Vice and Drug Education

Prepared by: Aldrien Rico Sales, Rcrim.

Introduction to Drug Abuse

 Definition
 Drug abuse refers to:
• The use of illegal drugs.
• The misuse of prescription drugs, especially in large
amounts.

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Definition of Vices and Drug Abuse:

Vices: Vices refer to habitual or immoral behaviors that deviate from societal norms or values.
These can include a wide range of behaviors such as excessive drinking, gambling, smoking,
overeating, and more. Vices are often characterized by their negative impact on an individual's
physical, mental, or social well-being.

Drug Abuse: Drug abuse involves the excessive and compulsive use of substances that can alter
one's mood, cognition, or behavior, leading to negative consequences. These substances may
include illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine, as well as legal substances
like alcohol, prescription medications, and even over-the-counter drugs when used
inappropriately.

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Differentiating between Recreational Use and
Abuse:

Recreational Use: Recreational drug use refers to the

occasional or controlled consumption of substances for the
purpose of relaxation, socializing, or enhancing experiences.
In recreational use, individuals typically consume substances
in moderation and without experiencing significant negative
consequences.

Abuse: Drug abuse, on the other hand, involves the

misuse or excessive consumption of substances
beyond what is considered safe or socially
acceptable. Abuse is characterized by the inability to
control drug intake, continued use despite negative
consequences, and the prioritization of drug-seeking
behaviors over other responsibilities or activities.

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Cultural Attitudes towards Vices and Drugs

Cultural attitudes towards vices and

drug use vary significantly across
different societies and can be
influenced by a multitude of factors
including history, religion, socio-
economic status, and government
policies. Some cultures may have
more permissive attitudes towards
certain vices or substances, viewing
them as integral parts of social rituals
or traditions, while others may
stigmatize or prohibit such behaviors
altogether.

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 Permissive
Attitudes:
In some cultures, certain
vices like drinking alcohol or
smoking tobacco are deeply
ingrained in social customs
and are widely accepted as
normal behaviors. For
example, in many Western
countries, social drinking is a
common practice and is often
associated with relaxation and
socializing.
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Stigmatization and
Prohibition:
• Conversely, in other cultures or
societies, vices and drug use may
be heavily stigmatized or strictly
prohibited by religious or legal
authorities. For instance, in
countries where Islam is the
predominant religion, the
consumption of alcohol is
forbidden, and there are severe
penalties for its possession or
distribution.


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 Changing
Attitudes:
 Cultural attitudes towards vices and
drugs can also evolve over time due
to shifting societal norms, changes in
public health awareness, or
alterations in government policies.
For example, there has been a
growing acceptance of cannabis use
for medicinal and recreational
purposes in some parts of the world,
leading to changes in legislation and
attitudes towards its consumption.

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 Reminder

 Understanding these cultural

attitudes and societal norms is crucial
for developing effective strategies for
addressing vices and drug abuse
within different communities, as
interventions that are culturally
sensitive and contextually relevant
are more likely to be successful in
promoting healthier behaviors and
reducing harm associated with
substance misuse.

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General History of Drug Abuse

1. World’s Oldest Cultivated Plant

1. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) is believed to be the world’s oldest cultivated plant,
first grown by the Incas of Peru.
2. Opium Poppy Knowledge
1. Derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).
2. Morphine, initially called “Morphium,” was named after Morpheus, the Greek god
of dreams.
3. Heroin
1. Synthesized from morphine by British chemist Alder Wright.
2. Initially called the “miracle drug” due to its perceived ability to cure opium and
morphine addiction.

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 Ancient Times: Throughout history, various cultures have utilized psychoactive
substances for medicinal, religious, and recreational purposes. Ancient
civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used substances like
opium, alcohol, and cannabis for their perceived therapeutic effects or as part

Historical of religious rituals.

