Thermal Engineering Lab III B.

Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

THERMAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

B.TECH
(III YEAR –I SEM)
(2019-20)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956
Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015
Certified) Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Kompally), Secunderabad – 500100,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 1
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

III Year B. Tech ME - I Sem

L P C
0 3 2
(R17A0387) THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB
Objectives:
 Student able to learn about the valve timing and port timing diagrams.
 Student able to learn about the working principles of Two Stroke and Four Stroke
engines and their performances.
 Student able to learn about different characteristics IC Engine.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. I.C. Engine Valve / Port Timing Diagrams
2. I.C. Engine Performance Test for 4 Stroke SI engines
3. I.C. Engine Performance Test for 2 Stroke SI engines
4. I.C. Engine Morse/ Retardation/ Motoring Tests
5. I.C. Engine Heat Balance - CI/SI Engines
6. I.C. Engine Economical speed Test on a SI engine
7. I.C. Engine Effect of A/F Ratio in a SI engine
8. Performance Test on Variable Compression Ratio of IC Engine
9. IC Engine Performance Test on a 4S CI Engine at constant speed
10. Volumetric efficiency of Air - Compressor Unit
11. Dis-assembly / Assembly of Engines
12. Study of Boilers
13. To study the V-I characteristics of solar panel
14. To study the performance of solar flat plate collector
15. To study the performance of evacuated tube collector

Note: Total 10 experiments are to be conducted.

OUTCOMES:
 Students get exposure to different types of engine power and efficiency calculations
 Students get exposure to study of various operating characteristics of two stroke and
four stroke I.C Engines.
 Students get exposure of boilers, mountings and accessories.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 2
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

PREFACE
The primary purpose of the-laboratory „THERMAL ENGINEERING‟ is-to show students
the experimental methods-on thermal energies on various engines-and demonstrate their
operational procedures. These values can be further used to determine other fuel properties. In
order that students have a fairly good understanding of the theory underlying the
experiments, the entire course is designed such that classroom lectures precede lab-work.-
Students are advised to pay close attention in class so that they can perform-well in-the lab.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 3
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: I Date:

I.C. ENGINES VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM: The experiment is conducted to

• Determine the actual valve timing for a 4-stroke diesel engine and hence
draw the diagram.

PROCEDURE:

1. Keep the decompression lever in vertical position.

2. Bring the TDC mark to the pointer level closed.
3. Rotate the flywheel till the inlet valves moves down i.e., opened.

4. Draw a line on the flywheel in front of the pointer and take the reading.
5. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the inlet valve goes down and comes
to horizontal position and take reading.
6. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the outlet valve opens, take the
reading.
7. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the exhaust valve gets closed and take
the reading.

Observations

ARC LENGTH, S ANGLE IN

SL NO VALVE POSITION
cm mm DEGREES

1 TDC – Inlet Valve Open

2 BDC – Inlet Valve Open

3 TDC – Exhaust Valve Close

4 BDC – Exhaust Valve Close

Calculations

1. Diameter of the flywheel, D

= Circumference of the flywheel

π

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 4
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

2. Angle „θ‟ in degrees,

S x 360
θ =
Dxπ

Where,
S = Arc length, mm

RESULT:

Valve Timing diagram is drawn

VIVA-VOCE QUESTION

1. What is valve timing diagram.?

2. what is port timing diagram.?
3. Draw the valve timing diagram and tell the angle at which both the valves
would be open
4. What is the significance of clearance volume?
5. What is a stroke?
6. Difference between SI and CI ?
7. Difference between four stroke and two stroke
8. Why four stroke is mostly preferred ?
9. What is the function of piston rings
10. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 5
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM:

The experiment is conducted to

• Determine the actual PORT timing for a 2-stroke Petrol engine and hence
draw the diagram.

PROCEDURE:

1) Bring the Piston to Top and start as if from the spark.

2) Rotate the flywheel till the Exhaust port opens and note the reading.
3) Continue the same way and note the reading for the Transfer port.
4) Continue to rotate the flywheel till the Piston moves from BDC to TDC and note down
the closing of Transfer and Exhaust port readings.

Observations:

Valve Position
Sl. No. Angle ‘θ’ in degrees

1
Transfer Port open
2 Transfer Port Close

3 Exhaust Port Open

4 Exhaust Port Close

RESULT:

Port Timing diagram is drawn.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 6
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: II Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE PETROLENGINE

INTRODUCTION
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified
as External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the
combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to
develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the
fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical
energy. IC engines may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic
cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and
application.
AIM:
To conduct a performance test on four stroke single cylinder petrol engine.

INSTRUMENTATION:
Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.
Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperatures.
Differential manometer to measure quantity of air sucked into cylinder.
Burette with manifold to measure the rate of fuel consumed during test.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
ENGINE : YAMAHA
BHP : 3 HP
RPM : 3000 RPM
FUEL : PETROL
No OF CYLINDERS : SINGLE
BORE : 70 mm
STROKE LENGTH : 66.7 mm
STARTING : ROPE & PULLEY STARTING
WORKING CYCLE : FOUR STROKE
METHOD OF COOLING : AIR COOLED
METHOD OF IGNITION : SPARK IGNITION
ORIFICE DIA. : 20 mm

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Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

COMPRESSION RATIO : 4.67

SPARK PLUG : MICO W 160Z2
CARBURATOR : YAMAHA 1320
GOVERNOR SYSTEM : MECHANICAL GOVERNOR
TYPE : SELF EXCITED, DC SHUNT GENERATOR
POWER : 1.5 KW
SPEED : 3000 RPM
RATED VOLTAGE : 220 v DC
(Max. speed to run as dc motor : 2600 RPM)

RESISTANCE LAMP BANK SPECIFICATION:

RATING : 2.5 Kw, 1Φ(single phase)

VARIATION : In 10 steps, by dc switches.
COOLING : Air cooled
DESCRIPTION:
This engine is a four stroke single cylinder, air – cooled, spark ignition type petrol engine.
It is coupled to a loading system which is in this case is a DC GENERATOR, having a resistive
lamp bank which will take load with the help of dc switches and also providing motoring test
facility to find out frictional power of the engine.
FUEL MEASUREMENT:

The fuel is supplied to the engine from the main fuel tank through a graduated measuring
fuel engine (Burette) with 3 – way cock. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine, fill the
burette by opening the cock. By starting a stop clock, measure the time taken to consume X cc of
fuel by the engine.
AIR INTAKE MEASUREMENT:

The suction side of the engine is connected to an Air tank. The atmospheric air is drawn
into the engine cylinder through the air tank. The manometer is provided to measure the pressure
drop across an orifice provided in the intake pipe of the Air tank. This pressure drop is used to
calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder. (Orifice diameter is 20 mm)

LUBRICATION:

The engine is lubricated by mechanical lubrication.

