Ntyk;khs; tpj;ah~;uk; fy;tpf;FOkk;

tFg;G – 10 - jkpo; - ,ay; - 4 - ciueil - nraw;if Ez;zwpT

tpdh tpilfs; :
1. kpd;dZg; Gul;rpia tpsf;Ff.
 kpd;dZg; Gul;rp cz;lhf ,izag; gad;ghL fhuzkhfpwJ.
 jdpegu; fzpdpfspd; tsu;r;rpAk;> ,izag; gad;ghl;bd; gpwg;GNk kpd;dZg;
Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapd. mtw;Ws; ,t;Tyif kpFjpahf Msf;$ba xU
njhopy;El;gk; nraw;if Ez;zwpT.
 miwapd; %iyapy; epWtg;gl;bUf;Fk; fz;fhzpg;Gf; fUtpapd; mirtpDs;
nghjpe;jpUg;gJ nraw;if Ez;zwpT.
 me;j topapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; mjpfk;: ,JNt RUf;fkhd top vd;W
ekJ jpwd;Ngrpapd; %yk; topfhl;LtJ nraw;if Ez;zwpT.
 ekJ jpwd;NgrpNah> fzpdpNah ehk; nrhy;yr; nrhy;yj; jd; mfz;l
juTfspy; cs;s Nfhbf;fzf;fhd nrhw;fSld; xg;gpl;Lr; rupahd nrhy;iyf;
fhy; nehbf;Fk; Fiwthd Neuj;jpy; Nju;e;njLj;J jpiuapy; fhz;gpf;fpwJ.
 nraw;if Ez;zwpitf; nfhz;l ,ae;jpuk; kdpju;fSld; rJuq;fk;
tpisahLjy;>rikj;jy;>glk; tiujy; Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;fpwJ.
 ,izaj;jpy; tzpfk; nra;Ak; jdpahu; epWtdk; xd;W nraw;if
Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngUk;ghYk; Ml;fsw;w gy;nghUs; mq;fhbfis
cynfq;Fk; jpwe;J tUfpwJ.

2. nraw;if Ez;zwpT – Fwpg;G tiuf.

 nraw;if Ez;zwpT vd;gJ ,ae;jpuq;fspd; Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; ,jid

cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l fzpdp mwptpaypd; xU gpupthFk;.
 jd; #o;epiyia czu;e;J mjpf ntw;wp tha;g;GfSf;Fj; jf;fthW nraypy;
<LgLk; xU mikg;ghFk;.
 nraw;if Ez;zwpT gy tiffspy; kdpju;fSf;F cjTfpwJ. ,Jtiu
,t;Tyif nkd;nghUs; Mz;Lnfhz;bUf;fpwJ:,dpNky; nraw;if
Ez;zwpTjhd; Msg;NghfpwJ.
 r%f Clfq;fs; topahfTk;> kpd;dZ re;ij %ykhfTk; nraw;if
Ez;zwpT nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf ek;kplk; te;J Nruj; njhlq;fptpl;lJ.
 r%f Clfq;fspy; ehk; ghu;f;fpw xt;nthd;Wk;> NjL nghwpfspy; Njbf;
fpilf;Fk; tpilfSk; nraw;if Ez;zwpNt!
  nraw;if Ez;zwpthy; ghu;f;fTk;>Nfl;fTk; KbAk;.
 kdpjdhy; nra;a Kbe;j nray;fisAk; mtd; fbdk; vdf; fUJk;
nray;fisAk; nra;af;$baJ nraw;if Ez;zwpT.

3. nraw;if Ez;zwpT Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fs; Ie;jpid tpsf;Ff.

 kUj;Jtj;Jiw :

Neha;fis fz;Lgpbf;fTk;> fz; mWit kUj;Jtj;jpYk; gad;gLfpwJ

 ,jopay; Jiw :

Ntu;l;];kpj; vd;Dk; nkd;nghUs; ehk; nfhLf;Fk; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L

fl;Liuiar; rpy nehbfspy; cUthf;fptpLk;.

 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw :

me;j topapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; mjpfk;: ,JNt RUf;fkhd top vd;W

ekJ jpwd;Ngrpapy; topfhl;b glk; cjtp nra;fpwJ.

 tzpfj;Jiw :

Gjpa tzpftha;g;Gfis nraw;if Ez;zwpT ey;FfpwJ. ngU epWtdq;fs;

jq;fs; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aTk; re;ijg;gLj;jTk; nraw;if Ez;zwpTg;
gad;gLfpwJ.

 gpw Jiwfs; :

tpLjpfs;> tq;fpfs;> mYtyfq;fspy; kdpju; mspf;Fk; Nritfis nraw;if

Ez;zwpT gad;gLj;jp NuhNghf;fs; mspf;fpd;wd. NkYk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy;
,j;njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gy tpjq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; cs;sd.

4. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; NuhNghf;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;Ff.