Middle Ages: During the Middle Ages, alcohol consumption remained

Evolution of widespread in Europe, with beer and wine being staple beverages. However,
the use of certain substances, such as opium and cannabis, began to be more
tightly regulated as societal attitudes towards drug use became more
influenced by religious and moral concerns.
Drug Use and Colonial Era: The Age of Exploration and colonial expansion facilitated the
global spread of psychoactive substances. European powers established trade

Societal routes that introduced substances like tobacco, cocaine, and later, heroin, to
new regions, often leading to their widespread use and sometimes abuse among
indigenous populations.

Attitudes: Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution saw the mass production and
distribution of alcohol and the emergence of new psychoactive substances like
morphine and cocaine. These substances were initially marketed for their
medicinal properties but later became recreational drugs, leading to concerns
about addiction and societal harm.

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History of Drug Abuse in the Philippines

Methamphetamine
1908 1953
Hydrochloride (Shabu)
•Total ban on opium was •Republic Act No. 953 was •Commonly abused drug in the
enacted. passed, which: Philippines.
•Required registration for
collection.
•Imposed fixed and special
taxes on individuals
producing, importing,
manufacturing,
compounding, dealing,
dispensing, selling, or
distributing substances like
opium, marijuana, opium
poppies, coca leaves, or any
synthetic drugs declared as
habit-forming.

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Current Situation

War on Drugs (2016)

• Under President Rodrigo R. Duterte, a nationwide campaign

against illegal drugs was launched starting June 30, 2016.
• The campaign declared a “war on drugs.”

Commonly Abused Drug

• Shabu, also known as “poor man’s cocaine,” remains the

most commonly used drug in the country.

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Learning Module 2: The Global Situation
of Drug Abuse

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First Important Drug Traffic Route

• Opium Poppy Cultivation:

• Primarily grown in the Middle East.
• Drug Manufacturing and Synthesis:
• Centered in Europe.
• Drug Marketing:
• The United States became the main hub for global drug marketing.

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Second Major Drug Traffic Route

1. Golden Triangle:
1. Composed of Burma/Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand.
2. Produces approximately:
1. 60% of the world’s opium.
2. 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia.

2. Golden Crescent:
1. Includes Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.
2. Supplies:
1. 85%-90% of all illicit heroin in the western part of Asia.
2. Major sources of opium poppy, marijuana, and heroin products.

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 The World’s Drug Scene

•Largest producer of cannabis. 1. Indonesia:

Middle East: •Lebanon serves as a transit hub for cocaine from South America to
European markets. Northern Sumatra is a key cannabis-growing region.
Bali serves as an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and
New Zealand.
Spain: •Key transshipment point for international drug trafficking in Europe.
•Known as the “paradise of drug users in Europe.”
2. Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand:
Prime distribution sites for drugs originating from the Golden Triangle and
South America: •Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama: Principal sources of cocaine
supply.
other parts of Asia.
3. China:
Transit route for heroin from the Golden Triangle to Hong Kong.
Mexico: •The world’s leading producer of marijuana (Cannabis Sativa).
Cultivates the ephedra plant, the source of ephedrine, a key chemical for
producing shabu.

Philippines: •Second to Mexico in marijuana production.

•Known as the “drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.”
4. Hong Kong:
Global transshipment hub for all forms of heroin.
5. Japan:
India: •Considered the center of the world’s drug map, leading to
widespread addiction.
Major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe.
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Criminal Organizations in Drug Trafficking

Chinese Triad: Bamboo Gang:

• The oldest and largest • An extension of the Green
criminal organization in the Gang of the Chinese Triad.
world.
• Controls the Golden Triangle
with international drug
trafficking connections.

14K:
• The newest triad family,
established in 1947.

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Impact of Historical Events on Drug Trends:

• Opium Wars: The Opium Wars in the 19th century,

particularly the First Opium War (1839-1842) between
China and Britain, had a significant impact on global
drug trends. The wars resulted from China's attempts to
restrict the importation of opium, which was being
used as a form of trade currency by the British. These
conflicts not only shaped international relations but
also fueled the global trade in opium and contributed
to widespread addiction problems in China.
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Impact of Historical Events on Drug Trends:

• Prohibition Era: The Prohibition era in the United States

(1920-1933), which banned the production, sale, and
distribution of alcohol, led to the rise of organized
crime and illicit alcohol consumption. Despite efforts to
curb alcohol use through legislation, Prohibition
ultimately failed to eliminate drinking but instead drove
it underground and fueled a lucrative black market.