Lubricating oil recommended – SAE – 40 OR Equivalent.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 8
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:

A digital temperature indicator with selector switch is provided on the panel to read the
temperature in degree centigrade, directly sensed by respective thermocouples located at different
places on the test rig.
THERMOCOUPLE DETAILS

T1 = INLET WATER TEMPERATURE OF ENGINE JACKET & CALORIMETER.

T2 = OUTLET WATER TEMPERATURE OF ENGINE JACKET.
T3 = TEMPERATURE OF WATER OUTLET FROM CALORIMETER.
T4 = TEMPERATURE OF EXHAUST GAS INLET TO CALORIMETER.
T5 = TEMPERAUTRE OF EXHAUST GAS OUTLET FROM CALORIMETER.
T6 = AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.
LOADING SYSTEM:

The engine shaft is directly coupled to the DC Generator which can be loaded by resistive
lamp bank. The load can be varied by switching ON the load bank. The load can be varied by
switching ON the load bank switches for various loads.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230v, 50 Hz AC single phase AC supply.
Now all the digital meters namely, RPM indicator, temperature indicator display the respective
readings.
2. Fill up the petrol to the fuel tank mounted behind the panel.
3. Check the lubricating oil level in the oil sump with the dipstick provided.
4. Start the engine with the help of rope and pulley arrangement.
5. Allow the engine to stabilize the speed i.e. 2800 RPM by adjusting the accelerator knob.
6. Keep the change over switch in the generator direction.
7. Apply ¼ load (1.9 Amps).
8. Notedown all the required parameters mentioned below.
a.Speed of the engine in RPM.
b.load from ammeter in amps.
c.Burette reading in cc.
d.Manometer reading in mm.
e.Time take for consumption of Xcc petrol.
f.Exhaust gas temperature in degree C.
9. Load the engine step by step with the use of dc switches provided on the load bank such as,

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Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

1/2 load = 3.2 A / 3.8 A

3/4 load = 4.7 A / 5.7 A
Full load = 6.3 A / 7.6 A
10. Note down all required readings.
OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Speed, Load Manometer Time for

No. rpm Applied Reading, cm of 10cc of
water fuel
collected,
‘F’ kW h1 h2 hw =
(h1+h2) t sec

ENGINE PERFORMANCE:
1. BRAKE POWER
VI
BP = ……………….. kW
1000 x ηg
Where, V = DC voltage in volts.
I = DC current in amps.
ηg = efficiency of generator = 85%
2. MASS OF FUEL CONSUMED.
X x 0.72 x 3600
mf = ……… kg/hr
1000 x t
Where, X = burette reading in cc
0.72 = density of petrol in gram / cc
t = time taken in seconds.
3. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION.
Mf
Sfc = ……………. Kg/kWh
BP
4. ACTUAL VOLUME OF AIR SUCKED IN TO THE CYLINDER.
Va = Cd X A  2gH * 3600 ……….. m3 / hr.
H x ρw
Where, H = …………. meter of water.
1000 x ρa
A = area of orifice = Πd2 / 4
h = manometer reading in mm
ρw= density of water=1000 kg/m3
ρa = density of air = 1.193 kg/ m3
Cd = co-efficient of discharge = 0.62

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Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

5. SWEPT VOLUME:
 d2
VS = L
4
Where, d = dia of bore = 70 mm
L = length of stroke = 66.7 mm
6. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY:
Va
ŋv = X 100 …………%
Vs
7. BRAKE THERMAL OR OVER ALL EFFICIENCY

BP X 3600 X 100
ηbth = …………..%
mf X CV

Where, CV = calorific value of petrol = 43500 kJ / kg.

BP = Brake Power in kW.

8. INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY:

IP X 3600 X 100
ηith = %
mf X CV

9. MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY:
BP x 100
ηmech = ………..%
IP
Where, BP = Brake Power in kW.
IP = Indicated power in kW.

RESULT :

:VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the significance of clearance volume?
2. What is a stroke?
36. Difference between SI and CI ?
4. Difference between four stroke and two stroke
5. Why four stroke is mostly preferred ?
6. What is the function of piston rings
7. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?
8. What is volumetric efficiency? And it's significance
9. What is indicated power, brake power?
10. What is pin connecting the piston and connecting rod?
11. Types of lubrication in an IC engine?
12. Difference between CI and SI engine.?
13. Difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 11
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: III Date:

I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE TEST ON 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE

INTRODUCTION
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified
as External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the
combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to
develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the
fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical
energy. IC engines may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic
cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and
application.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:

a. Electrical Dynamometer Loading (AC)

1) The equipment consists of a BAJAJ make 5 port model Petrol Engine (Kick
Start) of 3hp(2.2kW) capacity and is Air cooled The Engine is coupled to a
AC Alternator for Loading purposes. Coupling is done by an extension shaft
in a separate bearing house and is belt driven. The dynamometer is provided
with load controller switches for varying the load.
2) The engine is provided with modified head with cooling arrangement for
different compression ratio and also has an attachment for varying the spark
timing

3) Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by digital

temperature indicator with channel selector to select the position.

4) Engine Speed at various condition s is determined by a Digital RPM

Indicator.
5) Load on the engine is measured by means of Electrical Energy meter.
6) A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and
measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured
by means of a Manometer.
7) A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and
directing the fuel to the engine respectively.

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EXPERIMENTATION:

AIM:
The experiment is conducted to

a. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the engine AND

b. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.
PROCEDURE:

1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.

2. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine.
3. Check the fuel level in the tank.
4. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.
5. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
6. Set the accelerator to the minimum condition.
7. Start the engine by cranking.(KICK START)
8. Allow to attain the steady state.
9. Load the engine by switching on the Load controller switches
provided. (Each loading is incremental of 0.5kW)
10. Note the following readings for particular condition,
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for ____cc of petrol consumption
c. Water meter readings.
d. Manometer readings, in cms of water &
e. Temperatures at different locations.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above
readings.
12. After the completion release the load (while doing so release the
accelerator) and then switch of the engine by
pressing the ignition cut – off switch and then turnoff the panel.

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Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Speed, Load Manometer Time for Time for 5

No. rpm Applied Reading, cm of 10cc of rev of Energy
water fuel meter,
collected,
‘F’ kW h1 h2 hw =
(h1+h2) t sec

Sl. Temperature, °C
No. T1 T2

CALCULATIONS:
1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf
Mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel kg/sec
1000 x t
Where,
SG of Petrol is = 0.71
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10ml
t is time taken in seconds

2. Heat Input, HI

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol = 43,120 KJ/Kg

3. Output or Brake Power, BP

BP = n x3600 kW
K x T x ηm

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Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K = Energy meter constant
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 80%

4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr

BP
5. Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV
6. Calculation of head of air, Ha
Ha = hw ρwater

ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m
ρair = 1.2 Kg/m @ R.T.P
hw is the head in water column in „m‟ of water

7. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol%

ηvol = ( Qa / Qthe ) x 100

where,
Qa = Actual volume of air taken
Qa = Cd a √ (2gHa)
Where,

Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62

a = area at the orifice, = (∏(0.015)2 /4)
Ha = head in air column, m of air.

Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken

Qth = (∏/4) x D2 x L x GR x 0.5 x N

60

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Where,
D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.057m
L = Length of the Stroke = 0.057m
N = speed of the engine in rpm.
GR = gear ratio
1st gear = 14.47:1
2nd gear = 10.28:1
3rd gear = 7.31:1
4th gear = 5.36:1

TABULATION:

Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Volumetric

Power Power, Thermal efficiency
BP Efficiency

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V
2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameter, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values,
however the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than 3 & 2
LPM for engine and calorimeter respectively.
5. Always set the accelerator knob to the minimum condition and start the engine.
6. Switch off the ignition of AUXILLARY while doing in the engine arrangement.
7. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.
8. It is recommended to run the engine at 1000rpm otherwise the rotating parts and
bearing of engine may run out.

RESULT: Graphs to be plotted:

1. SFC v/s BP
2. ηbth v/s BP
3. ηvol v/s BP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 16
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

:VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the significance of clearance volume?
2. What is a stroke?
3. Difference between SI and CI ?
4. Difference between four stroke and two stroke
5. Why four stroke is mostly preferred ?
6. What is the function of piston rings
7. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?
8. What is volumetric efficiency? And it's significance
9. What is indicated power, brake power?
10. What is pin connecting the piston and connecting rod?
11. Types of lubrication in an IC engine?
12. Difference between CI and SI engine.?
13. Difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 17
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: IV Date:

DETERMINATION OF FHP BY RETARDATION AND MOTORING TEST ON IC

ENGINE

INTRODUCTION
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and converts it
into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as External and
Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine, combustion takes place
outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion of the fuel is transferred to
the working fluid which is then expanded to develop the power. An Internal Combustion
Engine is one where combustion of the fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat
energy into mechanical energy. IC engines may be classified based on the working cycle,
thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder
and application.
AIM:

To measure the FP of the given 4-stroke single cylinder petrol engine by motoring test

INSTRUMENTATION:

Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.

Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperatures.

Differential manometer to measure quantity of air sucked into cylinder.

Burette with manifold to measure the rate of fuel consumed during test.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:

ENGINE : YAMAHA
BHP : 3 HP
RPM : 3000 RPM
FUEL : PETROL
No OF CYLINDERS : SINGLE
BORE : 70 mm
STROKE LENGTH : 66.7 mm
STARTING : ROPE & PULLEY STARTING
WORKING CYCLE : FOUR STROKE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 18
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

METHOD OF COOLING : AIR COOLED

METHOD OF IGNITION : SPARK IGNITION
ORIFICE DIA. : 20 mm
COMPRESSION RATIO : 4.67
SPARK PLUG : MICO W 160Z2
CARBURATOR : YAMAHA 1320
GOVERNOR SYSTEM : MECHANICAL GOVERNOR
TYPE : SELF EXCITED, DC SHUNT GENERATOR
POWER : 1.5 KW
SPEED : 3000 RPM
RATED VOLTAGE : 220 v DC
(Max. speed to run as dc motor : 2600 RPM)
RESISTANCE LAMP BANK SPECIFICATION:

RATING : 2.5 Kw, 1Φ(single phase)

VARIATION : In 10 steps, by dc switches.

COOLING : Air cooled

DESCRIPTION:
This engine is a four stroke single cylinder, air – cooled, spark ignition type petrol
engine. It is coupled to a loading system which is in this case is a DC GENERATOR, having a
resistive lamp bank which will take load with the help of dc switches and also providing
motoring test facility to find out frictional power of the engine.

FUEL MEASUREMENT:
The fuel is supplied to the engine from the main fuel tank through a graduated measuring
fuel engine (Burette) with 3 – way cock. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine, fill the
burette by opening the cock. By starting a stop clock, measure the time taken to consume X cc
of fuel by the engine.

AIR INTAKE MEASUREMENT:

The suction side of the engine is connected to an Air tank. The atmospheric air is drawn
into the engine cylinder through the air tank. The manometer is provided to measure the
pressure drop across an orifice provided in the intake pipe of the Air tank. This pressure drop is
used to calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder. (Orifice diameter is 20 mm)
LUBRICATION:
The engine is lubricated by mechanical lubrication.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 19
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Lubricating oil recommended – SAE – 40 OR Equivalent.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:

A digital temperature indicator with selector switch is provided on the panel to read the
temperature in degree centigrade, directly sensed by respective thermocouples located at
different places on the test rig.

LOADING SYSTEM:

The engine shaft is directly coupled to the DC Generator which can be loaded by resistive lamp
bank. The load can be varied by switching ON the load bank. The load can be varied by
switching ON the load bank switches for various loads.

PROCEDURE:

1. To conduct the motoring test, first connect the rectifier to the panel board.

2. Remove the spark plug connection from the engine & switch off the ignition switch.

3. Keep the change over switch in the motoring direction.

4. Now slowly increase the power using variac provided in the rectifier circuit.

5. Increase the speed up to 2800 rpm and note down the armature current and voltage.

6. Now slowly decrease the power and turn the change over switch to off condition.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No Speed(N) Voltage (v) Current(I) F.P

1
2
3

CALCULATIONS:

FRICTIONAL POWER OF THE ENGINE

FP(Total) = vxI ….kW

( 1000 x η)

Where ,
η engine efficiency = 55 % (0.55)

Result : Hence the Total FP has been determined by conducting motoring test.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 20
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:VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the significance of clearance volume?
2. What is a stroke?
3. Difference between SI and CI ?
4. Difference between four stroke and two stroke
5. Why four stroke is mostly preferred ?
6. What is the function of piston rings
7. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?
8. What is volumetric efficiency? And it's significance
9. What is indicated power, brake power?
10. What is pin connecting the piston and connecting rod?
11. Types of lubrication in an IC engine?
12. Difference between CI and SI engine.?
13. Difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke.
14. what is the difference between motoring and retardation
15. what is friction power

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 21
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No:V Date:

I.C. ENGINES HEAT BALANCE ON PETROL / DIESEL ENGINES

INTRODUCTION

A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as
External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion
of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to develop the
power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the fuel takes place
inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. IC engines may be
classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method
of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.

Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses heavy oil or diesel oil
as a fuel and operates on two or four stroke. In a 4-stroke Diesel engine, the working
cycle takes place in two revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the piston. In this
engine, pure air is sucked to the engine and the fuel is injected with the combustion taking
place at the end of the compression stroke. The power developed and the performance of
the engine depends on the condition of operation. So it is necessary to test an engine for
different conditions based on the requirement.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:

a. Mechanical Loading (Water cooled)

1. The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp

(3.7kW) capacity and is Water cooled. The Engine is coupled to a Rope Brake Drum
Dynamometer for loading purposes. Coupling is done by an extension shaft in a
separate bearing house. The dynamometer is connected to the spring load assembly
for varying the load.

2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital

temperature indicator with channel selector to select the position.

3. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 22
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

flow rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.

4. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital
RPM Indicator and spring balance reading.

5. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and measuring
the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured by means of
Manometer.
6. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and directing
the fuel to the engine respectively.

THERMOCOUPLE DETAILS

T1 = INLET WATER TEMPERATURE OF ENGINE JACKET & CALORIMETER.

T2 = OUTLET WATER TEMPERATURE OF ENGINE JACKET.

T3 = TEMPERATURE OF WATER OUTLET FROM CALORIMETER.

T4 = TEMPERATURE OF EXHAUST GAS INLET TO CALORIMETER.

T5 = TEMPERAUTRE OF EXHAUST GAS OUTLET FROM CALORIMETER.

T6 = AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.

EXPERIMENTATION:

AIM:
The experiment is conducted to
1. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the engine.

2. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.

2. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine.

3. Check the fuel level in the tank.

4. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and adjust the flow rate to 6lpm
& 3lpm respectively.

5. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.

6. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.

7. Start the engine by cranking.

8. Allow to attain the steady state.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 23
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

9. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the Rope brake drum.
10. Note the following readings for particular condition,
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for ____cc of diesel consumption
c. Rotameter reading.
d. Manometer readings, in cm of water &
e. Temperatures at different locations.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above readings.

12. After the completion release the load and then switch of the engine.

13. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Time for

No. rpm Reading 10cc of

fuel
F1 F2 F= h1 h2 hw =
collected, t
(F1~F2)
(h1+h2)
sec

Sl. No. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Sl. No. Engine water flowrate, Calorimeter water flowrate,

LPM1 LPM2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 24
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

CALCULATIONS:

1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel ( kg/sec)
1000 x t

Where,
SG of Diesel is = 0.827
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10 ml
t is time taken in seconds

2. Heat Input, HI

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Diesel = 44631.96 KJ/Kg

3. Output or Brake Power, BP

Engine output BP = 2Π NT kW
60000

Where,
N = speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m
r = 0.15m

4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr
BP
5. Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV

6. Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%

ηmech% = BP x 100
IP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 25
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Determine the IP = Indicated Power, using WILLAN‟S LINE method and the
procedure is as below:

• Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power

• Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis
• The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give
the Power losses (Friction Power loss)
• With this the IP can be found using the relation:

• IP = BP + FP

HEAT BALANCE:

1. Heat Input (A)

A = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

2. Heat to BP (out put ) (B)

BP = ( 2πNT / 60000 ) kW

3. Heat to colling water ( C )

C = mwe x Cpw x ( Tei – Teo) kW

Where Cpw = Specific Heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg

mwe = cooling water flow rate to the engine from rotameter

= LPM / 60 kg/sec

4. Heat to Exhaust gases (D)

D = mwc x Cpw x (Tci – Tco) x [(Tgci – Ta)/ (Tgco – Tgci)] kW

Where
mwc = water flow rate in kg/sec
= LPM2/60 kg/sec
Cpw = Specific Heat of water
Ta = Engine surrounding temperature.
Tgci = Gas inlet temp to calorimeter

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 26
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Tgco = Gas outlet temp from calorimeter

Tci = Water Inlet temp to calorimeter
Tco = Water outlet temp from calorimeter

5. Heat Unaccounted (E)

E = A – ( B + C + D ) kW

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V

2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.

3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.

4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values, however
the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than 3 & 2 LPM for
engine and calorimeter respectively.

5. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.

6. It is recommended to run the engine at 1500rpm otherwise the rotating parts and bearing
of engine may run out.

RESULT:

Graphs to be plotted:
4) SFC v/s BP
5) ηbth v/s BP
6) ηmech v/s BP
4) ηvol v/s BP

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the significance of clearance volume?
2. What is a stroke?
3. Difference between SI and CI ?
4. Difference between four stroke and two stroke
5. Why four stroke is mostly preferred ?
6. What is the function of piston rings
7. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?
8. What is volumetric efficiency? And it's significance
9. What is indicated power, brake power?
10. What is pin connecting the piston and connecting rod?
11. Types of lubrication in an IC engine?
12. Difference between CI and SI engine.?
13. Difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 27
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No:VI Date:

ECONOMICAL SPEED TEST ON 4-STROKE, MULTI CYLINDER PETROL

ENGINE TEST RIG

AIM: To conduct a economical speed test on 4-stroke,4-cylinder petrol engine at

various loads, for a given output

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. 4-stroke, 4 -cylinder petrol engine with a hydraulic dynamometer.
2. Tachometer (0-2000 rpm)
3. Stop watch

SPECIFICATIONS:
Make : Ambassador
No. of cylinders : 4
Bore : 73 mm
Stroke : 90 mm
Rated Speed : 1500 rpm
B. P. : 7.35 KW(10 HP)
Orifice Diameter : 35mm
Fuel : Petrol
Specific Gravity of petrol : 0.716

Density of petrol : 716 kg/m3

Caloric value of petrol : 47100 KJ/kg

DESCRIPTION:
The test rig consists of a multi cylinder petrol engine coupled to a hydraulic

dynamometer. The engine is Ambassador Brand and is 4-cylinder 4-stroke vertical

engine developing 7.35 KW(10HP) at 1500 rpm. This type of engine is best suited
for automobiles which operate at varying speed. The engine is fitted on a rigid bed
and is coupled through a flexible coupling to a hydraulic dynamometer, acts as the
loading device. All the instruments are mounted on a suitable panel board. Fuel
consumption is measured with a burette and a 3-way cock which regulates the flow
of fuel from the tank to the engine.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 28
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Air consumption is measured by using a M.S. tank, which is fitted with a

standard orifice and a U-tube water manometer that measures the pressures inside
the tank.
STARTING THE ENGINE:
1. Disengage the clutch and start the engine using the ignition key.
2. Engage the clutch slowly.
3. Adjust the throttle valve, so that the engine attains rated speed.
PROCEDURE:
1. Before stating the engine, calculate the net load to be applied on hydraulic
dynamometer at different speeds for maintaining constant B.P of the engine
2. Open the three way cock so that fuel flows to the engine directly from the
tank.
3. Open the cooling water valves and ensure water flows through the engine.
4. Open the water line to the hydraulic dynamometer.
5. Start the engine and allow it to run on no load for a few minutes.
6. Operate the throttle valve so that the engine picks up the speed to the
required level.
7. The engine is loaded to the calculated value with hydraulic dynamometer is
done by turning the handle in the direction marked. If sufficient loaded is not
absorbed by the dynamometer at the required speed, the outlet valve in the
dynamometer can be closed to increase the pressure (as indicated by the
pressure gauge) and hence the load.
8. Regulate the speed to the desired value by controlling the fuel supply to the
engine
9. Note down the time taken for 10cc fuel consumption
10. Repeat the above procedure at different speeds under constant B.P of the
engine
11. Repeat the above procedure for another constant B.P

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 29
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before stating the engine check all the systems such as cooling , lubrication
and fuel system

2. Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine upto recommended level always.
Never run the engine with insufficient oil.

