your usual self and is noticeable by others.
 • Normal syndromes
A condition that affects many areas of the body, including the heart,
face, and stature and this syndrome is resulting from similar training
in the homes and school; similar attitudes and similar culture
pressures.
TWO NORMAL PERSOANLITY SYNDROME: -
• The personality syndrome of the overprotected child includes:-
(I) Selfishness
(II) Self-centered
(III) Lack of cooperation
(IV) Dependency
 • The personality syndrome of the only child having home environment
includes: -
(I) Independence
(II) Cooperativeness
(III) Responsibilty

SYMBOLS OF SELF
INTRODUCTION
A psychological theory that people seek to acquire and display
symbols that relate to their ideal self. For example, a boy who wants
to appear macho might use products associated with manliness.
Symbols of the Self have long been a topic of interest and
fascination in the field of psychology and human understanding.
These symbols represent aspects of the individual's personality,
beliefs, and values, and are often used as a means of self-
expression and exploration..

COMMON SYMBOLS OF SELF

In the following pages the most common symbols of self are being
described: -
1. Clothing
2. Name and nickname
3. Speech
4. Age
5. Success
6. Reputation

CLOTHING
Symbols of the Self have long been a topic of interest and
fascination in the field of psychology and human understanding.
These symbols represent aspects of the individual's personality,
beliefs, and values, and are often used as a means of self-
expression and exploration.

Clothing can be a powerful tool for self-expression, identity, and

empowerment. It can reflect our values, beliefs, and tastes, and
can even influence how we see ourselves and others.
Here are some ways clothing can symbolize self:
• Personal style: Clothing choices can reflect our personality
and style. For example, classic and polished clothing can
indicate a preference for elegance and sophistication, while
bold and edgy choices can indicate a desire for individuality
and self-expression.
• Self-confidence: Wearing clothing that complements your
figure can help you feel better about your body and boost your
confidence.
• Cultural background: Clothing choices can reflect our cultural
background.
• Social norms: Clothing can be used to challenge societal
norms.
• Self-knowledge: Fashion can be a way to express self-
knowledge and self-confidence.
• Freedom: Fashion can be a symbol of freedom.

Effects of clothing on personality

Clothing is more than just an outer layer; it affects how I think

about myself and how I feel about myself. They concluded that
fashion can be used as a tool for self-expression and social
signaling, and can have a significant impact on our psychology
and behavior.

NAME AND NICKNAMES

Name are used as symbols to identify people. It was a Freud,
who first stressed that names are symbols of self because they
are representation of the personality pattern of the bearer.

Why names are important symbols?

• A person name is the only symbol of self which is permanent. It is
given at the time of birth and remains for live long.
• They can't be changed without legal action however nickname can
be changed without legal actions.

SPEECH
• It is important symbols of self, because it gives clues of
the personality of speaker.
• Speech to tell how the speaker thinks of himself and how
he feels about other persons.
Kinds of speech symbols
 • Form of speech: - an egocentric person who wants to
be in limelight uses different forms of speech to achieve
his goal at different ages.

• Quality of speech: - The quality of our speech can be

diminished by cognitive and mobility factors that affect the
pronunciation of our words—such as stuttering, slurring, or
mumbling. Speech quality can be affected by long pauses
between words or speaking too swiftly.

• Quantity of speech: - The quantity of speech is the amount of

speech a person produces.

• Content of speech:- Speech acts serve their function once they

are said or communicated. These are commonly taken to
include acts such as apologizing, promising, ordering,
answering, requesting, complaining, warning, inviting, refusing,
and congratulating.

AGE
Age is also an important symbol of self as each is have a particular role
which is expected to perform. It gives the symbols of personality of a
person.
Symbol of age
• Appearance :- Appearance is an indicator of age and life stage,
which are linked to socially salient stereotypes and prejudices. Older
adults' appearance-related perceptions and behaviors may affect
their experiences of aging within broader society, which may in turn
influence health.
 • Autonomy: - Autonomy is the ability to make decisions without
interference from others, or to govern oneself.

• Activities: -to symbolize their identify with a more

prestigious age, many adolescences go to extreme in their
use of maturity symbols.

SUCCESS
Some people express their success symbolically so that others may judge
them favorably. It is a symbols of self:-

Symbols of success

▪ Popularity: - popularity among the society is considered as a symbol

of success .
▪ Leadership:- Leadership is the ability to guide, influence, or lead
others to accomplish shared goals. It's a set of behaviors and mindsets
that help people work together and adjust to changing environments.
▪ Kinds of occupation:-a person occupation is prime symbol of social
status. People are judged by their occupation.
▪ Money :- Money is often considered a symbol of success because it's a
common way to measure success and it can enable people to live
comfortably. However, money is not the only measure of success, and
there are many other factors that can contribute to success in life.

Reputation
Reputation is a symbol of self which other used to judge the
individual. To have a reputation for something means to be known or
remembered for it. She has a reputation for being a very depressing
writer.
HOW TO ACQUIRE A REPUTATION?
1. First impression: - A first impression is the initial opinion someone
forms of another person when they first meet. These impressions are
often based on limited information and can be influenced by a person's
own biases, expectations, and past experiences.
2. Apparency and behaviors :- Appearance refers to physical
characteristics, behavior involves actions or reactions, and physiology
relates to bodily functions.

3. Social stereotypes: - Social stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a

group of people, such as their personality, appearance, or abilities. They
can be based on a person's age, gender, race, religion, sexual
orientation, socioeconomic status, or nationality.

COMPLETE
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Short answer type questions (2 marks).
1. Discuss the essential elements of personality.
2. Enlist are the key determinants of personality.
3. What is dress sense?
4. Discuss social determinants of personality.
5. Discuss the types of personality.

Long answer type questions (16 marks)

1. Define personality and discuss the nature and characteristics of

personality.
2. Discuss the importance of personality.
3. Explain the various types of personality and factors influencing
personality.
4. Write a note on symbols of self.
5. Write a note on the following symbols of self: -
a. Clothing
b. Name and nickname
c. Speech
d. Age
e. Success
f. Reputation
 ASSIGNMENT ON MOULDING THE
PERSONALITY PATTERN

Submitted By: Nidhi Sharma and Tamanna

Submitted To: Dr. Savita Malik

Topics Covered
• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition
• Types with examples
• Hereditary Potentials
• Environmental Influence
• Sources of moulding
• Moulding techniques
• Persistence and change in personality pattern
• Characteristics of change in personality
• Questions

INTRODUCTION
Personality is what makes us who we are. It affects how we thinks, feel, and behave. But did
you know that our personality can change and grow throughout our lives?
MOULDING PERSONALITY PATTERNS explores how our experiences, relationships, and
surroundings shape our personality. We’ll look at:
1. How our childhood and upbringing influence us
2. How culture and society impact our personality
3. How life events and challenges change us
4. How self -awareness help us to grow
5. How our brain develops and adopts
Understanding these factors can help us improve ourselves, become more emotionally
intelligent, and reach our full potential.

MEANING
“Moulding the personality pattern” refers to the process of shaping, influencing, or
transforming and individual’s personality traits, characteristics, and behaviours.
MOULDING: To shape, form, or influence something (in this case, personality) into a desired
or specific pattern.
PERSONALITY PATTERN: A unique combination of traits, characteristics, and behaviours that
define an individual’s personality.
This concept implies that personality is not fixed and can be:
1. Shaped by experiences
2. Influenced by environment
3. Developed through self-awareness
4. Changed through intentional effort

DEFINITI0N
• According to ALBERT BANDURA
“Personality is shaped through reciprocal determinism, where individual factors,
environment, and behaviour interacts”

• According to B.F. SKINNER

“Personality is moulded through operant conditioning, where behaviour is shaped by
consequences”

TYPES 0F MOULDING THAT SHAPE PERSONALITY PATTERN

There are four primary types of moulding that shape personality pattern:
1. Self-Moulding (Personal Growth)
Intentional efforts to change or improve oneself.
Examples:

• Setting goals and working towards self-improvement.

• Peer pressure and social norms.
• Mentorship or coaching.

2. Social Moulding (Interpersonal Influences)

Shaping personality through interactions with others.
Examples:
 • Family and parental influence.
• Peer pressure and social norms.
• Mentorship or coaching.

3. Environmental Moulding (External factors)

Shaping personality through external circumstances.
Examples:

• Cultural and societies norms.

• Economic and financial conditions.
• Geographical locations and climate

4. Intentional Moulding (Professional Guidance)

Targeted interventions to change or improve personality.
Examples:

• Therapy (cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic).

