Gas Turbine & Jet

Propulsion

Dr. APURBA LAYEK

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Durgapur
 A turbine is a mechanical device that transforms fluid
energy into usable work or energy.

Steam Water Wind Gas

Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine

High pressure, high temperature gas generated

Aircraft Engines
inside the combustion chamber expands through
Power Generation
a specially designed TURBINE

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 GAS TURBINE

• Invented in 1930 by Frank Whittle

• Patented in 1934
• First used for aircraft propulsion in 1942 on Me262 by Germans during
second world war
• Currently most of the aircrafts and ships use GT engines
• Used for power generation
• Manufacturers: General Electric, Pratt &Whitney, SNECMA, Rolls
Royce, Honeywell, Siemens – Westinghouse, Alstom
• Indian take: Kaveri Engine by GTRE (DRDO)

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GAS TURBINE
The gas turbine can handle a larger gas flow than that of the reciprocating internal
combustion engines, because it utilizes a continued combustion.
•The gas turbine is suitable as the high power engine.
•The gas turbine for airplanes (called a jet engine) makes use of this advantage.
Generally speaking gas turbine is divided into two categories as follows:
(a) Open cycle gas turbine
(b) Closed cycle gas turbine

Uses of gas turbine

1. Jet engines
2. Marine
3. Power generation
4. Oil & gas industry
 GAS TURBINE

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 Advantages

• Relatively small size (power to size ratio)

• Light weight for output (power to weight ratio)
• Require no cooling water
• Rapid startup and loading
• Good thermal efficiency
• Low maintenance
• Runs unattended
• Long life

Disadvantages

• Expensive
• Require clean fuel
• Not efficient at part load
• Use more fuel than IC engine

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(a) Open cycle gas turbine:

Working Principle
❑ Fresh air enters the compressor at ambient temperature where its pressure and
temperature are increased.
❑ The high pressure air enters the combustion chamber where the fuel is burned at
constant pressure.
❑ The high temperature (and pressure) gas enters the turbine where it expands to
ambient pressure and produces work.
Features:
❑ Gas-turbine is used in aircraft propulsion and electric power generation.
❑ High thermal efficiencies up to 44 %.
❑ High power to weight ratio, high reliability, long life
❑ Fast start up time, about 2 min, compared to 4 hr for steam-turbines

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 (b) Brayton Cycle or Closed cycle gas turbine:

The Brayton ideal cycle is made up of four internally reversible processes:

1-2 isentropic compression (in compressor)
2-3 const. pressure heat-addition (in combustion chamber)
3-4 isentropic expansion (in turbine)
4-1 const. pressure heat rejection (exhaust)

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Advantage of closed cycle gas turbine:

•Due to externally fired, cheaper fuel such as coal can be used

•Products of combustion is not in direct contact with turbine blades, hence fouling of
the blade can be avoided
•Part load efficiency is improved by changing the pressure ratio and varying the
quantity of working fluid keeping as cycle temperature constant and at constant
speed
•High operating pressure causes low specific volume for the working fluid reducing
the size of machines, heat exchangers and piping
•Heat transfer coefficients are higher which reduces the heat exchanger size

Disadvantage of closed cycle gas turbine:

•More complicated and costly system
•Air heaters alone represent over 30% of total mass and cost
•System is not sufficiently strong to resist high pressure

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Thermal efficiency for the Brayton cycle is:

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 Thus,

where rP is the pressure ration and γ = cp /cv is the specific heat ratio.

Maximum Pressure Ratio

Given that the maximum and
minimum temperature can be
prescribed for the Brayton cycle,
a change in the pressure ratio
can result in a change in the
work output from the cycle.
The maximum temperature in
the cycle T3 is limited by
metallurgical limits because the
turbine blades cannot sustain
temperatures above 1300 K. The
minimum temperature is set by
the air temperature at the inlet to
the engine.

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 The specific work output w, upon which the size of plant for a given power
depends, is found to be a function not only of pressure ratio but also of maximum
cycle temperature T3.
Thus, the specific work output is,

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 Methods for Improvement of Thermal efficiency of
Open Cycle Gas Turbine

1. Intercooling
2. Reheating
3. Regeneration

Intercooling

A compressor utilizes the major percentage of power developed by the turbine.

The work required by the compressor can be reduced by compressing the air in
two stages and incorporating a intercooler between the two.

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 Intercooling

Now, work input (without intercooling)

Since the pressure lines diverge to

the right on T-S diagram

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 Reheating

• The output of gas turbine can

be improved by expanding
the gases in two stages with a
re-heater between the two.
• The HP turbine drives the
compressor and the LP
turbine provides useful
power output.

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 Reheating

Now, work input (net output) of LP turbine is given by,

Now, work input (without reheating )

Since the pressure lines diverge to the right on T-S diagram

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 Example 1:
The pressure ratio of an open cycle gas turbine power plant is 5.6. Air is taken at
30oC and 1 bar. The compression is carried out in two stages with perfect
inter-cooling in between. The maximum temperature of the cycle is limited to
700oC. Assuming the isentropic efficiency of each compressor stage as 85% and
that of turbine as 90%, determine the power developed and efficiency of the
power plant, if the air flow is 1.2 kg/s. The mass of fuel may be neglected, and it
may be assumed that Cp = 1.02 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.41.