3. Never run the engine with insufficient engine cooling water and exhaust gas
calorimeter cooling water.

4. For stopping the engine, load on the engine should be removed.

GRAPHS:

1. T.F.C Vs Speed
TFC ,Kg/hr

Speed
OBSERVATIONS:

Load on the Time for 10

Sl. T.F.C
Dynamometer Speed, Rpm cc of fuel
No0 Kg/hr
W Kg (sec)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 30
 Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
W max N
Brake Power (BPmax) = …….KW
2000  1.36

Where,
N= rated speed …… rpm,

Wmax= Full load on the Dynamometer …….. Kg

B.P  2000  1.36

Full Load, W max= ……. Kg
N
If Output power, B.P = I/2 B.Pmax
B.P  2000 1.36 N
Load on Dynamometer, W =
N

Time for 10cc of fuel consumption, t = ……. Sec,

10 density of diesel
Mass of fuel consumption per min, mf =   60 …kg/ min.
t 1000

Total Fuel consumption, TFC = mf  60….kg / hr.

RESULT :

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is an IC Engine?
2. Is open cycle gas turbine a IC engine or not?
3. Then subsequently asked what type of Engine is closed cycle Gas Turbine
whether IC or EC
4. Which engine requires more maintenance 4 stroke or 2 stroke?
5. What are the unaccounted heat loss in an engine?
6. What is the difference between Knocking phenomenon in CI and SI engines?
7. What is the procedure followed to conduct the experiment of calculating

8. what is coolant classify its types

9. knocking and detonation
10. octane number and cetane number

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET

OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 31 PAGE 1
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: VII Date:

DETERMINATION OF AIR/FUEL RATIO AND VOLUMETRIC

EFFICIENCY ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

AIM: To determine A/F Ratio and Volumetric Efficiency on the four stroke twin
cylinder diesel engine

DESCRIPTION: The A.C. generator is fixed to the Engine shaft and is mounted on a M.S.
Channel Frame. Panel board is used to fix burette with 3-way cock, digital RPM indicator
and “U” tube manometer

INSTRUMENTATION:
1. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital
temperature indicator with channel selector to select the position.

2. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water
flow rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.
3. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital
RPM Indicator and spring balance reading.

4. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and
measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured
by means of a Manometer.
5. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and
directing the fuel to the engine respectively.

PROCEDURE:

1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V

2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values,
however the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than
3 & 2 LPM for engine and calorimeter respectively.
5. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.
6. Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving parts.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 32
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

7. At least once in week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of
moving parts.
8. It is recommended to run the engine at 1500rpm otherwise the rotating
parts and bearing of engine may run out.
FUEL MEASUREMENT

The fuel supplied from the main fuel tank through a measuring burette with 3 way manifold
system. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine fill the burette by opening the cock
measure the time taken to consume X cc of fuel.

AIR INTAKE MEASUREMENT:

The suction side of the engine is connected to an Air tank. The atmospheric air is drawn
into the engine cylinder through the air tank. The manometer is provided to measure the
pressure drop across an orifice provided in the intake pipe of the Air tank. This pressure
drop is used to calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder. (Orifice diameter is 20
mm)
OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Time for

No. rpm Reading 10cc of
F1 F2 F= h1 h2 hw = fuel
(F1~F2) collected, t
(h1+h2)
sec

Sl. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
No.

Sl. Engine water Calorimeter water

No. flowrate, flowrate, LPM2
LPM1

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 33
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

CALCULATIONS:

Mass of fuel consumed, mf

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the
fuel kg/sec
1000 x t

Where,
SG of Diesel is = 0.827
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10ml
t is time taken in seconds

Heat Input, HI

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

Where,

Calorific Value of Diesel = 44631.96 KJ/Kg

Output or Brake Power, BP

Engine output BP = 2Π NT kW
60000

Where,
N is speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m
r = 0.15m

Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr
BP

Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV
Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%
ηmech% = BP
x 100
IP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 34
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Determine the IP = Indicated Power, using WILLAN‟S LINE method and

the procedure is as below:
• Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power
• Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis
• The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give
the Power losses (Friction Power loss)
• With this the IP can be found using the relation:
IP = BP + FP

Calculation of head of air, Ha

Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m
ρair = 1.2 Kg/m @ R.T.P
hw is the head in water column in „m‟ of water

Qa = Actual volume of air taken = Cd a √ (2gHa)

Where,

Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62 a =

area at the orifice, = (∏(0.02) /4)
Ha = head in air column, m of air.
Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken

Qth = (∏/4) x D 2x L x N
60
Where,
D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.08m
L = Length of the Stroke = 0.110m
N is speed of the engine in rpm.

Air Fuel Ratio:

Ma/Mf =

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 35
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V

2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values,
however the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than
3 & 2 LPM for engine and calorimeter respectively.
5. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.
6. Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving parts.
7. At least once in week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of
moving parts.
8. It is recommended to run the engine at 1500rpm otherwise the rotating
parts and bearing of engine may run out.

Result :

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. . What is volumetric efficiency? And it's significance

2. What is indicated power, brake power?
3. What is pin connecting the piston and connecting rod?
4. Types of lubrication in an IC engine?
5. Difference between CI and SI engine.?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 36
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: VIII Date:

LOAD TEST ON 4- STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG WITH
VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO
AIM: To conduct a load test on a single cylinder, 4-stroke variable compression ratio
petrol engine and study its performance under various compression ratios .
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. Single cylinder petrol engine with electrical loading.