• Coaching (life, executive, career).
• Training programs (emotional intelligence, leadership).

HEREDITARY POTENTIALS
When you are born, you inherit traits from your parents through genes. These traits can
affect:
1. Personality (outgoing, shy, optimistic)
2. Emotions (sensitive, calm, anxious)
3. Brain abilities (intelligence, creativity)
4. Behaviour (adventurous, cautious)
5. Mental health (vulnerability to depression, anxiety)

How Genetics Influence Personality?

Think of genetics like a foundation:
1. Genetics sets the stage, but don’t dictate the entire story.
2. Environment and experiences shape personality further.
3. Genetics traits can be modified or overridden.
Examples:
1. A child inherits a tendency to be outgoing, but becomes shy due to bullying.
2. Someone inherits a talent for music, but never develops it due to lack of practice.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
These are external factors that shape personality:
1. Family and Parenting style
2. Culture and Societal norms
3. Education and learning experiences
4. Social relationships and friendships
5. Life events (trauma, stress, success)
6. Economic and financial conditions
7. Geographical location and climate
8. Media and technology exposure

How Environment Shapes Personality

1. Learning and imitation
2. Socialization and norms
3. Reinforcement and feedback
4. Stress and coping mechanisms
5. Opportunities and resources

Types of Environmental Influences

1. Microsystem (family, peers)
2. Mesosystem (school, community)
3. Exo system (social services, economy)
4. Macrosystem (culture, society)

SOURCES OF MOULDING
SELF- DEVELPOMENT
1. Books (self-help, psychology)
2. Online courses (personality development, mindfulness)
3. TED talks and motivational speeches
4. Journaling and reflection
5. Meditation and mindfulness practices

ROLE MODEL
1. Family members (parents, siblings)
2. Teachers and mentors
 3. Inspirational figures (historical, cultural)
4. Successful individuals (entrepreneurs, athletes)
5. Leaders and influencers

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
1. Friends and peers
2. Social media platforms
3. Community involvement (volunteering)
4. Group discussions and debate
5. Taking calculated risks

PROFESSIONAL GUIDENCE
1. Therapists and counsellors
2. Life coaches and mentors
3. Career advisors
4. Personality assessments
5. Psychologists and psychiatrists

INSPIRATIONAL GUIDENCE
1. Podcasts (self-improvement, motivation)
2. YouTube channels (motivational, educational)
3. Quotes
4. Cultivating empathy and compassion
5. Uplifting movies and documentaries

MOULDING TECHNIQUES
CHILD TRAINING:
During the preschool years, the moulding comes from child training in the home where
parents are responsible for moulding process.
Following are the child training method:
1. Authoritarian method- These are characterized by the use of strict rules and
regulation to get desired behaviour.
2. Democratic method- this method emphasizes the need for discussion, explanation
and reasoning.

IDENTIFICATION:
Identification is the process by which a person takes over the values of another by imitation.

Sources of identification:
1. Home
2. School
3. Peer group

PERSISTENCE AND CHANGE IN PERSONALITY PATTERN

Persistence refers to stability and consistency of an individual’s personality trait over time.
Research suggests that:
1. Personality traits tend to stabilize by age 30
2. 40-50% of personality traits remain consistent across adulthood.
3. Certain traits (e.g. Extraversion, conscientiousness) are more stable than others (e.g.
neuroticism)

FACTORS FACILITATING CHANGE:

1. Self-awareness and motivation
2. New experiences and challenges
3. Social support and feedback
4. Personal growth and development

METHODS OF STUDYING PERSISTENCE AND CHANE

Here are some methods for studying persistence and change
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Panel studies: Multiple measurements over time
2. Cohort studies: following individuals from childhood to adulthood
3. Longitudinal surveys: repeated surveys over time
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENTS
1. Self-report questionnaires
2. Observer reports
3. Behavioral observations
4. Cognitive and emotional tasks
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
1. Latent growth modelling
2. Multilevel modelling
3. Structural equation modelling
 4. Time-series analysis
5. Growth curve analysis

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGE IN PERSONALITY

QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Gradualness: change occurs gradually over time
2. Reversibility: change can be reversible
3. Linearity: change follows a linear progression
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Transformative: fundamental, profound change
2. Suddenness: change occurs suddenly
3. Non-linearity: change follows a non-linear progression
DIRECTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Positive change: improvement in personality traits
2. Negative change: deterioration in personality traits
3. Neutral change: no significant impact on personality traits.

QUESTIONS
1. Explain the moulding of personality pattern?
2. What is environment influence? How environment change the personality pattern?
3. What are the sources of moulding of personality pattern?
4. What is the persistence and change in personality pattern?
5. What are the characteristics of change in personality?
What is Personality?

Personality can be described as a rich tapestry of inner psychological characteristics

that both mould and mirror an individual‟s thoughts and behaviours within their
surroundings. These inner traits encompass a diverse array of qualities, attributes,
traits, factors, and mannerisms that set one person apart from another. Personalities
wield substantial influence over a person‟s choices, whether it be in selecting products
or choosing where to shop. Moreover, they significantly shape how consumers
respond to a company‟s communication efforts.

The term “personality” traces its origins to the Greek word “persona”, meaning “to
speak through.” Personality represents the amalgamation of characteristics and
qualities that constitute a person‟s distinctive identity. It signifies the role an
individual assumes in public life. Every person possesses a unique, personal character
that serves as a primary driver of their behaviour, defining their personality.

In the realm of Organizational Behavior, an individual‟s personality plays an

exceptionally pivotal role in assessing their conduct within an organisation. When a
person in a senior organisational role exhibits an incompatible personality, it can have
detrimental effects on relationships and potentially lead to unrest in the workplace.

1
 PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS

INTRODUCTION

 The word "personality" is derived from the Greek word "persona," which means
"to speak through." Personality is the combination of characteristics and qualities
that form a person‟s unique identity..

 It signifies the role which a person plays in public. Every individual has a unique,
personal and major determinant of his behavior that defines his/her personality.

Personality of an individual plays an extremely important role in assessing the

behaviour of a person at an organization.

 In case an individual who is holding a senior position in an organization has a

wrong type of personality, it may lead to a very bad impact on the relationship and
ultimately it may lead to protests and unrest at the workplace.

 Sometimes the personality difficulties are the root cause of labour strikes. No
matter how good the superior is in technical knowledge or other behavioural
characteristics, it is the „temperament‟ of the superior that is crucial in ensuring a
cordial interaction with subordinates. Many businesses have realized the
importance of leadership in an organization in shaping the personality of
employees.

2
 DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

There are four major determinants of personality:

1. Biological/Physical Determinants: Hereditary and physical features.

2. Psychological determinants: Behaviour, emotions, sentiments, thought,

patterns and complexes of an individual.

3. Social Determinants: Sociological aspects related to the community and

his/her role in the community.

4. Intellectual Determinants: Values, Humour, Morality, etc.

Other determinants of personality include cultural, situational, and environmental

factors.

3
 BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF
PERSONALITY

Biological traits are the foremost parameter that reflects various factors of one‟s
personality. Being the essential determinant of personality, it incorporates a majority
of other factors as well which bring out the various insights about an individual. Some
important constituents under the physical determinants of personality are:

 HEREDITY

The features that can be determined from the time of conception are generally put
under heredity. Sex, physical stature, temperament, muscle composition, facial
features, height etc are the characteristics that one usually inherits from parents. Thus,
through the hereditary approach, it is evident that the genes located in chromosomes
are the ultimate explanation of personality.

4
BRAIN

The second biological approach is to concentrate on the role that the brain play in
personality. The psychologists are unable to prove empirically the contribution of the
human brain in influencing personality.

 Physical Features

Physical appearance is also among the integral determinants of personality. How one
appears physically actually plays an important role in how they are perceived by
others. Whether one is short, tall, slim, fat, black or white will obviously have an
impression on others and this will have an influence on the self- conception of the
individual. Physical characteristics include but are not limited to height, skin tone,
weight, hair colour, and beauty.

Example of Biological/physical determinants of personality:

Whether one is short, tall, slim, fat, black, or white will obviously have an impression
on others and this will have an impression on others and this will have an influence on
the self-conception of the individual and their personality.

5
 PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF
PERSONALITY
Considering a personality as a particular style pertaining to each individual, the
psychological approach is amongst the major determinants of personality. This
specific style which is different for each individual actually gets determined through
the accumulative characteristics of mental trends, emotions, sentiments, thought
patterns and complexes.
Further, it also studies an individual‟s mental conflicts, wishes, aspirations, feelings of
repression, sublimation and emotional well-being.