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 JET Propulsion
The principle of jet propulsion involves imparting momentum to a mass of fluid in such
a manner that the reaction of imparted momentum provides a propulsive force.
The propulsion system may be classified as follows;
1.Air stream jet engines (Air breathing engines)
a)Steady combustion system; (continuous air flow)
i. Turbo-jet
ii. Turbo-prop
iii. Ram Jet
b)Intermittent combustion system (intermittent air flow)
i. Pulse jet or flying bomb.
2.Self contained rocket engines (Non-air breathing engines)

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 Turbo-Jet

• It consists of a diffuser at entrance which slows down the air (entering at velocity
equal to the aircraft speed), convert the kinetic energy of the air stream to pressure;
this type of compression is known as Ram compression.
• The air is then further compressed to a pressure of 3 to 4 bar in a rotary compressor
(usually axial flow compressor).
• The compressed air then enters the combustion chamber, where the combustion of
fuel provides heat to raise the temperature rapidly.
• The hot gases expands in the turbine partially to provide power to compressor.
• The hot gas then expands in the nozzle to provide a high velocity jet which gives rise
a forward thrust to the aircraft.
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 • It consists of a diffuser at entrance which slows down the air (entering at velocity
equal to the aircraft speed), convert the kinetic energy of the air stream to pressure;
this type of compression is known as Ram compression.
• The air is then further compressed to a pressure of 3 to 4 bar in a rotary compressor
(usually axial flow compressor).
• The compressed air then enters the combustion chamber, where the combustion of
fuel provides heat to raise the temperature rapidly.
• The hot gases expands in the turbine partially to provide power to compressor.
• The hot gas then expands in the nozzle to provide a high velocity jet which gives rise
24 a forward thrust to the aircraft. *
 Advantages of Turbo-jet engines
•Construction is much simpler
•Engine vibrations absent
•Much higher speed possible (more than 3000 km/h achieved)
•Power supply is uninterrupted and smooth
•Weight to power ratio superior
•Requirement of major overhauls less frequent
•Frontal area smaller

Disadvantages of Turbo-jet engines

•Less efficient
•Life of the unit comparatively shorter
•The turbo-jet becomes inefficient below 550 km/h
•More noisy
•Material required are quite expensive
•Require longer strip to take off

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 Turbo-prop engine
In a jet engine, the turbines add kinetic energy
to the flow, and this flow is then expelled out of
the exhaust to generate the thrust. However, in a
turboprop engine, the turbines are connected to
a propeller shaft and thus almost all the energy
extracted by the turbines is used to rotate the
propeller. Due to a turboprop being in effect a
turbine engine, a small amount of jet thrust is
generated (about 5%).

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 Ram -jet

Ram jet is also called athodyd, Lorin tube or flying stovepipe.

Working:- The air entering into ram jet with supersonic speed is slowed
down to sonic velocity in the supersonic diffuser, increasing air pressure.
The air pressure is further increase in the subsonic diffuser increasing also
the temperature of air. The fuel injected into combustion chamber is burned
with help of flame igniter. The high pressure and high temperature gases
are passed through the nozzle converting into pressure energy into kinetic
energy. The high velocity gas leaving the nozzle provide required forward
thrust.
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 Ram -jet

Advantages
1.No moving parts
2.Light in weight
3.Wide variety of fuels can be used

Disadvantages
1.It can not be started of its own
2.The fuel consumption is too large at low and moderate speed
3.For successful operation diffuser need to be designed carefully.

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 Pulse -jet

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 Pulse -jet

Operation:
•Compressed air is forced into the inlet which opens the spring loaded
flapper valves.
•The air that enters the engine passes by the fuel injector and is mixed with
the fuel, it is ignited by a spark plug.
•The combustion takes place, thus causing a very rapid rise in pressure, the
increase in pressure forces the flapper valves shut and propels the charge of
burned gases out of the tail pipe.
•The momentum of the gases leaving the tailpipe causes the air to continue
to flow out even after the pressure within the engine has reached
atmospheric pressure.
•The pressure within the engine is therefore evacuated to below atmosphere.

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 Pulse -jet

Advantages:
•Simple in construction, very inexpensive compared to turbo jet engine, well
adapted to pilotless aircraft
•Capable of producing static thrust and thrust in excess of drag at much low
speed.

Disadvantages:
•High intensity of noise.
•Severe vibrations.
•High rate of fuel consumption and low thermodynamic efficiency.
•The operating altitude is limited by air density consideration.
•Serious limitation to mechanical valve arrangement.

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 Rocket engine

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 Rocket engine
In a liquid-fuel rocket, the following things are found:
•A liquid rocket fuel such as liquid hydrogen, An oxidizer,
•Hydrogen peroxide tank,
•Pumps to carry the fuel and the oxidizer
•A combustion chamber where the two liquids mix and burn
•A Nozzle

An ideal rocket propellant should have the following characteristics

•A high heat value
•Highest possible density so that it occupies less space
•Stability and ease of handling and storing
•Low toxicity and corrosiveness
•Reliable and smooth ignition

Applications:
•Long range artillery
•Lethal weapons
•For satellites
•For spaceships
•Jet assisted takeoff
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 Any Question?

Thank
You
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