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Impact of Historical Events on Drug Trends:

• War on Drugs: The War on Drugs, initiated by the U.S.

government in the 1970s and later adopted by other
countries, aimed to combat drug trafficking and
substance abuse through aggressive law enforcement
and anti-drug campaigns. However, this approach has
been criticized for its focus on criminalization rather
than public health, leading to mass incarceration, racial
disparities in drug enforcement, and the perpetuation
of drug-related violence.
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Lessons Learned from Past Attempts at
Regulation and Control:

• Need for Comprehensive

Approaches: Historical attempts at
regulating and controlling drug use
have demonstrated the limitations of
punitive measures alone. Addressing
drug-related issues requires a
multifaceted approach that combines
prevention, harm reduction,
treatment, and social support
services.
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Lessons Learned from Past Attempts at
Regulation and Control:

• Focus on Public Health: There is a

growing recognition of the
importance of prioritizing public
health interventions over purely
punitive measures in addressing drug
abuse. Harm reduction strategies,
such as needle exchange programs
and supervised injection sites, aim to
minimize the negative consequences
of drug use without necessarily
requiring abstinence.
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Lessons Learned from Past Attempts at
Regulation and Control:

• Addressing Root Causes: Efforts to

address drug abuse must also
consider underlying social,
economic, and environmental
factors that contribute to substance
misuse, such as poverty, inequality,
trauma, and lack of access to
education and healthcare.
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Lessons Learned from Past Attempts at
Regulation and Control:

• International Cooperation: Given the

global nature of drug trafficking and
consumption, international cooperation
and collaboration are essential for
developing effective strategies to address
drug-related issues. This includes efforts to
reduce drug production, trafficking, and
consumption through coordinated law
enforcement efforts, as well as promoting
international drug control policies that
prioritize public health and human rights.
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Note

 Overall, historical perspectives on drug use and societal

attitudes highlight the complex interplay between culture,
politics, economics, and public health in shaping drug trends
and responses to substance abuse. By learning from past
experiences and adopting evidence-based approaches,
societies can better address the challenges posed by vices and
drug abuse in the modern era.

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 Social and Economic Impact:

 Examination of the Economic Cost of

Drug Abuse:
Drug abuse imposes significant
economic costs on individuals,
families, communities, and society as
a whole. These costs manifest in
various forms, including healthcare
expenditures, criminal justice
expenses, lost productivity, and
reduced quality of life.

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Healthcare Costs:

 Drug abuse places a considerable burden on

healthcare systems due to the treatment of
substance use disorders, medical complications
arising from drug use, and associated mental
health conditions. These costs include expenses
related to emergency department visits,
hospitalizations, rehabilitation programs, and
long-term medical care.

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 Criminal Justice
Expenses:
 The enforcement of drug laws,
prosecution of drug-related
crimes, and incarceration of
individuals involved in drug
trafficking or possession
contribute to substantial
criminal justice expenditures.
Additionally, drug-related
crimes such as theft, violence,
and property damage further
strain law enforcement
resources and judicial systems.
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 Lost Productivity:
 Substance abuse and addiction
can impair individuals' ability to
work or maintain employment,
resulting in lost wages,
absenteeism, and reduced
productivity in the workforce.
This loss of human capital not
only affects individuals and
their families but also
undermines economic growth
and competitiveness at the
societal level.