Bitter experience and positive experience suffered by person early in the stage of life
is also affects personality of a person. Success and failures suffered in the also play a
key role in developing personality of a person. It may play as a role of motivation and
demotivation in a person's life.

6
CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

Just as we are born with biological determinants, cultural determinants of personality

are the ones with which we grow up. The rituals and norms in the family, the early
conditioning, the way we are raised, and the social group in which we hang out are the
factors that have an impactful emphasis on our personality formation. Each culture
trains and expects its members to behave and breathe in a way that is acceptable to
society. Hence, factors like aggression, independence, cooperation and

competition are major cultural contributors to personality determination. Thus, it is

quite evident to filter out the individuals brought up in the Western part of the world
from the citizens of our country as the cultures we have been brought up with are
poles apart.

7
Here are some ways that culture can impact personality:

 Socialization
Through family, education, media, and religion, cultures pass on their values,
beliefs, and practices to their members.
 Self-perception
The early conditioning and exposure to a culture can significantly impact how
people within that culture perceive themselves and others.
 Cultural change
Cultures are not static, and changes in culture over time can lead to changes in
the collective personality.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

The concept of social determinants involves analyzing a person's personality based on

their status within their social group or community, taking into account the
individual's understanding of their role in the group. This approach emphasizes that
how others perceive us plays a significant role in shaping our personality. With the
widespread emergence of communication tools, especially through social media,
social media influencers hold an authoritative power to influence the masses around
the globe. Therefore, anyone's personality is largely influenced by the social lives
they lead and are a part of. Through socializing, whether virtual or in person,
individuals encounter a plethora of others who in some way leave a mark on their
personalities.

8
This process begins as soon as we enter the real world, from the playschool we attend
to our peers and friends, among others. Our social life is one of the essential
determinants of personality, which is why we are always advised to choose our social
circle wisely.

Social determinants of personality are the interactions and relationships that shape a
person's personality throughout their life. These include:

 People: The people a person surrounds themselves with

 Culture: The cultural and societal contexts a person inhabits

 Roles: The roles a person plays within their social circles

INTELLECTUAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

Intelligence is another essential factor that can play an important role in the
development of our personality. Our intellect can influence various aspects and areas
of our behaviour which in turn, can determine our personality. Here are the
intellectual determinants of Personality:

Humour: Humour is one of the integral intellectual determinants of personality as it

helps us get a realistic view of things, facilitates social acceptance and also ironically
brings forward a lighter perspective of life.

9
Morality: Our intellect and worldview play a crucial role in the development of our
morality and how we see certain things as moral or immoral. Thus, morality is another
factor that determines our intellect and thus overall personality as well.

Values: An individual learns about values from his/her upbringing as well as from the
society they are brought up in. These values and beliefs also form our intellectual
behaviour and thus are an important determinant of our personality.

10
Some other Determinants of Personality:

Educational Determinants:

Educational institutions play a significant role in personality development.

The degree of academic success that the child achieves affects personality
development. If a child is getting good grades in schoolwork he enjoys inner
satisfaction which boosts his ego.

 Good grades not only lead to praise and commendation from teachers and
parents, they also attract envy from peers.

 They promise a good future as well as adjustment to school.

 A child who is performing well will most likely steer away from any
disciplinary problems.

 This is the child you ask what he wants to become when he grows up and he
has a clear vision of it: a pilot, a lawyer, a surgeon, an engineer, they will say.

11
Family determinants:

Many factors in a family can influence a child's personality, including:

 Parenting style: The type of parenting style, such as authoritarian,
permissive, or authoritative, can affect a child's personality.

 Parent-child relationship: The relationship between a child and their parents

can impact their personality.

 Sibling relationships: The relationships between siblings can affect a child's

personality.

 Family structure and dynamics: The structure and dynamics of a family can
impact a child's personality.

 Socio-economic status: A child's socio-economic status can impact their

personality.

 Cultural and social values: The cultural and social values of a family can
impact a child's personality.

 Emotional support and nurturing: The amount of emotional support and

nurturing a child receives can impact their personality.

 Discipline and boundaries: The amount of discipline and boundaries a child

experiences can impact their personality.

12
 Parental strategies: The strategies parents use can impact a child's personality.

 Time and resources: The amount of time and resources parents are able to put
towards their children can impact their personality.

13
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q1. Define family determinants of personality?

Q2. Define personality determinants?

Q3. What is dress sense?

Q4. Enlist the key determinants of personality?

Q5. Describe healthy personality?

LONG QUESTIONS:

Q1. What is the role of personal hygiene in personality development?

Q2. What are the different personality patterns? Explain the role of social
determinants in personality development?

Q3. What are the physical or intellectual determinants of personality?

14
 Personality Development:
Aspirations and Achievements
Unlocking Your Full Potential
Personality Development:
Aspirations and Achievements
Unlocking Your Full Potential: Image: A person standing
on a mountain peak, symbolizing success and personal
growth.
Introduction to Personality
Development
Personality development is the process of cultivating
positive traits, skills, and habits that enhance
confidence, adaptability, and overall well-being. It
involves continuous self-improvement and personal
growth.
The Role of Aspirations

Aspirations are our guiding dreams and ambitions. They

serve as a driving force, motivating us to strive for
success and personal fulfillment. Aspirations provide
direction, purpose, and a sense of meaning in our lives.
Connecting Aspirations with
Achievements
Aspirations and achievements go hand in hand.
Aspirations provide the vision and motivation, while
achievements serve as milestones that confirm progress
and reinforce self-belief. This cycle of growth and
accomplishment propels us towards unlocking our full
potential.
Types of Aspirations

Aspirations can vary greatly from person to person. They

can be career-oriented, focused on personal growth,
relationships, or making a social impact. Each type of
aspiration influences different aspects of our personality,
such as resilience, empathy, and determination.
Setting SMART Goals

To turn aspirations into reality, it is essential to set

SMART goals. SMART stands for Specific, Measurable,
Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. This structured
approach helps transform dreams into actionable steps,
making them more attainable and manageable.
Building Self-Confidence
Self-confidence is a crucial aspect of personality development. It is the belief in oneself and one's abilities. With
self-confidence, we gain the courage to face challenges, take risks, and overcome obstacles. It is a key ingredient
for pursuing goals and adapting to change.
Resilience and Growth
Resilience is the ability to bounce back from setbacks and challenges. It is an integral part of personality
development as it helps us stay committed to our goals even in the face of adversity. Resilience strengthens our
capacity to persevere and grow, fostering personal and professional development.
Reflecting on Successes and Failures
Both successes and failures play a significant role in shaping our personalities. Successes provide us with
confidence and a sense of accomplishment, while failures teach us valuable lessons in resilience and
determination. Reflecting on these experiences helps us develop a balanced, growth-oriented personality.
Your Path Forward

Embark on your journey of personality development by

setting clear aspirations, embracing resilience, and
regularly self-reflecting. With well-defined goals,
dedication, and a growth mindset, personal and
professional growth becomes achievable. Unlock your
full potential and create a fulfilling life.
 ASSIGNMENT
ON
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Submitted by: Laxmi, Rekha

Submitted to: DR. SAVITA MALIK

TOPICS COVERED
➢ Healthy Personality
➢ Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively
Lesson 16 (Healthy Personality)
• Introduction
• Characteristics of healthy personalities
• Causes of healthy personalities
• Self acceptance
• Condition favourable to self-acceptance
• Achieving of healthy personality
• Aids to self acceptance

HEALTHY PERSONALITY

People with healthy personalities are those who are judged to be well adjusted. They experience a kind of
inner harmony in the sense that they are at peace with other as well as with themselves. The core of a healthy
personality is an image of the self that the individual can accept and live with, without felling too guilty,
anxious, or hostile, without being self-defeated or destructive of others.
A healthy personality is well-balanced, cheerful, and stress-free. Healthy people have self discipline and self
control. They are honest with themselves. They have a great ability to understand others and they know how
to deal with people. They have a strong faith in themselves. They always listen to their mind, rather than
following the majority.

