Vice and Drug Education and Control

CDI 7

Chapter 1 for morphine and codeine. It came out under

(Introduction) the trade name heroine, yet it proved to be even
more addictive than morphine.
VICE DEFINED
-Vice may be defined as any immoral conduct or When cocaine, which was isolated from the coca
habit, the indulgence of which leads to leaf in 1869, appeared on the international drug
depravity, wickedness or corruption. scene, it too was used for medicinal purposes.
Its popularity spread and soon it was used in
DRUG EDUCATION DEFINED other products, a variety of gin tonics, and the
most famous of all, Coca-Cola, which was made
Drug Education is a learning process that until 1903.
influences an individual emotionally,
intellectually, psychologically, and socially DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE
and may result in the modification of attitudes
that influence behavior. It involves the formal On the other side of the globe is the second
mechanism of presenting information, and major drug traffic route, which is composed of
includes a series of experiences and influences the popular "Golden Triangle" which is
that help shape the learning environment, the composed of three (3) countries namely: (1)
atmosphere of the school, the life-style present Burma/Myanmar, (2) Laos, and (3) Thailand;
at home, the attitude of parents, the pressures and the "Golden Crescent" which is composed
within peer group, the popular culture, the of: (1) Iran, (2) Afghanistan, (3) Pakistan, and
personal experience with or without drugs, and (4) India.
the availability of alternative mechanisms
employed to carry out certain kinds of behavior. Southeast Asia
HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE The "Golden Triangle" approximately produced
60% of Opium in the world, and 90% of opium in
The use of chemical substance that alter the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially
physiological functioning dates back to the Old acknowledged source of Southeast Asian
Stone Age. Egyptian relics from 3500 B.C. depict "Heroin".
the use of opium in religious rituals. By 1600
B.C.., an Egyptian reference work listed opium as A heroin is produced in the "Golden Triangle"
an analgesic, or painkiller. and passes through nearby countries in
relatively small quantities through air transport
The Incas of South America were known to have while in transit to the United States and
used cocaine for at least 5000 years ago. European countries.

Cannabis, the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) from Southwest Asia

which marijuana and hashish are derived, also
has a 5000-year history. The "Golden Crescent" is the major supplier of
opium poppy, marijuana and heroin products in
During World Wars I and II, the use of injectable the western part of Asia. It produced at least
morphine to ease the pain of battle casualties 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channel in the
was so extensive that morphine addiction drug underworld market.
among veterans came to be known as the
"soldiers’ disease". By that time, the medical
THE WORLD'S DRUG SCENE
professional and the public recognized how
addictive morphine was, its use had reached
Middle East
epidemic proportions. Then in 1898, the Bayer
Drug Company in Germany introduced a new
The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be
opiate, supposedly a non-addictive substitute
the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle
East. Lebanon has also become the transit source of drug "Ephedrine" which is the principal
country for cocaine from South America to chemical for producing Methylamphetamine
European illicit drug markets. Hydrochloride (shabu).

Spain Hong Kong

Spain is known as the major transshipment point Hong Kong is known as the world's
for international drug traffickers in Europe, and transshipment point of all forms of "heroin".
became the "Paradise of drug users" in Europe.
Japan
South America
Japan has become the major consumer of
Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the cocaine and shabu from the United States and
principal sources of all cocaine supply in the Europe.
world due to the robust production of the "coca
plants". THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE
GLOBAL DRUG SCENE
Mexico
The Columbian Medellin Cartel
Mexico is known in the world to be the number
one producer of "Marijuana". Founded during the 1980's by Columbian drug
lords in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and
Philippines drug bosses: Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and
the top aid cocaine barons Juan David Ochoa
The Philippines is second to Mexico as to the Brothers.
production of Marijuana. It also became the
major transshipment point for the worldwide The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for
distributionnof illegal drugs particularly "Shabu" organizing world's drug trafficking network. The
and "Cocaine" from Taiwan and South America. Columbian government succeeded in containing
It is noted that Philippines today is known as the the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death,
drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia. surrender, and arrest of the people behind the
organization. This further resulted to the
India disbandment of the Cartel that led to its
downfall.
India is known as the center of the world's drug
map, leading to the rapid drug addiction among The Cali Cartel
its people
The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is
Indonesia the rise of the Cali Cartel - the newly emerged
cocaine monopoly.
North Sumatra has traditionally been the main
cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela-better known as
Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs "Don Chepe" -"the Chinese Player" heads the
route to Australia and New Zealand. syndicated organization. Under him, the Cali
Cartel was considered the most powerful
Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand criminal organization in the world. The Cartel
produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due
These countries are known to be the most to this huge production, it was called the best
favorable sites of drug distribution from the and brightest of the modern underworld. They
"Golden Triangle" and other parts of Asia are Professionals of the highest order,
intelligent, efficient, imaginative and nearly
China impenetrable.