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Social Services and Support
Programs:
 Government agencies and non-profit
organizations allocate resources to provide
social services and support programs for
individuals affected by drug abuse, including
substance abuse treatment, counseling,
housing assistance, and child welfare
services. The funding for these programs
represents another component of the
economic cost of drug abuse.
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 Societal Consequences of
Addiction on Families and
Communities:
• Disruption of Family
Dynamics: Drug addiction can
strain familial relationships
and disrupt household
stability, leading to conflicts,
neglect, domestic violence,
and parental abandonment.
Children growing up in
households affected by
substance abuse may
experience emotional trauma,
neglect, or abuse, which can
have long-lasting impacts on
their development and well-
being.
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 Community
Disintegration:
 Drug abuse can contribute
to social disintegration
within communities by
eroding social cohesion,
trust, and collective efficacy.
High rates of drug addiction
and related crime may lead
to the deterioration of
neighborhoods, decreased
property values, and the
loss of community
resources and amenities.
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 Stigmatization and
Marginalization:
 Individuals struggling with
substance abuse disorders
often face stigma,
discrimination, and social
exclusion, which can
exacerbate their sense of
isolation and hinder their
access to supportive services
and resources. Stigmatization
of drug addiction can also
perpetuate cycles of shame
and secrecy, making it difficult
for affected individuals to seek
help or support.
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 The Role of Socioeconomic
Factors in Drug-Related Issues:

• Poverty and Inequality:

Socioeconomic factors such as
poverty, unemployment, lack of
education, and limited access to
healthcare contribute to higher rates
of drug abuse and addiction within
marginalized communities. Economic
deprivation and social inequality can
increase individuals' susceptibility to
substance abuse as a coping
mechanism for stress, trauma, or
hopelessness.

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 Access to Treatment
and Support Services:

 Socioeconomic disparities also

influence access to substance abuse
treatment and support services.
Individuals from disadvantaged
backgrounds may face barriers such
as financial constraints,
transportation issues, and limited
availability of culturally competent or
linguistically appropriate services,
which can impede their ability to seek
and receive timely care.

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 Intersectionality:

 The intersection of socioeconomic

factors with other forms of
marginalization, such as race, gender,
sexual orientation, and disability,
further exacerbates disparities in
drug-related issues. For example,
marginalized communities, including
racial minorities, LGBTQ+ individuals,
and people with disabilities, may face
disproportionate rates of drug abuse,
limited access to treatment, and
harsher consequences within the
criminal justice system.

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 Note

 Understanding the social and

economic impact of drug abuse is
essential for developing
comprehensive strategies to address
substance misuse and promote public
health and well-being. Effective
interventions should address the
underlying determinants of drug-
related issues, including poverty,
inequality, and social exclusion, while
also providing accessible and
culturally responsive support services
for individuals and communities
affected by addiction.

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History in the
Philippines
The history of illegal drugs in the
Philippines has been marked by
various influences, including
cultural practices, colonial history,
and contemporary challenges.
Here's an overview of the history of
illegal drugs in the Philippine
setting:

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  Pre-Colonial Era:
 Indigenous tribes in the Philippines used various
plant-based substances for medicinal, spiritual, and
cultural purposes.
 Traditional practices involved the use of plants such
as marijuana and hallucinogenic plants in rituals and
ceremonies.
 Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898):
History in the  The Spanish colonizers introduced opium and
tobacco to the Philippines.

Philippines  Cannabis use was documented among certain

communities, but it was not widespread or heavily
regulated during this period.
 American Colonial Period (1898-1946):
 The American colonial government implemented
drug control policies, including the regulation of
opium.
 Cannabis use was not a major concern during this
time.
History in the Philippines

1. Post-World War II Era:

• After World War II, drug control policies

continued to be influenced by American
approaches.
• The introduction of methamphetamine,
locally known as "shabu," became a notable
issue in the later years.