ESSENTIALS FOR HEALTHY PERSONALITY

Two basic essentials for health personality are:

1. The person must not only play his role in life satisfactorily but he must derive satisfaction from it.
Satisfaction leads to the emotional state known as happiness. Without this, the personality cannot be
healthy.
2. The person must play his role to the satisfaction of others. He must conform to the laws, customs, and
moral codes which prevail in his social group. If he fails to act in accordance with these standards,
his conscience will be disturbed. This will lead to feelings of guilt and shame, neither of which
contributes to a healthy personality.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY PERSONALITIES

1. Realistic self-appraisals: A well-adjusted person sees himself as he is, not as he would like to be.
The gap between the real and the ideal self-concepts is smaller in case of those who suffer from
personality sickness, and is very much smaller among those who are well adjusted. Thus, a well-
adjusted person can appraise himself, his abilities, and his achievements realistically.
2. Realistic appraisal of situations: A well-adjusted person does not expect the situations in which
he finds himself to be perfect. He approaches situations with a realistic attitude accepting the bad
with the good. He is willing to do what he can to make the situation more to his liking. Such a
person has a constructive approach to life.
3. Realistic evaluation of achievements: A well-adjusted person is able to evaluate his achievements
realistically and to react to them in a rational way. This contrasts with the maladjusted person who
regards his success as a personal triumph which shows others his superiority over them.
4. Acceptance of reality: A well-adjusted person is willing to accept reality instead of running away
from it. While he may not like things as they are, he is realistic enough to know that he can either
change them or change to a locale where things will be more to his liking.
5. Acceptance of responsibility: A well-adjusted person is responsible person. He feels confident of
his ability to cope with life and its problems and to take responsibilities suited to his age and level
of ability. A well-adjusted person is realistic enough to recognize that he should not accept
responsibilities that he is unprepared to carry out successfully.
6. Goal orientation: A well-adjusted person sets realistic goals while those who are poorly adjusted
set more unrealistic ones. When the well-adjusted set goals which they later find are unrealistic,
they are willing to lower them to more realistic levels.
7. Happiness: One of the outstanding characteristics of the well-adjusted person is happiness. This
means that in the well-adjusted person happiness outweighs unhappiness and the person is an
essentially happy person.
8. Social acceptance: People with healthy personalities are more popular than those with sick
personalities; they are happier and better satisfied with themselves. Knowing that they are
positively evaluated by others not only fosters a favourable self-concept in the well adjusted, but
also leads to grater social participation.

CAUSES OF HEALTHY PERSONALITIES

 1. Physical causes: Nobody born with sick our health Personalities. It means there are some causes
which make a personality healthy or sick .Physical causes are related to body and healthy mind.
Physically healthy person is that person who doesn’t suffer from any disease specially permanent
disease.
2. Psychological Causes: It is related to your mind and major factor of your healthy personality is a
self acceptance. If you are bring stress and anxiety no doubt it affect your personality and self
concept. Degree of self acceptance causes psychological causes of healthy personality.

SELF ACCEPTANCE

Self-acceptance is the “degree to which an individual, having considered his personal characteristics, is able
and willing to live with them”.

CONDITIONS FAVOURABLE TO SELF-ACCEPTANCE

1. Positive social support: being surrounded by people who accept and encourages us helps us see ourselves
in a kinder light. Supportive relationships can boost our self-esteem and ease self-judgement.
2. Self-compassion practice: Treating yourself with the same kindness and understanding you’d offer a
friend fosters self-acceptance. This includes acknowledging mistakes without harsh criticism.
3. Mindfulness: Mindfulness encourages awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings without judgement. It
helps people observe their experiences without over-identifying with negative emotions.
4. Realistic expectations: Setting achievable goals and avoiding unrealistic comparisons with others
minimizes feelings of inadequacy and frustration, allowing for self-acceptance.
5. Growth mindset: Believing that abilities and traits can improve over time helps in accepting oneself as a
work in progress, reducing self-critical attitudes.
6. Healthy boundaries: Knowing your limits and saying no when necessary prevents burnout and promotes
self-respect, both of which support self-acceptance.
7. Reflective self-awareness: Taking time for self-reflection helps you understand and accept both your
strengths and areas for growth.
8. Acknowledging achievements: Celebrating even small successes builds confidence and appreciation for
personal strengths and accomplishments.
 ACHIEVENING OF HEALTHY PERSONALITY

Achieving a healthy personality involves cultivating a balanced and resilient sense of self. It means accepting
oneself, including both strengths and areas for growth, which fosters self-confidence and reduces self-
criticism. Emotional regulation and resilience are essential, allowing individuals to manage stress, bounce
back from setbacks, and maintain a positive relationship enhances social well-being and creates a strong
support network. Living authentically, in alignment with personal values, and embracing a growth mindset
supports adaptability and openness to learning. Mindfulness and self-discipline contribute to a stable and
productive life, while a sense of purpose brings fulfillment and direction. A healthy personality is less about
perfection and more about flexibility, self-awareness, and the ongoing capacity to grow and adopt, leading to
a fulfilling and balanced life.

AIDS TO SELF ACCEPTANCE

1. Self-compassion: Treat yourself with the same kindness and understanding you’d offer a friend,
reducing self-criticism.
2. Mindfulness: Stay present with your thoughts and emotions without judgement, promoting acceptance
of your current self.
3. Positive self-talk: Replace negative thoughts with positive affirmations to build a gentler inner
dialogue.
4. Gratitude practice: Regularly acknowledge what you appreciate about yourself to enhance self-worth.
5. Setting realistic goals: Aims for achievable goals instead of perfection, supporting a balanced view of
personal progress.
6. Journaling: Reflect on thoughts and experiences to better understand and accept yourself.
7. Building resilience: View setbacks as growth opportunities, fostering a more balanced self-view.
8. Focusing on strengths: Identify and celebrate your strengths and achievements, building confidence.
 SHORT QUESTION (2 MARKS):

Explain the following:

1. Healthy personality
2. Causes of healthy personalities
3. Self acceptance

LONG QUESTION (16 MARKS):

1. Define healthy personalities. Explain the main features.

2. What is self-acceptance? Discuss the conditions that are favourable to self-
acceptance.
CHAPTER 19 (Solving Problems analytically and creatively)
• Introduction
• Steps in Analytical problem solving
• Limitation of the analysis problem solving model
• Creative problem solving
• Approaches to creativity
• Conceptual blocks
• Type of conceptual blocks
• Hints for applying problem-solving technique
• Fostering creativity in others

INTRODUCTION

Solving problems analytically and creatively is a balanced approach that leverages structured
thinking alongside imaginative solutions. Analytical problem-solving involves breaking down
a problem into manageable parts, using logic, reasoning, and data to systematically address
each aspect. This method allows for precision and clarity, often leading to reliable solutions
backed by evidence or proven methodologies. It is especially useful in fields where data and
measurable outcomes play a central role.
On other hand, creative problem-solving encourages thinking beyond conventional solutions,
exploring unique perspectives and generating innovative ideas. Creativity involves flexibility
and a willingness to challenge assumptions, often leading to original solutions that may not
emerge through analysis alone. Creative problem-solving is essential when dealing with
complex or ambiguous issues that lack clear answers or when a fresh approach is needed.

Combining analytical and creative methods results in a comprehensive approach that is both
logical and adaptive, empowering individuals and teams to tackle problems in a more holistic
and effective way. This approach not only improves the likelihood of finding viable solutions
but also opens the door to breakthroughs and innovations that traditional methods may
overlook.

STEPS IN ANALYTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

The process of analytical problem-solving generally follows these structured steps:

1. Define the problem: Clearly identify the issue and understand its scope. This involves
gathering all relevant information to ensure that the real problem (and not just the
symptoms) is being addressed.

2. Break down the problem: Divide the problem into smaller, manageable parts. This helps
in understanding the underlying factors and makes the problem easier to analyze.

3. Gather Data and Analyze information: Collect data relevant to each part of the problem.
Use this data to identify patterns, relationships, or trends that may contribute to
understanding the problem better.

4. Generate potential solutions: Based on your analysis, brainstorms possible solutions.

It’s helpful to consider a variety of options before narrowing down, even those that may
initially seem unconventional.

5. Evaluate solutions: Weigh each potential solution against criteria like feasibility,
effectiveness, cost, and time. Analyzing the pros and cons of each option can help you
identify the most promising solutions.

6. Select the best solutions: Choose the solution that best meets the criteria and aligns with
the goals or desired outcomes. This choice should be based on evidence gathered during
the analysis.
 7. Implement the solution: Develop a clear action plan for executing the chosen solution,
including assigning tasks, setting deadlines, and determining resources required.

8. Monitor and evaluate results: After implementing the solution, monitor its effectiveness
and check if it successfully resolves the problem. Evaluate any unexpected outcomes
and be prepared to make adjustments if necessary.