2. Stop watch
SPECIFICATIONS:

Make : Crompton Greaves

Stroke, L : 66.7mm
Bore, D : 70mm
Swept volume, V : 256 cm3
Rated R.P.M : 3000rpm
Out put : 2.2KW
Compression ratio, CR : 4.67:1
Orifice Diameter : 15mm
Fuel : Petrol
Sp. Gr. Of petrol : 0.716
Calorific Value of petrol : 47100 KJ/Kg
Staring : By rope
Loading : Electrical, Air heater connected to
AC Generator
Cooling : Air cooling
INTRODUCTION:
Internal combustion engines develop varying brake power depending on the
compression ratio, while the other parameters held constant. For compression
ignition engines, the compression ratio is brought to be above certain value for
ignition to take place, but the spark ignition engines can be operated at lower
compression ratios. The ignition being controlled by spark strength and advance.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 37
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

The effect of compression ratio, which of present concern is studied in the present
test rig.

DESCRIPTION:
The Test Rig consists of Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (Air Cooled) to be tested
for performance is coupled to AC Generator .To facilitate the change in compression
ratio, an auxiliary head-piston assembly above the main head has been provided.
The auxiliary piston is operated up-down by hand wheel-screw rod assembly to fix
the required compression ratio. When the piston is in the bottom most position, the
compression ratio is at its maximum value, and in the top most position it is at
minimum value of 2s. The minimum clearance volume is 35 cc when the piston it is
at bottom most position. The charge from this initial volume of clearance is
determined by the displacement of the piston and thus used for calculation of the
compression ratio.
SweptVolume  ClearenceVolume
Compression Ratio =
ClearenceVolume
Swept Volume : 250 cc (fixed)
Clearance Volume : Initial clearance volume + Additional clearance volume
due to auxiliary piston
movement
d2 l
Clearance Volume : 35cc 
4cc
Where, d is the diameter of auxiliary piston = 70 mm, l is the axial movement of
piston.
The hand wheel which operates the screw holding the auxiliary piston is
provided with holes circumferentially along the locking plate. The bolts used for
locking the movement of screw are loosened and the hand wheel is operated. A
scale with the compression ratio directly marked is provided for indicating this. After
adjusting to the required compression ratio, all the bolts are tightened well before
conducting experiment. The rate of fuel Consumption is measured by using
Volumetric Pipette. Air Flow is measured by Manometer, connected to air box.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 38
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

The different electrical loading are achieved by loading the Electrical

generator in steps which is connected to the Air Heaters (Resistance Load)The
engine speed & AC Alternator speed are measured by electronic digital counter.
Temperatures at air inlet and engine exhaust gas are measured by electronic digital
temperature indicator with thermocouple.
The whole instrumentation is mounted on a self-contained unit ready for
operation.
PROCEDURE:

1. Loosen the locking bolt of the auxiliary piston screw rod assembly
2. Rotate the hand wheel and bring the indicator to the required compression
ratio
3. Lock the screw rod assembly before conducting the experiment for the
compression ratio selected.
4. Open the 3-way cock. So that fuel flows into the engine.
5. Supply the cooling water to engine head.
6. Start the engine and allow it to run on no load condition for few minutes.
7. Apply the load on the engine by switching ON the heater switch which is
provided on the control panel loading the AC generator by switching
8. Allow the engine to run at this load for few minutes.
9. Note the following readings.
a) Engine Speed
b) Energy meter
c) Manometer
d) Time for 10cc of fuel consumption
10. Repeat the procedures 8 & 9 at different loads.
11.Stop the engine after removing load on the engine
12.Change the compression ratio and repeat the above procedure.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 39
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before stating the engine check all the systems such as cooling , lubrication
and fuel system

2. Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine upto recommended level always.
Never run the engine with insufficient oil.

3. Never run the engine with insufficient engine cooling water and exhaust gas
calorimeter cooling water.
4. For stopping the engine, load on the engine should be removed
5. Don’t increase the compression ratio beyond 8.0

GRAPHS

1. B th Vs B .P

C.R=8
 th, %

C.R=6

B.P, KW

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 40
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

OBSERVATIONS:

Compression Ratio =6
Energy
Time for
meter
10 cc
reading for mf
Loading Speed fuel T.F.C, B.P ηthermal
S.NO ‘n’ number Kg/mi H.I B.P
Switches rpm consump Kg/hr (eng),
of n KW (elec)
tion, KW
revolutions KW
Sec
, Sec

Compression Ratio =8

Energy
Time for
meter
10 cc
reading for mf
Loading Speed fuel T.F.C, B.P ηthermal
S.NO ‘n’ number Kg/mi H.I B.P
Switches rpm consump Kg/hr (eng),
of n KW (elec)
tion, KW
revolutions KW
Sec
, Sec

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 41
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Engine output (Brake Power):

n  60  60
Engine out put, B.P (elec) = ……. KW
Em  t

BPelec
B.P (eng) = ……. KW
 tran

Where
n = No. of revolution of energy meter
Em = Energy meter constant = rev / Kw – hr
t= time for ‘ n’ revolutions of energy meter in sec
 trans = transmission efficiency = 0.7

Indicated Power

Time for 10cc of fuel consumption, t = …19.66…. Sec,

10 Sp.Gravity.of . petrol
Mass of fuel consumption per min, mf =   60
t 1000

……. Kg / min.

Total Fuel Consumption, TFC = mf  60….kg / hr.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 42
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

TFC  CV
Heat Input, HI = …….KW
60  60
=
Where CV is calorific value of given fuel = 47100 KJ/ kg

B.P
Brake thermal efficiency, B th =  100
HI

Result:

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the significance of clearance volume?

2. What is a stroke?
3. Difference between SI and CI ?
4. Difference between four stroke and two stroke
5. Why four stroke is mostly preferred ?
6. What is the function of piston rings
7. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?
8. What is volumetric efficiency? And it's significance
9.What is indicated power, brake power?
10. What is pin connecting the piston and connecting rod?
11. Types of lubrication in an IC engine?
12. Difference between CI and SI engine.?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 43
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: IX Date:

I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4 -STROKE DIESEL ENGINE.

INTRODUCTION

A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as
External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion
of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to develop the
power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the fuel takes place
inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. IC engines may be
classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method
of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.

Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses heavy oil or diesel oil
as a fuel and operates on two or four stroke. In a 4-stroke Diesel engine, the working
cycle takes place in two revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the piston. In this
engine, pure air is sucked to the engine and the fuel is injected with the combustion taking
place at the end of the compression stroke. The power developed and the performance of
the engine depends on the condition of operation. So it is necessary to test an engine for
different conditions based on the requirement.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:

a. Mechanical Loading (Water cooled)

1. The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp

(3.7kW) capacity and is Water cooled. The Engine is coupled to a Rope Brake
Drum Dynamometer for loading purposes. Coupling is done by an extension shaft
in a separate bearing house. The dynamometer is connected to the spring load
assembly for varying the load.

2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital

temperature indicator with channel selector to select the position.
3. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water
flow rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 44
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

4. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital
RPM Indicator and spring balance reading.
5. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and
measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured
by means of Manometer.
6. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and
directing the fuel to the engine respectively.