China is the transit route for heroin from the The Chinese Triad
"Golden Triangle" to Hong Kong. It is also the
country where the "epedra plant" is cultivated
The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese changed due primarily to our understanding of
"Mafia" is the oldest and biggest criminal its effects on our health, thus, we no longer see
organization in the world. It is believed to be the the kind of smoking that was once very
controller of the "Golden Triangle" with common.
international connection on drug trafficking. The Yet it seems that the history of smoking and the
Chinese Triad is also referred to as the "black presence of tobacco in the West go back a few
societies". Called themselves Triads because of centuries. Apparently, men and women have
their highly ritualistic use of numerology - a enjoyed smoking as long as there's been
belief in the magical significance of numbers. something to smoke. It's even been celebrated
The number 3 and multiples of 3 were accorded in song.
major importance by this group. The symbol
triad societies is depicted by an equilateral Coffee
triangle with the 3 sides representing the 3
Chinese concepts of heaven, earth, and man. Coffee first arrived in Europe via Italy. More
specifically, it came to Venice from the Middle
Chapter 2 East and quickly spread throughout Europe. It
got a huge promotional boost in 1600 when the
(Vice- Definition and Control) Pope decreed coffee to be a drink for Christians.
By the end of the 17th Century, coffee houses
Vice, defined had spread like wild fire, including in places such
as Leipzig, Germany where they were also
Vice refers to any immoral conduct or habit, the popular venues for musical performance.
indulgence of which leads to depravity,
wickedness or corruption. Gambling

It is worthy to note that vices are generally Gambling is another one of those vices that is,
thought of as habits or behaviors that are, at depending on who you talk to, variously seen as
best, unacceptable, and at their worst immoral. a recreation, an outright sin, or a distraction
Yet there are those vices that have become so falling somewhere in between the two.
commonplace that we've ceased to recognize
them as such, depending on the culture you live Gambling, defined,
in.
Gambling is the act or activity of betting money,
Importance of the Study of Vice for example in card games or on horse racing.

The importance of studying vice are as follows: Gambling is a game or scheme wherein the
result of which depends wholly or chiefly upon
1. It is important because its evil effects are chance or hazard.
more disastrous, morally and physically that of
other crimes. Chance of Hazard, defined.

2. It is important because vice affects the daily Chance of Hazard is the uncertainty of the result
lives of many people. of the game when the outcome of the game is
incapable of calculation by human reason,
3. It is important because its existence causes a foresight, capacity or design/
serious problem in law enforcement.
Drinking
4. It is important because commercialized vice
disrupts the social make-up of the community. Wine and spirits have been the libations of
choice for many a reveler, and drinking to
Smoking excess, par for the course. Countless numbers of
songs and dramas have marked such excess
Take, for example, smoking. Half a century ago it from the middle ages through the present day.
wasn't at all unusual for Americans to smoke
everywhere in and out of doors, on airplanes, at Alcohol, defined.
the dinner table, etc... Today, our culture has
Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to 1. Call Girl - This is a part-time prostitute who
man. It is created when grains, fruits, or have her own legitimate work or profession, but
vegetables are fermented. Ever since, there has works as prostitute to augment her income.
been a continuous effect, everywhere, to control
its consumption because of its devastating 2. Hustler- This is a professional type of
effects on human life. Many countries all over prostitute who works at a bar or tavern. She is
the world have tried prohibition ban with little also a pick-up girl or a street-walker.
success.
3. Door Knocker - This is an occasional or
Fermentation, defined. selective type of prostitute who is usually a new
comer in the business.
Fermentation is a process that uses yeast or
bacteria to change the sugars in the food into 4. Factory Girl- This type of prostitute is the real
alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce many professional type who works in regular house of
necessary items. prostitution.