Each of these steps relies on a methodical approach, using logic, data, and systematic analysis
to ensure that the chosen solution effectively addresses the problem.

LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS PROBLEM SOLVING MODEL

1. Limited applicability: Analytical solution methods are often only applicable to specific
type of problems, and may not be suitable for real-world problems.

2. Time-consuming: Problem-solving can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.

3. Information overload: Too much data can make it difficult to solve problems.

4. Assumptions: Problem-solving models often assume that people know what is good for
them and how to achieve it, but this is not always the case.

5. Lack of analytical skills: Problem-solving requires analytical skills, which may not be
useful for people who are more emotional or non-analytical.

6. Intimidation: Problem-solving can be difficult for people who feel overwhelmed or

intimidated.

7. Lack of assertiveness: Problem-solving may require some degree of assertiveness.

8. Cost: Problem-solving can involve time, information, and transaction costs.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING

Creative problem solving (cps) is a mental process that involves finding new and original
solutions to problems. It’s a deliberate process that uses technique to break down problems,
generate ideas, and evaluate them to find the best solution.
Here are some key principles of creative problem solving:
• Balance divergent and convergent thinking: Divergent thinking generates ideas, while
convergent thinking narrows them down.
• Reframe problems as questions: This shifts the focus from obstacles to solutions.
• Defer judgement of ideas: Immediate judgments can interfere with the idea generation
process.
• Focus on “Yes, and instead of “No, but”: Negative words like “no” discourage creative
thinking.
• Clarify the problem: Understand the issue and define objectives. Gather data from
stakeholders to increase awareness of the issues.

APPROACHES TO CREATIVITY

There are many approaches to creativity, including:

 1. Programmed thinking: A structure approach that uses logic to create new products or
services. Morphological analysis and the reframing matrix are example of this
approach.

2. Lateral thinking: A creative approach that uses technique like brainstorming, random
input, and provocation. Edward de bono popularized this approach.

3. Combining programmed and lateral thinking: Technique like the concept fan, do it, and
min Basadur’s simplex combine the strengths of both approaches.

4. Metaphorical thinking: A technique that compares two or more things to draw

connections between concepts and generate ideas. For example, a team might compare
their business to a flower.

5. Adaptation, transfer, synthesis, and genesis: These are

four approaches to the creative process.

6. Dramatizing the benefit: A technique that involves reducing a message to a single word
and then thinking of visuals, situations, scenes, and stories that bring it to life.

7. Always be connecting the dots: A mantra that encourages people to practice connecting
the dots to develop their creativity and innovation skills.

8. Other approaches to creativity include divergent thinking, problem solving, flexibility

of thoughts, access to emotion, and access to affect in fantasy. Personality variables like
self-confidence, risk-taking, and openness to experience are also involved in creativity.

CONCEPTUAL BLOCKS

Conceptual blocks are mental obstacles that can prevent people from solving problems
creatively and efficiently. They can limit the number of solutions a person can generate and the
way they approach problem solving.
 TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL BLOCKS

1. Constancy:
• Vertical thinking: Defining a problem in only one way without considering alternative
views.
• One thinking language: Not using more than one language to define and assess the
problem.

2. Commitment:
• Stereotyping based on past experience: Present problems are seen only as the variations
of past problems.
• Ignoring commonalities: failing to perceive commonalities among elements that
initially appear to be different.

3. Compression:
• Distinguishing figure from ground: Not littering out irrelevant information or finding
needed information.
• Artificial constraints: Defining the boundaries of a problem too narrowly.

4. Complacency:
• Non-inquisitiveness: Defining the boundaries of a problem too narrowly.
• Non-thinking: A bias toward activity in place of mental work.

HINTS FOR APPLYING PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUES

➢ Take a positive approach: A positive attitude can help you be more creative and
motivated, which can lead to better solution.

➢ Visualize the problem: Imagine the best possible outcome or scenario.

➢ Analyze your mistakes: After solving a problem, identify where you went wrong and
what you can improve on.

➢ Gather information and organize the problem: Determine your objectives and what
information you need to solve the problem.

➢ Turn problems into opportunities: Try to understand the causes of problems and create
strategies to solve them.

➢ Apply logical reasoning: Use the information in the problems to deduce the value of
unknown variables.
 ➢ Emphasize process over product: Each iteration of your idea can improve in quality,
allowing you to build a knowledge base and validate your findings.

FOSTERING CREATIVITY

‘Fostering creativity’ means creating conditions that encourages and support the development
of creative thinking, ideas, and problem-solving abilities. This involves nurturing an
environment that allows people to explore new possibilities, experiment without fear of failure,
and think beyond conventional boundaries. It’s about actively promoting curiosity, openness,
and flexibility, so people feel empowered to innovate and express themselves in unique ways.
Fostering creativity is essential in many areas, from personal growth and education to business
and the arts, as it drives innovation and helps find fresh solutions to challenges.

FOSERING CREATIVITY IN OTHERS

• Challenge them: Give people a relevant, meaningful challenge that’s slightly outside
their comfort zone.

• Encourage collaboration: collaborate with others who have different backgrounds and
perspectives. You can try brainstorming sessions, hackathons, or mastermind groups.
 • Create a safe environment: Make people feel comfortable sharing their ideas and
insights.

• Encourage individually: Let people know that their thoughts are valued.

• Provide resources: Give people the tools they need to be creative, such as art supplies,
writing utensils, or a whiteboard.

• Encourage diverse perspectives: Seek out people with

different experiences and viewpoints.

• Encourages building on ideas: Encourage people to expand on and improve their ideas.

• Celebrate success and failure: Celebrate both successes and failure as part of the
creative process.

• Sleep on it: Sometimes, the best ideas come to us while we’re sleeping.

SHORT QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. What is analytical problem solving?

2. What is creative problem solving?
3. What conceptual blocks?
4. What do you mean by ‘fostering creativity’?

LONG QUESTIONS (16 MARKS)

1. Define analytical problem solving. Discuss the steps involved in such problem
solving.
2. What is a conceptual block? What are their types?
3. How can you foster creativity in others? Explain its principles.
 ASSIGNMENT
ON
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Submitted by: Yashvi Gupta, Kanika, Laxmi
Submitted to: DR. SAVITA MALIK

TOPICS COVERED
➢ Developing Self Awareness
➢ Managing Personal Stress
➢ Grooming the Personality
➢ Time Management
➢ Public Speaking
 DEVELOPING SELF AWARENESS
Introduction
Self-awareness is the ability to recognize you are
separate from other people, while also assessing
your own thought feeling and beliefs. To be self-
aware means you can use your senses and
experience to understand your emotion and help
you make future choice.

1.What is self-awareness?
Ans- Self-awareness is a fundamental tool for self-
control. This is necessary part of the professional
part of life and personal as well, so that we can
answer about the question arises in certain situation
and condition. Research suggest that self-awareness
is directly related to emotional Intelligence and
success. It helps you create achievable goals,
because you are aware of your strengths, weakness,
and the drivers that set the goals.
Why self-awareness?
To know about self-concept as who I am.
How self-awareness plays an important role in our
life. To know how you can promote yourself in
various situation. Importance of assessing ourselves
in our career life.

How to develop self-awareness?

1.Meditate
It can really help you to focus on being more self-
aware when you meditate, you are in a clam and
pleasant state of mind, where you can really focus
on being present. This may be through your
breathing or just by visualizing while you are
meditating. Once you are starting your meditation
session, you can start to practice becoming aware of
any thoughts, and feeling you have. You could also
ask yourself -question during meditation, or reflect
on the things you have done that have affected your
feeling or behaviors .

2. Ask yourself questions

It is a great way to develop a better understanding
of yourself and your actions. When you ask
yourself question, you can start to look at the bigger
picture, why you feel a certain, way, or why you
reacted to something the way you did etc.
Question that you could ask are: why do you avoid
these certain things? What are you trying to
achieve?

3. Ask your friends and family

When you can be open honest with your friends and
family, they can do the same, you can really get
some great advice and point from them that can help
you to develop yourself awareness. If you can ask
your friend or family or honestly give to you their
critical and objective perspective on you and your
feelings/ behavior, you can get a great insight from
the people closet to you.
4) Live in the moment and analyze your
emotions
When will learn how to live in the present moment
are also learn to stop worrying about the future or
the past. You can be completely in the moment and
focus on what is happening to you to present. this
can be great when trying to improve your self-
awareness, at it is the one thing you can focus on,
and not any other worries or thoughts that may be
crossing your mind.
Emotional intelligence

Introduction
Emotional Intelligence refer to an individual ability
to identify, understand, and manage their own
emotion, as well as the emotion of others around
them. In 1990 - Peter solo-very and John Mayer can
the term 'emotional intelligence".