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History in the Philippines

1. Martial Law Era (1972-1981):

• During the martial law period under

President Ferdinand Marcos, drug use was
not a primary focus of the government.
• Cannabis cultivation and use were
relatively common but not heavily
regulated.
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History in the Philippines

1. Post-Martial Law Era (1981 Onward):

• The 1980s saw an increase in drug-related
issues, particularly the emergence of shabu
as a major problem.
• The government began implementing
stricter anti-drug measures, and the
Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) was
established in 1987.
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 1. Contemporary Period (2000s Onward):
• Various administrations in the 2000s
and beyond implemented anti-drug
campaigns with differing approaches.
• The Philippines faced a significant
History in the increase in illegal drug-related
problems, with shabu abuse
Philippines becoming a major concern.
• The most notable anti-drug campaign
in recent years is the "War on Drugs"
initiated by President Rodrigo Duterte
after taking office in 2016.

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 1. Duterte Administration's "War on Drugs" (2016
Onward):

• The current administration's anti-drug

campaign has been marked by controversial
policies, including extrajudicial killings and a
focus on law enforcement.

History in the • The campaign has received both domestic and

international criticism for human rights
Philippines concerns.

 It's important to note that the history of illegal

drugs in the Philippines is complex and influenced
by a variety of factors, including cultural practices,
historical events, and government policies. The
contemporary situation has sparked debates and
discussions on the effectiveness and ethical
implications of anti-drug campaigns in the country.

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History

 The history of illegal drugs is complex and

varies across different cultures and time
periods. The classification of substances as
illegal has often been influenced by social,
political, economic, and cultural factors.
Here is a general overview of the history of
illegal drugs, highlighting key events and
trends:
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Learning Module 3: What Are
Drugs?
 Operational Definitions of Terms
• Administer: The act of introducing any
dangerous drug into the body of a person, with
or without their knowledge.
• Chemical: Any substance that, when taken
into the body, alters how the mind and body
function.
• Cultivate: The act of knowingly planting,
growing, or raising plants that are sources of
prohibited drugs.
• Drug Abuse: The illegal, wrongful, or
improper use of any drug.
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Learning Module 3: What Are
Drugs?
• Drug Addiction: A state of periodic or chronic
intoxication caused by repeated drug use.
• Drug Dependence: A state of physical, psychological,
or both types of dependence on dangerous drugs.
• Pusher: A person who sells, administers, delivers,
distributes, or gives away dangerous drugs.
• Tolerance: The need to increase drug dosage to
achieve the same effect on the body.
• Treatment: Medical services addressing physiological
and psychosocial complications from drug abuse.
• Use: The act of injecting or consuming dangerous
drugs, introducing them into the body.
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 Jargon Meaning
Opiate Narcotic
On the Nod/Nodding Suspended sleep

Drug Abuse Mainline/To shoot

A Hit
Injecting a drug into a vein
Slang for an injection of drugs

Jargons
Work Apparatus for injecting drugs
A Fix One injection of an opiate
Juni Heroin
Junkie An opiate addict
Skin Popping Injecting a drug under the skin
A Bag A pocket of drugs
Cold Turkey Withdrawal effects of opiate use
Track Scars on the skin from injections
Death caused by excessive drug
Overdose
intake
Speed Amphetamines
Speed Freaks Amphetamine addicts
Uppers Street slang for amphetamines
Rush The beginning of a high
High Being under the influence of drugs
Coke Street slang for cocaine
Flashback Drug use after cessation
Acid Slang term for LSD
Acid Head LSD user
Drop Taking drugs orally
Joint An MJ cigar
Roach Butt end of a joint
Stoned Intoxicating effect of a drug
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A reaction caused by drug use 49

Head A drug user

Downer Street slang for depressants
 The Nature of Drugs

• Definition:
A drug is a substance used in medicines or for
making medicines. It affects the body and mind
and has the potential for abuse. Without
proper prescription or advice, drug use can be
harmful.
1. Prescriptive Drugs:
1. Require written authorization from a
doctor for purchase.
2. Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC):
1. Non-prescription drugs available without
a doctor’s written authorization.
3. Self-Medication Syndrome:
1. Involves self-treatment based on advice
from family, relatives, or neighbors who
have used the drug before.
2. Can lead to intoxication and adverse
reactions.