Alcoholism, defined. What is Whore/Knocker

Alcoholism refers to the state or condition of a It is the name often used for all types of
person produced by drinking intoxicating liquors prostitute.
excessively and with habitual frequency.
Pimp
Alcoholic, defined.
One who provides gratification for the lust of
Alcoholic refers to a person who, from the others.
prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic
beverages, finally develops physical and White Slavery
psychological changes and dependence on
alcohol. The procurement and transportation of women
across satellite for immoral purpose.
How does Alcohol affect the Body?
Chapter 3
Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows (Drugs: Their Sources, Classification and
down the function of the central nervous
Effects)
system. Alcohol actually blocks some of the
messages trying to get into the brain. This alters
a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, Drug defined.
vision, and hearing.
Drug is a chemical substance that brings about
What is Prostitution? physical, physiological, behavioral and/or
psychological change in a person taking it.
Prostitution is an act or practice of a woman
who engages or habitually indulged in sexual SEVEN CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
intercourse for money or profit.
The following are the categories of drugs
Who is deemed a prostitute? namely:

A prostitute is any woman who engages herself 1. Herbal Drugs

in indiscriminate sexual intercourse or acts with
males for hire. Herbal drugs are plant substance that have drug
effects whose use is not generally regulated by
Types of Prostitutes the law. These substances require little
processing after the plants are gathered. These
The different types of prostitutes are: drugs may be grown locally.

2. Over-the-counter Drugs
 A substance which when taken into the human
Over-the-counter drugs are commercially body cures illness and/or relieves
produced drugs that may be purchased legally signs/symptoms of disease.
without prescription. These drugs are also Dangerous Drugs
known as "propriety drugs"
A Dangerous drug is a substance affecting the
3. Prescription Drugs central nervous system which when taken into
the human body brings about physical,
Prescription drugs are commercially produced emotional or behavioral changes in a person
drugs that can be legally sold or dispensed only taking it.
by a physician or on a physician's order. They are
like over-the-counter drugs in that they are Drug Abuse
manufactured by pharmaceutical companies,
but they differ, in that the decision to use drugs Drug abuse may refer to any non-medical use of
is legally vested in a licensed physician not in the drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal,
user. economic, or social damage to the user or to
people affected by the user's behavior.
4. Unrecognized Drugs
Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also
Unrecognized drugs are commercial products be applicable to drugs that are available legally,
that have a psychoactive drug effect but are not such as prescribed medications and certain over-
usually considered drugs. These substances are the-counter medications.
not generally regulated by law except in so far as
standards of sanitation and purity is required. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

5. Illicit Drugs Drugs may be classified into:

Illicit drugs are drugs whose sale, purchase or A. According to origin:

use is generally prohibited by law Criminal
penalties usually apply to violators of these laws a. Natural Drugs - are active ingredients,
secondary metabolic products of plants and
6. Tobacco other living systems that may be isolated by
extraction.
Tobacco is not generally considered a drug, thus,
may be classified as an unrecognized drug, Examples:
However, tobacco holds such a distinct position Raw opium
in terms of usage patterns, economic Marijuana
importance, and health consequences that it Coca bush
merits a category to itself.
b. Synthetic Drugs are artificially produced
7. Alcohol substances, synthesized in the laboratory for the
illicit market, which are almost wholly
Although alcohol may be included in the manufactured from chemical compounds in
unrecognized drugs, alcohol in forms such as illicit laboratories.
beer wine, and distilled liquor is one of the most
widely used drugs in our society. It is regarded Examples:
by many experts as the most commonly abused Methamphetamine
drug in our society. Barbiturates

Medicines vs. Drugs B. According to Legal classification:

All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are a. RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act
medicinal drug. of 2002)

Medicinal Drugs
Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as c. Designer drugs
The comprehensive Dangerous drugs Act of Designer drugs are substance chemically related
2002): to but slightly different from controlled
substances
R.A. 9165 gives a single definition to dangerous
drugs, removing the distinction between Designer drugs are designed by clandestine
prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law chemists with the aim to manufacture
defines the term "dangerous drugs" as compounds that produce "the high" or euphoria
pertaining to either "prohibited drug" or a of parent drugs and avoid the penalties that
"regulated drug". would be levied against those illegally trafficking
the controlled substance.
b. PD 1619 (Volatile Substances)
D. According to Pharmacological Classification
c. RA 6425 (Classified as: Regulated and (Effects):
Prohibited)
a. Stimulants
C. According to International Classification:
b. Hallucinogens
a. Narcotics substance (derived from the "Greek
word" narkotikos"- meaning "sleep" c. Depressants