EXPERIMENTATION:

AIM: The experiment is conducted to

a. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the engine.

b. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.

PROCEDURE:
1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.
2. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine.
3. Check the fuel level in the tank.
4. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and adjust the
flow rate to 6lpm & 3lpm respectively.
5. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.
6. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
7. Start the engine by cranking.
8. Allow to attain the steady state.
9. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the Rope
brake drum.
10. Note the following readings for particular condition,
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for ____cc of diesel consumption
c. Rotameter reading.
d. Manometer readings, in cm of water &
e. Temperatures at different locations.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above
readings.
12. After the completion release the load and then switch of the engine.

13. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 45
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Time for

No. rpm Reading 10cc of

fuel
F1 F2 F= h1 h2 hw =
collected, t
(F1~F2)
(h1+h2)
sec

CALCULATIONS:

1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel ( kg/sec)
1000 x t

Where,
SG of Diesel is = 0.827
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10 cc
t is time taken in seconds

2. Heat Input, HI

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Diesel = 44631.96 KJ/Kg

3. Output or Brake Power, BP

Engine output BP = 2Π NT kW
60000

Where,
N = speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 46
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

r = 0.15 m

4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr
BP
5. Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV

6. Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%

ηmech% = BP x 100
IP

Determine the IP = Indicated Power, using WILLAN‟S LINE method and the
procedure is as below:

• Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power

• Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis
• The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give
the Power losses (Friction Power loss)
• With this the IP can be found using the relation:

• IP = BP + FP

TABULATION:

Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Thermal Mechanical

Power Power Efficiency Efficiency

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 47
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V

2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values,
however the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than
3 & 2 LPM for engine and calorimeter respectively.

5. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.

6. It is recommended to run the engine at 1500 rpm otherwise the rotating
parts and bearing of engine may run out.

RESULT:

Graphs to be plotted:
1) SFC v/s BP
2) ηbth v/s BP
3) ηmech v/s BP
4) ηvol v/s BP

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Difference between SI and CI ?

2. Difference between four stroke and two stroke
3. Why four stroke is mostly preferred ?
4. What is the function of piston rings
5. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?
6. What is volumetric efficiency? And it's significance
7. What is indicated power, brake power?
8. What is pin connecting the piston and connecting rod?
9. Types of lubrication in an IC engine?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 48
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: X Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

INTRODUCTION

A COMPRESSOR is a device, which sucks in air at atmospheric pressure &

increases its pressure by compressing it. If the air is compressed in a single cylinder it is
called as a Single Stage Compressor. If the air is compressed in two or more cylinders it is
called as a Multi Stage Compressor.
In a Two Stage Compressor the air is sucked from atmosphere & compressed in the
first cylinder called the low-pressure cylinder. The compressed air then passes through an
inter cooler where its temperature is reduced. The air is then passed into the second cylinder
where it is further compressed. The air further goes to the air reservoir where it is stored.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

1. Consists of Two Stage Reciprocating air compressor of 3hp capacity. The

compressor is fitted with similar capacity Motor as a driver and 160lt capacity
reservoir tank.
2. Air tank with orifice plate assembly is provided to measure the volume of air
taken and is done using the Manometer provided.
3. Compressed air is stored in an air reservoir, which is provided with a pressure
gauge and automatic cut-off.
4. Necessary Pressure and Temperature tappings are made on the compressor for
making different measurements
5. Temperature is read using the Digital temperature indicator and speed by Digital
RPM indicator.

EXPERIMENTATION:

AIM:

The experiment is conducted at various pressures to

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 49
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

1. Determine the Volumetric efficiency.

2. Determine the Isothermal efficiency.

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the necessary electrical connections and also for the direction of
the motor.

2. Check the lubricating oil level in the compressor.

3. Start the compressor by switching on the motor.

4. The slow increase of the pressure inside the air reservoir in observed.

5. Maintain the required pressure by slowly operating the discharge valve (open/close).
(Note there may be slight variations in the pressure readings since it is a dynamic
process and the reservoir will be filled continuously till the cut-off.)
6. Now note down the following readings in the respective units, speed of compressor,
Manometer readings.
7.
Delivery pressure.

Temperatures.

Energy meter reading.

8. Repeat the experiment for different delivery pressures.
9. Once the set of readings are taken switch of the compressor.
10. The air stored in the tank is discharged. Be careful while doing so, because the
compressed air passing through the small area also acts as a air jet which may damage you
or your surroundings.
11. Repeat the above two steps after every experiment.
OBSERVATIONS:

Manometer
Time for „n‟
meter reading in
Compressor Delivery revolutions
Sl.
Speed, N Pressure, of energy „m‟
No.
rpm „P‟ kg/cm² meter, „T‟
h1 h2 HW
sec

1
2
3

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 50
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

CALCULATIONS:

1. Air head causing flow, ha

ha = hw ρwater m of air
ρair
Where,
hw is Water column reading in m of water.
ρwater is density of the water = 1000 kg/m3

ρair is the density of the air = 1.293 kg/m3

2. Actual vol. of air compressed at RTP, Qa

Qa = Cd a √ (2gha) m3/s
Where,
ha is air head causing the flow in m of air.
Cd = co efficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62
a = Area of orifice = (∏d)2 / 4
d = diameter of orifice = 0.02m

3. Theoritical volume of air compressed Qth,

Qth = (∏/4) x D2 x L x N m3/s

60
Where,
D is the diameter of the LP cylinder = 0.07m.
L is Stroke Length = 0.085m
N is speed of the compressor in rpm

4. Input Power, IP

Input Power = 3600 x n x ηm, kW

KxT
Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K = Energy meter constant ___ revs/kW-hr
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 75%

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 51
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

5. Isothermal Work done, WD

WD = ρa x Qa ln r kW
Where,
ρair = is the density of the air = 1.293 kg/m3
Qa = Actual volume of air compressed.
r = Compression ratio

r= Delivery gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure

Where Atmospheric pressure = 101.325 kPa

NOTE: To convert delivery pressure from kg/cm[ to kPa
multiply by 98.1

6. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol

ηvol = Qa/Qth x 100

7. Isothermal efficiency, ηiso

ηiso = Isothermal work done x 100

IP

TABULATIONS:

Sl Head Act. Vol. Theo. Vol. Isother Iso Volumetric

. of air of air of air mal
N ha, m compres compresse work Thermal Efficiency,
o sed d done Efficienc
Qa mZ/s Qth, mZ/s kW y ηvol, %

ηiso, %
1
2
3
4
5
6

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 52
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not run the blower if supply voltage is less than 380V

2. Check the direction of the motor, if the motor runs in opposite direction
change the phase line of the motor to run in appropriate direction.
3. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.