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The Physiology of Drugs

1. Minimal Dose: Smallest amount needed to produce a therapeutic effect.

2. Maximal Dose: Largest amount producing a desired effect without toxicity.
3. Toxic Dose: Amount causing poisoning symptoms or adverse effects.
4. Abusive Dose: Quantity used improperly to achieve desired side effects.
5. Lethal Dose: Amount of drug that can cause death

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Methods of Drug Administration

1. Oral:
1. Safest, most convenient, and economical. Involves the gastrointestinal tract.
2. Injection:
1. Provides faster response by directly introducing the drug into tissues or blood
circulation.
3. Inhalation:
1. Drugs are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the respiratory tract (e.g., for asthma).
4. Topical:
1. Drugs applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes.
5. Iontophoresis:
1. Introducing drugs into deeper skin layers using an electric current.

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What is Toxicology?

• Definition:
The science of poisons, their effects, and antidotes.
• Effects of Drugs:
• Overdose: Excessive intake causing dangerous effects.
• Allergy: Histamine release causing symptoms like swelling, suffocation, or death.
• Idiosyncrasy: Unexplained, unusual individual reactions to drugs or food.
• Poisonous Property: Some drugs act as protoplasmic poisons.
• Side Effects: Unintended effects on other organs, often unwanted.

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Medical Uses of Drugs

1. Analgesics: Drugs that relieve pain.

2. Antibiotics: Drugs that combat or control infectious organisms.
3. Antipyretics: Drugs that lower body temperature or fever caused by infection.
4. Antihistamines: Drugs that control or combat allergic reactions.
5. Contraceptives: Drugs that prevent fertilization or ovulation.
6. Decongestants: Drugs that relieve nasal passage congestion.
7. Expectorants: Drugs that ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and throat.
8. Laxatives: Drugs that promote defecation and bowel movement. Overuse can lead to
intestinal issues or sluggishness.
9. Sedatives and Tranquilizers: Drugs that calm the nerves, relieve anxiety, and reduce stress
without causing depression or clouding the mind.
10. Vitamins: Essential substances for normal growth, development, and proper body
functioning.

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Learning Module 4: Drugs and Causes of
Dependence
 Methods of Drug Administration
1. Oral Ingestion:
1. Drugs taken by mouth, passing through the stomach before absorption into the bloodstream (e.g., capsules).

2. Inhalation:
1. Drugs in gaseous form enter the lungs and are quickly absorbed by the capillary system.

3. Injection:
1. Drugs administered into the body using a syringe or needle:
A. Subcutaneous: Injected under the skin.
B. Intramuscular: Injected into a muscle.
C. Intravenous: Injected directly into the bloodstream.

4. Snorting:
1. Inhaling powdered or liquid drugs through the nose, absorbed by the nasal mucous membranes.

5. Buccal Administration:
1. Drugs placed under the lips in the buccal cavity, absorbed into the bloodstream via the mouth’s soft tissues.

6. Suppositories:
1. Drugs administered through the rectum or vagina in suppository form, absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Levels of Drug Taking

1. Drug Use:
1. Occurs when the drug's effects are sought with minimal hazards, whether used
therapeutically, legally, or as prescribed.
2. Drug Misuse:
1. Occurs when a drug is taken in circumstances or doses that significantly increase
risks to the individual or others.
3. Drug Abuse:
1. Happens when a drug is taken in a way or dose that greatly increases hazards, even
if used therapeutically.

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General Patterns of Drug-Taking

1. Circumstantial-Situational Use:
1. Short-term drug use to cope with immediate distress or pressure.
2. Experimental Use:
1. Drug use driven by curiosity to experience something new.
3. Social-Recreational Use:
1. Drug use motivated by the desire to share pleasurable experiences, often influenced by
peers.
4. Intensified Use:
1. Regular drug use to achieve relief from persistent problems or maintain a self-prescribed
performance level.
5. Compulsive Use:
1. Characterized by decreased social integration and functioning, often leading to
addiction.

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Drug Habituation

• A condition resulting from repeated drug consumption that creates a

psychological dependency but not necessarily physical addiction.