 Any drug that produces sleep or stupor and d. Inhalants

also relieves pain (medical);
a. STIMULANTS (uppers) are drugs which
 Depress the central nervous system to increase alertness of physical disposition. They
produce a marked reduction in sensitivity to also reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well-
pain, create drowsiness and reduce physical being. They produce the opposite to that of
activity depressants. Instead of bringing about
relaxation and sleep, they produce increased
 A drug which therapeutic doses diminishes mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger,
awareness of sensory impulses, especially and provide a feeling of well-being. Cocaine and
pain, by the brain, in large doses, it causes Amphetamines are the most common
stupor, coma or convulsions stimulants.

b. Psychotropic substances b. HALLUCINOGENS (Psychedelics) are drugs

which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness
 Any substance, natural or synthetic or any and emotion.
natural material that have a high potential
for dependence and abuse. Changes in time and space perception, delusions
(false beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild or
 These drugs are highly addictive but, despite overwhelming, depending on dose and quality of
the risk, they remain in medical use because drugs. The results are very variable, a "good trip"
no satisfactory non-addictive alternative or a "bad trip" may occur in the same person on
medication is available different occasions. Ecstasy (MDMA), LSD,
Marijuana and Mescaline are the most popular
 Pertaining to any drug or agent having a hallucinogens.
particular affinity for or effect on the psyche
Example:Ecstasy
Examples: (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA )
Heroin
Marijuana c. DEPRESSANTS - are drugs which depress or
Cocaine lower the functions of the Central Nervous
Amphetamines System.
Morphine
Some barbiturates Types of Depressants:
a. Narcotics (derived from the Greek word
"narkotikos"- meaning "sleep")- Are drugs which Idiosyncrasy refers to a behavioral attribute that
produce insensitivity, stupor, melancholy or is distinctive and peculiar to an individual's
dullness of mind, induces sleep (Hypnotics) or mannerism.
stupor and relieve pain (Analgesics). Opium,
Heroin, Codein, Morphine are the most popular What is Physical Dependence?
of narcotics.
Physical dependence is a result when a drug has
b. Sedatives and Hypnotics calm the nerves, been used for a long period of time. It is only
reduce tension and induce sleep. Common identified when characteristics withdrawal or
examples of sedatives are Barbiturates and abstinence syndrome occurs after its use is
Alcohol. discontinued.

c. Tranquilizers are drugs used in treating What is Psychological Dependence?

nervous disorders or calm psychotic patients or
mental disorders without producing sleep. Psychological dependence refers to a state in
Example of Tranquilizer is Diazepam (also known which an individual has a compulsion to take a
as "Valium"). It is the most commonly used drug, but one in which there may not be a
tranquilizer, which has a slow onset but long physical dependence.
duration of action. Prolonged use may result to
dependence both physical and psychological. What is Drug Addiction?

E. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES (inhalants) Drug addiction refers to a state of periodic or

chronic intoxication produced by the repeated
Inhalants these are any liquid, solid or mixed consumption of a drug - natural or synthetic.
substance that has the property of releasing
toxic (psychoactive) vapors or fumes. Characteristics of Drug Addiction

Example: solvents, aerosols glue, gasoline, The following are the characteristics of drug
kerosene, paint, thinner, naphthalene, bases addiction:

What is Drug Dependency? 1. An overpowering desire or need, compulsion

to continue taking the drug and obtain it by any
Drug addiction or dependence is a need for a means.
particular controlled substance which comes
from continuous and sometimes periodic use of 2. A tendency to increase dose or tolerance
that drug.
3. A psychic or psychological and generally a
Characteristics of Drug Dependency physical dependence on drug.

1. Physical dependence 4. A detrimental effect on the individual and on

the society.
It is the result when a drug has been used for a
long period of time. It is only identified when a How is drug addiction acquired?
characteristics withdrawal or abstinence
syndrome occurs after its use is discontinued. Drug addiction is acquired primarily in three
The body's physical system changes until the ways:
body needs that particular drug in order to
function. 1 Association is the tendency of a drug abuser to
look for peer groups where he feels being
2. Mental or psychological dependence wanted and accepted.

It is a need of drug in order to feel good, to get 2. Experimentation is the tendency of a person
by or feel normal. to try and explore the effects of drugs due to
curiosity or other reasons.
3. Idiosyncrasy or side effect.
3. Inexperienced Physicians - is the tendency of economic, or social damage to the user or to
the physicians to unnecessarily prescribe drugs. people affected by the user's behavior.