 Ntiy tha;gG ; fspy; fzprkhd khw;wq;fisr; nraw;if Ez;zwpT

nfhz;Ltug;NghfpwJ.
 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; NuhNghtplk; Foe;ijia xg;gilj;Jtpl;L epk;kjpahf
Ntiyf;Fr; nry;yg; Nghfpd;whu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fs;.
  tajhdtu;fSf;F cjtpfs; nra;Jk; mtu;fSf;F cw;wj; Njhodha;g; Ngr;Rf;
nfhLj;Jk; NgZk; NuhNghf;fisAk; ehk; ghu;f;fg;NghfpNwhk;!
 ek;Kld; ciuahLtJ> MNyhrid toq;FtJ> gaz Vw;ghL nra;J jUtJ>
jz;zPu; nfhz;L tUtJ> Foe;ijfSf;f Ntbf;iff; fhl;LtJ vdg;
gytw;iwAk; NuhNghf;fs; nra;Ak;.
 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ehk; gazpf;Fk; Cu;jpfisr; nraw;if Ez;zwpTf; nfhz;L
,af;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,j;jifa Cu;jpfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpgj;Jfs; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk; gaz Neuk; FiwAk;. vupnghUs; kpr;rg;gLk;.

5. nraw;if Ez;zwptpd; nghJthd $Wfs; ahit?

 ek;ik mwpahkNyNa ek; tho;ifiaAk;> tzpfj;ijAk; tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.

 ,j;njhopy;El;gj;ijf; fz;L mr;rg;gLgtu;fspd; mywy;fis ehk;
vjpu;nfhs;tNj Kjy; miw $ty;.
 Xt;nthU Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; mwpKfkhFk; NghJ Gjpa tbtpy; khw;wk;
ngWfpd;wd.
 kdpj ,dj;ijj; jPq;FfspypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp> cly; eyj;ijg; NgZfpwJ.
 nfhba Neha;fisj; njhlf;f epiyfspNyNa fz;lwpjy;> kUj;Jtiug; Nghy
guppe;Jiur; nra;jy; Nghd;w nray;fspy; nraw;if Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Muha;r;rpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd.

,itNa nraw;if Ez;zwptpd; nghJthd $Wfs;

MFk;.

ftpijg; Ngio - ngUkhs; jpUnkhop

1. khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy; vd;Dk; njhlupYs;s ctik Rl;Lk;
nra;jpia tpsf;Ff.

(m) kUj;Jtj;jpy; kUe;Jld; md;Gk; ek;gpf;ifAk; Mw;Wk; ghq;fpid

vOJf.

tpil: ‘thshy; mWj;Jr; RbDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;

khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy;’.....
  kUj;Jtu; clypy; Vw;gl;l Gz;izf; fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk;
mJ ed;ikf;Nf vd;W czu;e;J Nehahsp mtiu Nerpg;ghu;.
 mJNghy tpj;Jtf;Nfhl;by; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; md;idNa! eP
cdJ tpisahl;lhy; ePq;fhj Jd;gj;ij vdf;Fj; je;jhYk; cd;
mbatdhfpa ehd; cd; mUisNa vg;nghOJk; vjpu;ghu;j;J
tho;fpd;Nwd;.

ftpijg; Ngio - gupghly;

tpdh – tpil
1. capu;fs; cUthfp tsu Vw;w #oy; g+kpapy; vit vitnadg;
gupghly; top mwpe;jtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
tpil:
 gue;j ngUtopapy; mz;lk; cUthf fhuzkhd fU NgnuhypAld;
Kjypy; Njhd;wpaJ.
 cUtk; ,y;yhj fhw;W mZf;fSld; tsu;fpd;w thdj;jpd; fhyk;
mJ.
 gpwF mZf;fs; fpsu;e;J gUg;nghUs;fs; rpjw fhyq;fs; fle;J
nrd;wd.
 mjd; gpd; g+kp neUg;Gg; ge;J Nghy cUthfp Fspu;e;J kio
nghopAk; fhyk; njhlq;fpaJ.
 ,jdhy; g+kp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiw nts;sj;jpy; %o;fp capu;fs;
cUthtjw;F Vw;wr; #oy; njhlq;fpaJ
 gpd; mj;jifa Copf;fhyj;jpy; capu;fs; cUthfp epiy ngw;wJ.
 ,itNa capu;fs; cUthfp tsu Njitg;gl;l fhyk; vd gupghly;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

tpz;izj;jhz;ba jd;dk;gpf;if (tpupthdk;)

Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;:
 Kd;Diu
 ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;
 fUe;Jis
 Muha;r;rp KbT
 ngw;w tpUJfs;
 kfpo;r;rpahd jUzq;fs;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
mwptpaypd; tsu;r;rp kdpjdpd; mwpit tpupthf;FfpwJ. Iaq;fis
ePf;FfpwJ. gioa jtwhd Gupjy;fis ePf;FfpwJ. vz;zq;fis khw;WfpwJ.
,j;jifa ,aw;ifapd; ku;k Kbr;Rfis mtpo;f;Fk; mwptpay; rpe;jid
Nghw;wjw;FupaJ. mjpYk; jd;dhy; ve;j ,af;fKk; Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhj epiyapYk;
mwptpaypd; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikia czu;e;J> mwpe;J GJg;GJ cz;ikiar;
nrhd;dtNu ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;> mtiug;gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