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Classifications of Dangerous Drugs
(According to Effects)

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A. Depressants (Downers)

 Drugs that suppress vital body functions, especially of the brain and central nervous system, leading to decreased mental and
physical activities. Common effects include impaired judgment, relaxation, sedation, and sleep induction.
1. Narcotics: Relieve pain and induce profound sleep or stupor.
2. Opium: Derived from the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). Contains meconic acid with analgesic properties.
3. Morphine: A potent opiate, six times stronger than opium, used as a painkiller.
4. Heroin: Derived from morphine, 3–5 times more powerful, with a high risk of addiction within 14 days of use.
5. Codeine: A mild derivative of morphine, commonly found in cough syrups.
6. Paregoric: A tincture of opium combined with camphor, used for diarrhea and abdominal pain.
7. Demerol and Methadone: Synthetic drugs with morphine-like effects. Used as painkillers, especially in childbirth.
8. Barbiturates: Used to induce sleep in individuals with anxiety, insomnia, or epilepsy.
9. Seconal: A barbiturate commonly abused in certain social settings.
10. Tranquilizers: Calm and relax individuals, diminish anxiety, and treat mental disorders without inducing sleep.
11. Volatile Solvents: Substances like glue or inhalants abused for their sedative effects.
12. Alcohol: The most commonly abused depressant.

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B. Stimulants (Uppers)

 Drugs that enhance mental alertness, wakefulness, and energy, and suppress
appetite.
1. Amphetamines: Used medically for weight loss, depression relief, and
attention disorders.
2. Cocaine: Extracted from the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca), causes intense
euphoria and energy.
3. Caffeine: Found in coffee, tea, and soft drinks, used to stay awake.
4. Shabu (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride): Known as "poor man’s cocaine," a
powerful central nervous system stimulant.
5. Nicotine: Found in tobacco, acts as a potent stimulant of the central nervous
system.

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C. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

 Mind-altering drugs that distort reality, time, sound, and sensory perception.
1. Marijuana: Derived from Cannabis sativa. Causes relaxation and mild
hallucinations.
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): A powerful psychedelic derived from ergot
fungus.
3. Peyote: A hallucinogenic cactus that causes nausea and hallucinations.
4. Mescaline: A milder hallucinogen than peyote with LSD-like effects.
5. STP: A chemical derivative of mescaline with more intense and longer-lasting
effects.
6. Psilocybin: Extracted from mushrooms, causes visual hallucinations and mood
changes.
7. Morning Glory Seeds: Seeds from wild tropical plants that induce hallucinations.
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Sources of Dangerous Drugs

1. Marijuana Plant (Cannabis sativa): A tall plant with male (staminate) and
female (pistillate) varieties.
2. Opium Poppy Plant (Papaver somniferum): Produces opium, morphine,
heroin, and codeine.
3. Coca Bush Plant (Erythroxylon coca): Found in South America, yields cocaine.

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Characteristics of Drug Addiction

1. Uncontrollable Craving: A compulsive urge to repeatedly take the drug.

2. Tolerance: Increasing doses are required to achieve the same effects.
3. Addiction: A physical and psychological inability to quit.
4. Physical Dependence: The body becomes reliant on the drug and exhibits
withdrawal symptoms without it.
5. Psychological Dependence: Emotional and mental discomfort in the absence
of the drug.
6. Withdrawal Syndrome: Symptoms such as sweating, restlessness, and
physical discomfort occur when the drug is unavailable.