What is Drug Habituation? Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also
be applicable to drugs that are available legally,
Drug Habituation refers to a condition resulting such as prescribed medications and certain over
from the repeated consumption of drug the counter medications.

Characteristics of Drug Habituation What is Prescription Abuse?

The following are the characteristics of drug Prescription abuse refers to the improper
habituation: utilization of controlled substance prescribed by
the physicians to the patient under treatments
1. A desire but not compulsive to continue with medical problem. Any drug not used
taking the drug for the sense of improved well- according to directions, whether prescribed by a
being it brings. physician or over the counter medication, can be
substance abuse. Using a prescription in a
2. Little or no tendency to increase dose. manner not prescribed, for using another's
prescription is illegal.
3. Some degree of psychic dependence on the
effect of drug but absence of physical HOW DRUGS WORK?
dependence.
1. Minimal dose amount needed to treat or
4. Detrimental effect if any, primarily on the heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that
individual. will produce a therapeutic effect.

What is Drug Use? 2. Maximal dose - largest amount of a drug that

will produce a desired therapeutic effect without
The word "Use" refers to the act of injecting, any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
intravenously or intramuscularly, or of
consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, 3. Toxic dose amount of drug that produces
eating, swallowing, drinking, or otherwise untoward effects or symptoms
introducing into the physiological system of the
body, any of the dangerous drugs. 4. Abusive dose - amount needed to produce
the side effects and action desired by the
Other Definitions of Drug Abuse individual who improperly uses it.

The term "drug abuse" may refer to any of the 5. Lethal dose the amount of drug that will
following: cause death.

1. Use of medically useful drugs which have the

capacity to alter mood and behavior without the Chapter 4
benefit of prescription. (Administration and Metabolism of
Drugs)
2. Use of a medically useful mood-altering drug
for a purpose different from the one for which
that drug has been prescribed. What is Administer?

3. Use of drugs and substances having no Under Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known
legitimate medical application for purposes as Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002,
other than research. administer refers to any act of introducing any
dangerous drug into the body of any person,
What is Drug Abuse? with or without his/her knowledge by injection,
inhalation, ingestion or other means or of
Drug abuse refers to non-medical use of drugs committing any act of indispensable assistance
that cause physical, psychological, legal; to a person in administering a dangerous drug to
himself/ herself unless administered by a duly a liquid drug into the nasal coats of the mucous
licensed practitioner for purposes of medication. membrane.

HOW DRUG IS BEING ADMINISTERED/TAKEN Buccal

Drug may be administered by any of the Drug is administered by placing it in the buccal
following means: cavity just under the lips. The active ingredients
of the drug are absorbed in the bloodstream
 Oral Ingestion through the soft tissues lining the mouth.
 Intravenous/Injection
 Inhalation (smoking, snorting, sniffing) Suppositories
 Snorting
 Buccal Drug is administered through the vagina or
 Suppositories rectum in suppository form and the drug is also
absorbed into the bloodstream.
Oral Ingestion
DRUG DETECTION
The drug is taken by the mouth and must pass
through the stomach before being absorbed into Drug Detection depends on:
the bloodstream. This is one of the most
common ways of taking a drug. Absorption: (Structure and composition,
diffusion and transport, Psychochemical factors
Inhalation in penetration)

A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is Disposition: (Distribution, pH partition principle,
quickly absorbed by the capillary system. It is electro chemical and Donnan distribution, bio
probably the second most commonly-used route transformation)
of drug administration.
Elimination
Injection
WHAT DRUGS ARE TESTED?
The drug can be administered into the body by
the use of a syringe or hypodermic needle in the MOST COMMON:
following ways:
Marijuana
a. Subcutaneous - a drug is administered by Cocaine
injecting the drug just below the surface of the Methamphetamine and its derivatives
skin. This is sometimes called "skin popping". Benzodiazepines
Ecstasy
b. Intramuscular administration involves the
injection of a drug into a large muscle mass that ■OTHER POPULAR TESTS:
has a good blood supply, such as the gluteus
maximus, quadriceps, or triceps.  Barbiturates
 Oxycodone
c. Intravenous this is the most efficient means of  Amphetamine
administration which involves depositing a drug  Opiates
directly into the bloodstream. This is also the  PCP
most rapid method of drug administration.
SAMPLE SPECIMENS
 Blood
 Fingernails
 Hair
Snorting  Saliva
 Sweat
Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in  Tissue
gaseous form. It is done by inhaling a powder of  Urine (almost 99%)