];Bgd; `hf;fpq;:
,q;fpyhe;jpd; kUj;Jtkid xd;wpy; 1963Mk; Mz;L gf;fthjk; vd;Dk; euk;G
Nehahy; 21 taJ ,isQu; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. kUj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> rpy
jpdq;fNs mtu; capu; tho;thu; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> me;j ,isQu; 53
Mz;Lfs; capNuhL ,Ue;jhu;. mtu;jhd; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq;. ,tu; 1985,y;
%r;Rf;Foha;j; jlq;fshy; NgRk; jpwid ,oe;jhu;. fd;dj;jpd; jir mirTk;
fz;rpkpl;lYk; jtpu> clypYs;s mj;jidg; ghfq;fSk; nraypOe;J tpl;ld.
,Ug;gpDk;> fd;dj;jir mirT %yk; fzpdpapy; jd; fUj;ijj; jl;lr;R nra;J
ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tUf;Fj; Jizahfr; nray;gl;lJ nraw;if Ez;zwpT fzpdp.

fUe;Jis:
ekJ ghy;tPjpapy; (milky wasy galaxy) Nfhbf;fzf;fhd tpz;kd
P ;fs;
(Stars) xspu;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; xd;Nw QhapW (Sun) xU tpz;kPdpd; MAl;fhyk;
KbAk;NghJ me;j tpz;kPd;fspd; <u;g;G tpir (Gravity Force) $LfpwJ. ,jdhy;
tpz;kPd;fs; RUq;FfpwJ. ,e;j tpz;kPd;fs; RUq;fr; RUq;f <u;gG
; tpir
tpz;kPDf;Fs; msTf;fjpfkhf cau;e;J nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ. RUq;fpa tpz;kPdpd;
<u;g;G vy;iyf;Fs; vJ nrd;whYk; rup> Vd; xspAk; $lj; jg;g KbahJ. ,j;jifa>
tpz;kPDf;Fs; <u;f;fg;gLk; ,j;JisiaNa fUe;Jis vd;fpwhu; [hd; tPyu;.

`hf;fpq; fjpu;tPr;R:
];Bgd; `hf;fpq; jkJ Muha;r;rpapd; Kbtpy; fUe;Jisfs;
fUg;ghf ,Ug;gjpy;iy vd;Wk;> mjpypUe;J fjpu;tPr;Rfs; (Event Horizon)
ntspg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;FnkdTk; fz;lwpe;jhu;. NkYk;> fUe;Jisapy; ,Ue;J
tUk; fjpu;trP ;Rk; mZj;Jfs;fSk; frpe;J ,Wjpapy; ntbj;J kiwe;J tpLk;
vdTk; fz;lwpe;jhu;. ,f;fUe;Jisf;Fs; nry;Yk; ve;jnthU nghUSk; jg;gpj;J
ntspNa tuKbahJ vdTk; ];Bgd; `hf;fpq; jkJ Muha;r;rpapd; Kbit
ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd; KbNt ‘`hf;fpq; fjpu;tPr;R’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

ngw;w tpUJfs;:
mwptpay; fUe;Jis Nfhl;ghLfis vspa kf;fSf;Fk;> GupAk;
tifapy; $wpajhy; mtUf;Fg; gy tpUJfs; fpilj;jd> mtw;Ws; rpy>
mnkupf;fhtpd; caupa tpUjhd mjpgu; tpUJ
My;gu;l; Id;];ild; tpUJ
cy;/g; tpUJ
fhg;sp gjf;fk;
mbg;gil ,aw;gpay; gupR

kfpo;r;rpahd jUzq;fs;:
njhlf;f tpoh ehafu; gl;lk; -- (2012 – ghuh xypk;gpf; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;b)

mLj;j jiyKiw ngUntbg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL – njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlupy;

gq;Nfw;wy;
#lhd fhw;W epuk;gpa gY}dpy; thdpy; gwj;jy; -- 60tJ gpwe;j ehs;
nfhz;lhl;l ehs;
722 vd;w tpkhdj;jpy; G+[;[pa <u;g;G tpirg; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L vilaw;w
jd;ikia czu;e;jhu;

KbTiu:
clypy; Vw;gl;l cWg;G ,og;Ngh> CdNkh xUtUf;Ff;
FiwahfhJ: Cf;fKk; ciog;Gk; Nru;e;j MSikj; jd;ik ,y;yhJ ,Ug;gNj
FiwahFk; vd;w cz;ikia cyfpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;b tho;e;jtNu ];Bgd;. ,tu;>
mwptpay; cyfpy; kl;Lkpd;wp> r%f cstpay; mbg;gilapYk;> jd;dk;gpf;ifapYk;
rpfukhf tpsq;fpatu;. mwpTj; Njlypy; xU khNkij: tpaf;fj;jf;f kdpju; vd;gij
,tupd; xt;nthU epfo;TfSk; Muha;r;rpfSk; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;W $wpdhy; mJ
kpifapy;iy