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General Effects of Drug Abuse

 1. Physical Effects
• Malnutrition
• Skin infections and rashes
 2. Psychological Effects
• Anxiety, paranoia, and psychosis
 3. Social Effects
• Impaired relationships and societal dysfunction
 4. Mental Effects
• Adverse effects on the central nervous system
 5. Economic Effects
• Loss of productivity and financial instability

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Specific Effects Based on Drug Class

 Depressants
• Respiratory arrest or coma.
• Increased risk of birth defects and withdrawal symptoms in babies of addicted
mothers.
 Stimulants
• Heart issues, high blood pressure, and appetite suppression.
• Overdose may cause chest pain, hypertension, or cardiac arrest.
 Hallucinogens
• Psychoses, suicidal or homicidal tendencies.
• Chromosomal damage affecting offspring.
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Opium:

History of Opium
The history of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is extensive, spanning thousands of years and involving various cultures.
Here's an overview of the history of the opium poppy:
 Ancient Cultivation:
 The cultivation of the opium poppy dates back to ancient civilizations. It is believed to have originated in the
Mediterranean region and was cultivated in Mesopotamia and Sumeria as early as 3400 BCE.
 The Sumerians referred to the opium poppy as "Hul Gil," the "joy plant," recognizing its psychoactive properties.
 Ancient Uses:
 In ancient times, opium was primarily used for medicinal and ritualistic purposes. It was employed as a painkiller,
sedative, and analgesic.
 The ancient Greeks and Romans adopted the use of opium for medical purposes and as part of religious ceremonies.
 Spread of Opium Knowledge:
 The knowledge of opium cultivation and its uses spread along trade routes, reaching India and China.
 The use of opium became entrenched in traditional medicine practices in these regions.

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Opium

 Opium in Traditional Chinese Medicine:

 By the 7th century CE, opium had found its way into Chinese medicine. It was used to
treat various ailments, including pain and diarrhea.
 Opium smoking became prevalent in China during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
 Opium Trade and Colonialism:
 The opium trade expanded during the colonial era. British colonial powers played a
significant role in promoting opium cultivation in India to meet the demand in China.
 The Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860) between Britain and China were fought over
the opium trade and Chinese attempts to restrict its import.
 19th Century: Morphine and Heroin:
 In the early 19th century, the active alkaloid morphine was isolated from opium by
German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner.
 Heroin, a derivative of morphine, was later synthesized by British chemist C.R. Alder
Wright in 1874.

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Opium

 Pharmaceutical and Medical Use:

 Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, opium and its derivatives were widely used in Western medicine
for pain relief and as cough suppressants.
 Control Measures and Regulation:
 Concerns about the addictive nature of opiates led to the introduction of various control measures. The Hague
Opium Convention of 1912 and subsequent international agreements aimed to regulate the cultivation,
production, and distribution of opium and its derivatives.
 20th Century to Present: Illicit Trade and Narcotics Control:
 Despite regulatory efforts, the 20th century saw the emergence of illicit opium production and the illegal
narcotics trade.
 Regions such as the Golden Triangle (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand) and the Golden Crescent (Afghanistan, Iran,
Pakistan) became major centers for opium cultivation.
 Modern Opioid Epidemic:
 In recent decades, the misuse and abuse of opioids, including prescription opioids and illicit substances like
heroin, have contributed to a global opioid epidemic.
 Efforts to address the opioid crisis involve a combination of medical, public health, and law enforcement
measures.

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Opium

 The opium poppy's history reflects its dual nature—having been valued for its
medicinal properties while also being associated with addiction and social issues.
The complex history of opium cultivation and use continues to influence
contemporary discussions on drug policy, addiction, and public health.

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 1. Ancient Use: Indigenous cultures in South America have
been chewing coca leaves for thousands of years for
their stimulating effects.
2. Isolation of Cocaine: In 1859, German chemist Albert
Niemann isolated cocaine from coca leaves.
3. Medical Use: Cocaine was used in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries as a local anesthetic and found its
way into various tonics and elixirs. Sigmund Freud
advocated for its medical use.
4. Recreational Use: Cocaine gained popularity as a
recreational drug in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in
Cocaine the United States, leading to a surge in both powder and
crack cocaine use.
5. Regulation and Control: Governments around the world
implemented regulations to control cocaine, including
classification as a controlled substance. Efforts to
combat trafficking and abuse continue to this day.
6. Health and Social Consequences: Cocaine abuse is
associated with a range of negative health effects,
addiction, and social consequences. Production and
trafficking contribute to various social and political
issues in affected regions.

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