Definition
“The ability to perceive emotion to access and
generate emotion. So as to asset, thought to
understand emotions”.
Managing emotions at work-place.
Employers and employees should work together to
create a supportive work environment that promote
emotional will being and provide resource for
managing and reducing stress. Remember that
managing emotion and stress in an ongoing process.
1.Self – awareness.
2. deep breathing and relaxation techniques.
3.time management.
4. take shorts breaks.

Value and priorities.

Value – It refers to the principles, standard, or
qualities that an individual or society hold to be
important or desirable. Value guide behavior and
decision- making influencing what we believe in
right or wrong, good or bad, worthwhile. For
example- honesty, integrity, respect and
compassion.
Priorities - are the things or task that are considered
more important than others at a given time. They
determine the order in which activities goal or
responsibilities are addressed. Setting priorities
help allocate time, energy and resource efficiently.

Types of personal values.

Personal values are the principles or standards that
guide an individual 's behavior and decision -
making. They influence how people interact with
others, make choice, and prioritize what important
in their lives. Here are some common types of
personal values:
1. Moral values
I) Honesty: Being truthful and transparent in all
situations.
II) Integrity: According to one's beliefs and
values, even when no one is watching.
III) Respect: Valuing other's opinions, rights and
differences.

2) Social Values.
 I) Family: Prioritizing family relationships
and responsibilities.
II) Loyalty: Being faithful to people, causes,
organization.
III) Friendship: Valuing close, supportive
relationships with others.
3) Achievement values.
I) Ambition: setting and striving to reach
personal and professional goal.
II) Success: focusing on accomplishment and
recognition.
4) Economic values.
I) wealth: Accumulating financial resource or
material possessions.
II) security: Prioritizing stability and the ability to
meet one's needs.
5) Spiritual values.
I) faith: belief in a higher power or religious
principle.
II) Peace: Inner calm and tranquility.
III) Mindfulness: Being present and Aware of
one thoughts and surroundings.
Self-disclosure

Self-disclosure is the act of voluntarily sharing

personal information about one self with others
including thought, feeling, Desires, fears
experience and beliefs. This can include:
i) Personal thought and feelings.
ii) Experience and memories.
iii) Desires and goals.
Guidelines for development self-awareness.
Here are some guidelines for developing self-
awareness.
Practice introspection: regularly take time to reflect
on your thoughts, feeling and actions.
Identify your values. Clarify what is most important
to you and align your actions with those values.
Recognize your strengths and weakness.
Acknowledge your positive qualities and areas for
improvement.
Sit boundaries: establish healthy limits with other to
protect your time, energy, and emotional Well-
being.

Activities for developing self-awareness.

i) Journaling: write down your thoughts, feelings
and experience. Reflect on your entries to identify
pattern and growth.
ii) Meditation: practice mindfulness meditation to
increase Awareness of your thoughts and emotions.
iii) Self -inquiry: regularly ask yourself? question
like what are my values? what makes me happy?

Stress management
Introduction
Managing personal stress is essential for
maintaining overall well-being and improving
quality of life. Stress is a natural response to
challenges and pressures, but when it becomes
chronic, it can negatively impact mental, emotional,
and physical health.
Effective stress management involves identifying
the sources of stress, understanding its effects, and
implementing strategies to cope with it. Common
stressors include work demands, personal
relationships, financial concerns, and major life
changes.

Definition of stress
Stress is a natural response of the body and mind to
perceived challenges or threats, often referred to as
stressors. It involves a complex interplay of
psychological, physiological, and emotional
reactions. When faced with stress, the body
activates its "fight or flight" response, releasing
hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which
prepare you to respond to the situation.
While some stress can be beneficial and motivating,
excessive or chronic stress can lead to negative
effects on health, including anxiety, depression, and
various physical ailments. Stress can arise from
various sources, including work, relationships,
financial issues, and major life changes.
Eustress And Distress
Eustress
• Definition: Eustress is the positive form of
stress that can motivate and energize you. It
often occurs in response to challenges that are
perceived as manageable or beneficial.
• Examples: Starting a new job, planning a
wedding, or preparing for a competition. These
situations can lead to feelings of excitement,
fulfilment, and purpose.
 • Effects: Eustress can enhance performance,
improve focus, and promote personal growth. It
contributes to a sense of achievement and well-
being.

Distress
Definition: Distress is the negative form of stress
that arises from situations perceived as
overwhelming, threatening, or unmanageable. It
often leads to feelings of anxiety, frustration, or
helplessness.
Examples: Experiencing job loss, dealing with
relationship issues, or facing financial difficulties.
These situations can lead to chronic worry or
feelings of being trapped.
Effects: Distress can impair performance, lead to
physical health problems, and contribute to mental
health issues like anxiety and depression.

Strategies for managing stress

1. Self-awareness: Recognizing your stress
triggers can help you develop a plan to
address them.
2. Healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a
balanced diet, and sufficient sleep are
crucial in reducing stress levels.
3. Relaxation techniques: Practices such as
mindfulness, meditation, and deep-
breathing exercises can promote relaxation
and clarity.
4. Time management: Prioritizing tasks and
setting realistic goals can help reduce
feelings of overwhelm.
5. Social support: Connecting with friends,
family, or support groups can provide
comfort and perspective.
6. Professional help: If stress becomes
unmanageable, seeking help from a
therapist or counselor can be beneficial.
Consequences of Different Levels of stress
The consequences of stress can vary significantly
depending on its intensity and duration. Here’s a
breakdown of the consequences at different levels
of stress:

Low Stress (Eustress)

• Consequences:
o Increased motivation and productivity.

o Enhanced focus and performance.

o Improved problem-solving and creativity.

 o Positive emotional responses, such as
excitement and fulfillment.
Moderate Stress
• Consequences:
o Heightened alertness and energy levels.

o Temporary increases in productivity and

focus.
o Motivation to meet deadlines or achieve

goals.
o Possible tension or mild anxiety, which

may be manageable.
High Stress (Distress)
• Consequences:
o Physical symptoms: headaches, fatigue,
gastrointestinal issues, or muscle tension.
o Emotional effects: increased anxiety,
irritability, and mood swings.
o Impaired cognitive function: difficulty
concentrating, making decisions, or
remembering information.
 How will you manage stress?
If you want to get better at managing everyday
stress, here are ten things that can help you:
1. Balance work and play.
2. Plan your day.
3. Stick to your plan.
4. Ask for help when you need it.
5. Use the positive energy of stress.
6. Deal with problems as they come up.
7. Eat good foods.
8. Get enough sleep.

Methods of managing stress

There are many ways to manage stress, including:
• Practice relaxation techniques: try deep
breathing, meditation, yoga. These techniques
can help slow your heart rate and lower your
blood pressure.
• Exercise: Working out, playing a sport, or
dancing can help manage stress, lower anxiety
and depression. And improve your mood.
• Get enough sleep: Aim for 7 to 9 hours of sleep
each night.
 • Eat a heathy dirt: Eat vegetables, fruits, whole
grains, low fat or non-fat dairy, and lean
proteins.
• Take time for yourself: Set aside time to do
something you enjoy, like listening music,
reading, or gardening.
• Learn new skills: Try learning how to slove
problems, focus on important tasks, and
manage your time.
• Learn to say no: Set limits and ask for help
when you need it.
• Reduce screen time: Spend less time in front of
your phone, tablet, computer or television.

Process of manage stress

The process of stress management involves a
variety of techniques, including:
• Exercise: Regular physical activity can help relieve
stress. Try to exercise at least 20 minutes, three
times a week.
• Relaxation: Make time for relaxation activities like
meditation, yoga, tai chi, or breathing exercises.
• Sleep: Get enough sleep by going to bed at the same
time each night. If you have trouble sleeping, try
 doing something calming before bed, like reading
or listening to music.
• Eat well: Eat a nutritious diet with lots of fresh
fruits and vegetables, and avoid fatty and sweet
foods.
• Practice gratitude: Acknowledge the good parts of
your day or life.
• Practice positive self-talk: Instead of saying
negative things, try to reframe your thoughts in a
more positive way.
• Manage your time: poor time management can
lead to stress and decreased productivity.
• Take care of yourself: Make taking care of
yourself a priority. This might mean saying "no" to
requests or making time for yourself.
• Spend time with others: Connect with people who
make you feel good and provide emotional support.

