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UE23MA242A Unit-2 Class-23 Paired Data

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19 views13 pages

UE23MA242A Unit-2 Class-23 Paired Data

Uploaded by

taxafac927
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTER

SCIENCE ENGINEERS
Unit 2: Confidence Intervals

Mamatha.H.R

Department of Computer Science and


Engineering
Mathematics for Computer Science
and Engineering

Confidence Intervals:Paired Data


Dr. Mamatha. H.R
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
PES University, Bangalore
Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Topics to be covered

❖ 5.7 - Confidence Intervals with Paired Data

Textbook1: Chapter 5, section 5.7


Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Confidence intervals for paired data

• We have seen how to compare two independent samples


• Now we will see how to compare two samples that are paired „
• In other words the two samples are not independent, Y1 and Y2 are linked
in some way, usually by a direct relationship „
• For example,
• measure the weight of subjects before and after a six month diet.
• A tire manufacturer wishes to compare the tread wear of tires made of
a new material with that of tires made of a conventional material.
Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Confidence intervals for paired data

• A paired t-test is used to compare two population means


where you have two samples in which observations in one
sample can be paired with observations in the other sample.

• Examples of where this might occur are:


o Before-and-after observations on the same subjects
o (e.g. students’ diagnostic test results before and after a
particular module or course).

• A comparison of two different methods of measurement or


two different treatments where the measurements/treatments
are applied to the same subjects.
Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
To Remember

For this test to be valid the differences only need to be


approximately normally distributed. Therefore, it would
not be advisable to use a paired t-test where there were
any extreme outliers.
Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Example

A tire manufacturer wishes to compare the tread wear of tires made of a new material
with that of tires made of a conventional material. One tire of each type is placed on
each front wheel of each of 10 front-wheel-drive automobiles. The choice as to which
type of tire goes on the right wheel and which goes on the left is made with the flip of
a coin. Each car is driven for 40,000 miles, then the tires are removed, and the depth of
the tread on each is measured.
We wish to find a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference in tread wear between
old and new materials in a way that takes advantage of the reduced variability produced
by the paired design.
Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Example

To put this into statistical notation, let (X1, Y1), . . . , (X10, Y10) be the pairs.
(Xi -> tread on the tire made from new material on the ith car) and
(Yi -> tread on the tire made from old material on the ith car.)

Let Di = Xi −Yi represent the difference between treads for tires on the ith car. Let μX
and μY represent the population means for X and Y , respectively.
We wish to find a 95% confidence interval for the difference μX − μY .
Let μD represent the population mean of the differences.
Then μD = μX − μY .

It follows that a confidence interval for μD will also be a confidence interval for μX − μY
.
Since the sample D1, . . . , D10 is a random sample from a population with mean μD,
we can use one-sample methods to find confidence intervals for μD.
In this example, since the sample size is small, we use the Student’s t method.

Textbook: Page 371


Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Example
The observed values of the sample mean and sample standard deviation are
D
_ = 0.232 SD = 0.183

The sample size is 10, so there are nine degrees of freedom.


The appropriate t value is t9,0.025 = 2.262.

The confidence interval using expression (5.9) (in Section 5.3) is


therefore 0.232±(2.262)(0.183)/√10, or (0.101, 0.363).

Textbook: Page 371


Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Confidence interval for the true mean difference

Textbook: Page 372


Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
Example

We have a mean difference of 2.05.


The 2.5% point of the t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom is 2.093.
The 95% confidence interval for the true mean difference is therefore:
2.05 ± (2.093 × 0.634) = 2.05 ± 1.33 = (0.72, 3.38)
This confirms that, although the difference in scores is statistically
significant, it is actually relatively small. We can be 95% sure that the true
mean increase lies somewhere between just under one point and just over
3 points.
Mathematics for Computer Science and Engineering
References

• “Statistics for Engineers and Scientists”, William Navidi, McGraw Hill Education,
India, 4th Edition, 2015.
Dr. Mamatha. H.R
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
PES University
Bangalore

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