Why is it important to manage Stress?

Stress management is important because it can help
you adapt to difficult situations and avoid the
negative effects of stress.

It can help your mind and body adapt (resilience).

Without it, your body might always be on high alert.
Over time, chronic stress can lead to serious health
problems.
For Students. In small amounts it can be good,
because it pushes you to work hard and do your
best, such as during exams. But if you're feeling
very stressed or feel you cannot manage stress, it
can lead to mental health problems such as
depression and anxiety. It can also affect your
academic performance.
Don't wait until stress damages your health,
relationships or quality of life.
Start practicing stress management techniques
today.

Grooming the personality

 Personal grooming helps in individual self-esteem
and also goes a long way into developing an
attractive personality.
Personal grooming does not mean applying lots of
makeup and wearing expensive clothes. It refers to
cleaning and maintaining each and every body part
of body for a pleasing appearance.
First impression is your last impression.

Grooming includes:
1. Personal hygiene
2. Body language
3. Appearance
4. Etiquette
5. Dressing sense
Personal Hygiene
Personal hygiene main cleanliness. For having a
better personality and to growing your personality
you must have knowledge about the cleanliness
otherwise it will create problems.

• General tips for hair hygiene

Wash your hairs properly.
Dry hair with clean towel.
Brush your hair three or four times in a day.
Use oil for nourishing your hairs.
• General tips for skin
Wash your skin with water and soap.
Dry it with clean towel.
Clean heels with scrubber. Dry skin use moisturizer.
Use moisturizer at night. Consult doctor if you have any
skin problem.
Drink plenty of water.
• General tips for hand
Wash your hands after and before eating food.
Wash your hands after doing work related to dust.
Dry it with clean towel.
Do not touch hand anywhere or at any object.
Use moisturizer.
• General tips for teeth
Brush your teeth twice in a day.
Rinse your teeth after meal.
Keep your teeth infection free.
Do brush properly
• General tips for nails
Keep nail short along with your shape.
Do not cut nails so close that pinches your skin.
Do not keep nail painted always.
• General tips for feet
When you enter the house always wash your feet.
Give importance to wearing comfort slippers.

Body Language
Body language involves host of nonverbal clues or
signs such as body movements, facial expression,
tone of voice and gesture in communication.
Reading these signs is an important part of
communication.
The importance of body language is that it exists in
understanding and decoding what the person is
saying.
It is said that action speaks more than words.
Body language is a non-verbal communication
which is reflected from the facial expression, poster,
gesture and walking style of a person.
Your body language give you clue about your
attitude thinking and behavior regarding any person
by your walking style, standing style, and how you
look etc....

Body Language includes-

• Head gesture
• The eyes
• Polite inattention
• Exchanging glances

Head gestures
Head gestures are important form of non-verbal
communication, you can convey message with your
head gestures without speaking anything
How one person use head to communicate is vary
from place to place. but mostly used head gestures
when you knod your head up & down it means you
are saying yes.
Using head gestures properly groom your
personality, as you are able to convey your message
without speaking anything.
The Eyes
Our eyes convey our message to the other person
easily.
Eyes are part of face and it helps in non-verbal
communication.
By using your eyes you can insult someone you can
show your love for someone, care for someone as
well as ignorance, anger, affection, confidence all
things can be convey by eyes.

Polite inattention
Civil inattention involves giving others a sense of
privacy when they are in public. We engage in civil
inattention in public, we may become annoyed or
distressed.

Exchange Glances
To look at someone at the same time as they look at
you, especially to communicate something.
 Appearance

There is a strong influence of appearance on

personality. However, it is not direct, but indirect
stemming from the favorable attitudes of other
people towards those who has attractive
appearance.
Whether a person's appearance is considered
attractive or not is determined by the judgements
other make of him. The person is seen in toto. If the
impression is favorable the label attractive is
attached to him. No single feature is either attractive
or unattractive. Beauty depends on social
judgements and these judgements are given by
culture. One culture may consider attractive,
another may regard as ugly.
What Is Business Etiquette?

Business etiquette refers to accepted rules for

behaviour and communication in a professional
environment. It affects relationships between
coworkers, managers and clients, which can impact
the health of an organisation and its culture. Having
clear expectations of conduct can contribute to a
professional, productive and respectful workplace
for both employees and management. While
businesses typically have their own rules for
etiquette, some general professional rules persist in
most work environment.
Elements of business etiquette often include:
• Polite speech and mannerisms
• Professional body language
• Consistent punctuality
• Adherence to dress codes
• Clean, well-groomed appearance
• Interpersonal communication

Dressing sense
The way you dress up perceives a lot about your
status, character, and who you are. The first
impression is when someone visualizes an image of
us. Sometimes people make the mistake of wearing
too bright or dull clothes during their interview
which gives a wrong impression and do wear only
formal attire while going for an interview and it is
best suited. For men, it can be a suit jacket along
with a tie and shoes with rolled-down sleeves. For
women, it can dress or pants or saree
blouse whichever is appropriate. Try to wear
minimal accessories so that it doesn’t overlook
them. The better you are dressed up the more your
personality sparkles and wearing an unprofessional
outfit can increase the chances of rejection during
the job interview.
One should dress like they are already famous or
professional, like having the perfect dream job, a
handsome amount of salary because the way one
represents the way you are then how people will
look you like that way. Decent dressing during the
interview gives the interviewee a positive approach
towards you.
Reasons You Should Dress Well Every Day
The way you dress daily while going out for work,
interviews, shopping, or studying reflects your
personality. People tend to notice how well-dressed
you are, and your clothes convey information about
your personality and fashion sense.

Dressing well has numerous benefits:

• Positive Impression: A well-dressed
appearance creates a positive impression of
yourself to others.
• Boost in Confidence: Dressing well enhances
your self-confidence.
• Following Trends: Staying fashionable and up-
to-date with trends.
• Increased Productivity: Feeling good in your
clothes can make you more productive at work.
• Enhanced Beauty: Looking well-dressed makes
you feel beautiful inside and out.

Tips for Dressing Well

• Pay attention to fit: Clothes that fit well will
make you look and feel your best.
• Choose quality over quantity: It is better to
have a few well-made, classic pieces than a
closet full of trendy clothes you will only wear
once.
• Take care of your clothes: Wash and iron them
regularly to keep them looking their best.
• Accessorize wisely: The right accessories can
add a touch of sophistication to any outfit.
Time Management

• Time Management refers to managing time

effectively so that the right time is allocated to
the right activity.
• Effective time management allows individuals
to assign specific time slots to activities as per
their importance.
 • Time Management refers to making the best use
of time as time is always limited.
• Time Management is the strategic process of
organizing and planning how to allocate one's
time effectively for maximum productivity. It
involves elements, like organization, planning,
and scheduling to optimize available time,
considering an individual's unique situation
and capabilities. Proficient time management
skills are crucial for delivering high-quality
work, meeting goals, assigning value to time,
and aiding in goal setting. Successful time
management leads to increased efficiency,
productivity, and reduced stress, contributing
to overall success in life. It permits individuals
to prioritize tasks, avoid procrastination, and
maintain a healthy work-life balance.
• Time Management plays a very important role
not only in organizations but also in our
personal lives.

Time Management includes:

i. Effective Planning
ii. Setting goals and objectives
iii. Setting deadlines
iv. Delegation of responsibilities
v. Prioritizing activities as per their importance
vi. Spending the right time on the right activity

▪ Effective Planning
Plan your day well in advance. Note down the
important activities that need to be done in a single
day against the time that should be allocated to each
activity.
High Priority work should come on top followed by
those which do not need much of your importance
at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one.
Do not begin fresh work unless you have finished
your previous task. Tick the ones you have already
completed. Ensure you finish the tasks within the
stipulated time frame.
▪ Setting Goals and Objectives
Working without goals and targets in an
organization would be similar to a situation where
the captain of the ship loses his way in the sea. Yes,
you would be lost. Set targets for yourself and make
sure they are realistic ones and achievable.
▪ Setting Deadlines
Set deadlines for yourself and strive hard to
complete tasks ahead of the deadlines. Do not wait
for your superiors to ask you every time. Learn to
take ownership of work. One person who can best
set the deadlines is you yourself. Ask yourself how
much time needs to be devoted to a particular task
and for how many days. Use a planner to mark the
important dates against the set deadlines.
▪ Delegation of Responsibilities
Learn to say “NO” at workplace. Don’t do
everything on your own. There are other people as
well. One should not accept something which he
knows is difficult for him.
The roles and responsibilities must be delegated as
per interest and specialization of employees for
them to finish tasks within deadlines. A person who
does not have knowledge about something needs
more time than someone who knows the work well.

▪ Prioritizing Tasks
Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and
urgency. Know the difference between important
and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be
done within a day, which all should be done within
a month and so on. Tasks which are most important
should be done earlier.
▪ Spending the right time on right activity
Develop the habit of doing the right thing at the
right time. Work done at the wrong time is not of
much use. Don’t waste a complete day on
something which can be done in an hour or so. Also
keep some time separate for your personal calls or
checking updates on Facebook or Twitter. After all
human being is not a machine.
For Effective Time Management one needs
to be:
Organized - Avoid keeping stacks of file and
heaps of paper at your workstation. Throw what
all you don’t need. Put important documents in
folders. Keep the files in their respective
drawers with labels on top of each file. It saves
time which goes on unnecessary searching.
Don’t misuse time - Do not kill time by
loitering or gossiping around. Concentrate on
your work and finish assignments on time.
Remember your organization is not paying you
for playing games on computer or peeping into
other’s cubicles. First complete your work and
then do whatever you feel like doing. Don’t
wait till the last moment.
Be Focussed - One needs to be focused for
effective time management.
Approaches for Time Management
1. Start your day with a plan
It all starts with a plan. To effectively use your
time, you should create an achievable plan for
everything that you want to accomplish that
day. The easiest way to start planning your
workday is by making a to-do list with all of
your daily tasks. A to-do list isn’t a
groundbreaking technique, but it can make an
incredible difference in how well you use time
throughout the day.

2. Prioritize the most important tasks

Once you have created a to-do list, it is time to
organize it in order of priority. Prioritization
allows you to use your time productively and
 focus on the day’s most important tasks. When
prioritizing tasks on your to-do list, there are
many different approaches.
1. Pick out your most important three items to
accomplish and get started.
2. Sort your tasks into three tiers of importance:
high, medium, or low.
3. Rank every item on your task list on a scale of
1-10, and then order them accordingly.
Later in this article, we’ll discuss the
Eisenhower Matrix, an advanced technique for
determining an urgent task and priorities.

3. Divide larger projects into smaller tasks

One of the most common reasons people don’t
manage their time well on large projects is that
they feel overwhelmed. When you feel
overwhelmed, you may want to procrastinate
and work on other things instead. To overcome
this feeling, break large projects into smaller,
more manageable tasks. By looking at smaller
pieces of the puzzle rather than the whole
picture, it’s easier to get things done. As you
chip away at the project in bite-sized chunks,
you’ll make progress and improve your overall
task management.

4. Limit distractions
Everyone gets distracted. Whether it’s emails
from team members, social media, co-workers,
kids, family members, phone calls, or random
thoughts, countless things can derail your
progress. While you can’t control all of them, it
is vital to make a dedicated effort to limit the
number of things that can distract you.

5. Leave the emails for later

Email can be an unexpected time sink. Every
time you stop what you’re doing to check your
email, you’re derailing your productivity. It
takes time and mental energy to switch between
different tasks. Schedule a specific time to
check your email or wait until you finish your
current job before checking your email.

6. Batch your time

You can also utilize the efficiency of not
switching tasks by batching your time, or time-
blocking. If you have a set of similar projects,
try to do them at the same time. By grouping
these tasks, you can knock them out quickly
without devoting the brainpower and energy to
adjusting to a new job. This will also help
increase productivity as you're not juggling too
many different tasks at once.

7. Reduce multitasking tasks

While it may feel like you are tackling more
things on your to-do list by multi-tasking, many
studies show that multitasking makes you less
productive. In a similar vein, the mental energy
required to switch between tasks creates a lag
that could be avoided by focusing on one
project at a time. If you want to use your time
more effectively, wait and complete the task
you’re working on before moving on to the next
item on your list.

8. Block time off on your calendar

Keeping all of your events, meetings, deadlines,
and tasks on your calendar can save you time.
Having a single place to check these things
saves time. Online calendar apps such as
calendar is even more efficient way to schedule
time. The ability to check your calendar across
different devices and set reminders adds to this
time management strategy’s effectiveness.
Blocking out specific time limits for tasks can
also help you stay focused and increase
productivity throughout the day.

9. Know when to say NO to meetings

Meetings aren’t always the most effective use
of time. If the number of meetings you have
continues to climb, it may be wise to say no.
Instead, it might be helpful to express your busy
schedule and ask if the meeting could be
replaced with an email. In your discussion,
explain the other tasks you have on your
schedule and how taking time for the meeting
will impact your workload and deadlines. This
will give you more control over your task
management and help you focus on your long-
term goals.
10. Summarize and review your day
At the end of the day, it’s time to reflect on what
you accomplished and set yourself up for
success the following day. This is the perfect
time to review your to-do list from that day to
see all of the items you checked off and what is
still left to be tackled tomorrow. The end-of-
day review is also a chance for honest self-
reflection about how well you managed your
time that day. This reflection will help you keep
track of urgent tasks and prepare for the next
day more efficiently. Through self-reflection,
you can identify what’s working and where you
can continue to improve.

11. Look ahead—weeks and months

When you have many things on your to-do list,
it can become challenging to see the bigger
picture. That’s why it’s a critical time
management strategy to make a conscious
 effort to step back and look at what’s coming
ahead in the next few weeks or months.
Looking at the future pipeline can help you
prepare for upcoming projects and ensure that
you’re not overloading your plate with future
projects.

Public Speaking

• A public speaking presentation is different from

an online presentation because an online
presentation is available any time. A public
speech is typically limited to a specific time or
place.
 • Online presentations often use slideshows or
pre-recorded videos of a speaker.

The Importance of Public Speaking

Some benefits of speaking in public include:

• improves confidence
• better research skills
• stronger deductive skills
 • ability to advocate for causes
Speaking in public is especially important for
businesses to market their offers. This allows them
to get their message in front of potential customers.
Salespeople and executives are often expected to
have good public speaking skills. To learn more
about some of the benefits of speaking in public.

How to Become Better at Public Speaking

1. writing the speech
2. overcoming a fear of speaking
3. practicing the speech
4. preparing your presentation slide designs
5. giving the speech
We’ll start with writing the speech.
1. Write an Effective Speech
The first thing you’ll want to do is work on writing
a well-organized, engaging speech.
Specifically, it’s crucial to research your audience
beforehand so that you can target your speech
directly to them as much as possible. Become
familiar with their wants and needs, as well as any
problems you can solve for them. This will drive the
actual topic that you actually select for your speech,
as well as how you research it.
The more research you do, the easier writing your
speech will be.
2. Overcome the Fear of Speaking
Fear of public speaking is very real and can hold
you back if you let it. If you don’t feel confident
when giving your speech, your listeners may pick
up on that. This can make your presentation less
effective.
Fortunately, there are some techniques to help
manage the fear of speaking in public. They also
help you become more confident.
First, let’s tackle fear of public speaking. If you’ve
already written an effective speech, then you’ve
already taken an important first step. The more
familiar you are with your speech, the less worried
you’ll be on presentation day.
Besides knowing your topic well, be sure to
practice, practice, practice! And remember that if
you do make any mistakes on presentation day, it’ll
be less obvious to your audience than you think.
Next, let’s work on improving your confidence.
3. Practice the Speech
Even if you’re not afraid of speaking in public,
practice helps you give a more effective speech. If
you’re in a rush, you may be tempted to skip
practicing your speech to save time. While skipping
practice may seem like a good idea, it’s really not.
Practicing your speech improves your public
presentation skills. It also increases your familiarity
with the presentation. As a result, your speech will
go smoothly.
5. Give the Speech
You’ve written a good speech. You feel more
confident about giving a speech in public, and
you’ve practiced. You’re ready to actually give the
speech. There are some tips and tricks you can use
on the day of your speech to make it go more
smoothly, though.
Some important questions
✓ Write short note on managing the stress.
✓ How the personal stress is managed? Explain
the process of managing the stress.
✓ Write a detailed note on time management?
✓ Public speaking is an art. Do you think it is
right? Give reason for your answer.
✓ How to dressing sense in personal hygiene
effect the grooming of the present?
✓ why grooming is an important and continuous
process?
✓ Write a detailed note on etiquette and body
language.
✓ What is the importance of grooming for a
manager? explain giving suitable examples.