RESULT:

Volumetric efficiency, ηvol = ---------

Isothermal efficiency, ηiso = -----------

GRAPHS TO BE PLOTTED:
1. Delivery Pressure vs. ηvol
2. Delivery Pressure vs. ηiso

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. what is air head

2. define actual work done
3. what is isothermal work done

4. Define compressor
5. difference between single stage & multi stage reciprocating compressor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 53
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No: XI Date:

DIS-ASSEMBLY/ASSEMBLY OF I.C. ENGINE

AIM:
Dismantling and reassembling of a 4 stroke petrol engine.

Apparatus:
Spanner set, Work bench, screw driver, spark plug spanner, spark plug cleaner, tray,
kerosene oil, cotton waste, hammer, oil can etc.

Theory:
In 1878, a British engineer introduced a cycle which could be completed in two strokes
of piston rather than four strokes as is the case with the four-stroke cycle engines. In this
engine suction and exhaust strokes are eliminated. Here instead of valves, ports are
used. The exhaust gases are driven out from engine cylinder by the fresh charge of fuel
entering the cylinder nearly at the end of the working stroke. A two-stroke petrol engine
is generally used in scooters, motor cycles etc. The cylinder L is connected to a closed
crank chamber C.C. During the upward stroke of the piston M, the gases in L are
compressed and at the same time fresh air and fuel (petrol) mixture enters the crank
chamber through the valve.

Different Parts of I.C. Engine

Cylinder, Cylinder head, Piston, Piston rings, Gudgeon pin, Connecting rod, Crankshaft,
Crank, Engine bearing, Crank case, Flywheel etc.

Parts of a 4- Stroke Petrol Engine

Cylinder Head
Also referred to as the top end, the cylinder head houses the pistons, valves, rocker arms
and camshafts.

Valves
A pair of valves, used for controlling fuel intake and exhaust, is controlled by a set of fingers
on the camshaft called lobes. As the intake valve opens, a mixture of fuel and air from the
carburetor is pulled into the cylinder. The exhaust valve expels the spent air/fuel mixture after
combustion

Camshaft
Usually chain or gear-driven, the camshaft spins, using its lobes to actuate the rocker
arms. These open the intake and exhaust valves at preset intervals.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 54
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

The Piston

The piston travels up and down within the cylinder and compresses the air/fuel mixture to be
ignited by a spark plug. The combustive force propels the piston downward. The piston is
attached to a connecting rod by a wrist pin.

Piston rings:
These are circular rings which seal the gaps made between the piston and the cylinder,
their object being to prevent gas escaping and to control the amount of lubricant which is
allowed to reach the top of the cylinder.

Gudgeon-pin:
This pin transfers the thrust from the piston to the connecting-rod small-end while
permitting the rod to rock to and fro as the crankshaft rotates.
Connecting rod:
This acts as both a strut and a tie link-rod. It transmits the linear pressure impulses acting
on the piston to the crankshaft big-end journal, where they are converted into turning-
effort.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft is made up of a left and right flywheel connected to the piston's connecting
rod by a crank pin, which rotates to create the piston's up-and-down motion. The cam
chain sprocket is mounted on the crankshaft, which controls the chain that drives the
camshaft.
Carburetor
The carburetor is the control for the engine. It feeds the engine with a mixture of air and
petrol in a controlled volume that determines the speed, acceleration and deceleration of
the engine. The carburetor is controlled by a slide connected to the throttle cable from the
handlebar twist grip which adjusts the volume of air drawn into the engine.
Procedure:
1) Dismantle the following system
a) Fuel supply system

b) Electrical system

2) Remove the spark plug from the cylinder head.

3) Remove the cylinder head nut and bolts.

4) Separate the cylinder head from the engine block.

5) Remove the carburetor from the engine.

6) Open the crank case.

7) Remove piston rings from the piston.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 55
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

8) Clean the combustion chamber.

9) Reassemble the components vice versa.

Precautions:
* Don‟t use loose handle of hammer.
* Care must be taken while removing the components.

Result:
A 4 – stroke petrol engine has been dismantled and reassembled.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Compression ratio and temperature in both the engines.

2. Abbreviations of TDC, BDC, DTSI, CRDI.
3. Revolutions per cycle in 4 stroke and 2 stroke engine.
4. Different types of valve and ports.
5. Define Batch flow and continuous flow engines.
6. Difference between IHP and BHP of an engine.
7. What is coolant classify its types
8. Define Knocking and detonation.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 56
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No:XII Date:

STUDY OF BOILERS

STUDY OF BABCOCK-WILCOX BOILER

Aim: To study Babcock-Wilcox boiler.
Theory: Evaporating the water at appropriate temperatures and pressures in boilers does
the generation of steam. A boiler is defined as a set of units, combined together consisting
of an apparatus for producing and recovering heat by igniting certain fuel, together with
arrangement for transferring heat so as to make it available to water, which could be heated
and vaporized to steam form. One of the important types of boilers is Babcock-Wilcox
boiler.
Observation: In thermal powerhouses, Babcock Wilcox boilers do generation of steam in
large quantities.
The boiler consists essentially of three parts.
1. A number of inclined water tubes: They extend all over the furnace. Water
circulates through them and is heated.
2. A horizontal stream and water drum: Here steam separate from the water which is
kept circulating through the tubes and drum.
3. Combustion chambers: The whole of space where water tubes are laid is divided into
three separate chambers, connected to each other so that hot gases pass from one to the
other and give out heat in each chamber gradually. Thus the first chamber is the hottest and
the last one is at the lowest temperature. All of these constituents have been shown as in fig.
The Water tubes 76.2 to 109 mm in diameter are connected with each other and
with the drum by vertical passages at each end called
headers. Tubes are inclined in such a way that they slope down towards the back. The rear
header is called the down-take header and the front header is called the uptake header
has been represented in the fig as DC and VH respectively.
Whole of the assembly of tubes is hung along with the drum in a room made of
masonry work, lined with fire bricks. This room is divided into three compartments A, B,
and C as shown in fig, so that first of all, the hot gases rise in A and go down in B, again
rises up in C, and then the led to the chimney through the smoke chamber C. A mud
collector M is attached to the rear and lowest point of the boiler into which the sediment
i.e. suspended impurities of water are collected due to gravity, during its passage through
the down take header.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 57
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Below the front uptake header is situated the grate of the furnace, either
automatically or manually fired depending upon the size of the boiler. The direction of hot
gases is maintained upwards by the baffles.
In the steam and water drum the steam is separated from the water and the
remaining water travels to the back end of the drum and descends through the down take
header where it is subjected to the action of fire of which the temperature goes on
increasing towards the uptake header. Then it enters the drum where the separation occurs
and similar process continuous further.
For the purpose of super heating the stream addition sets of tubes of U-shape
fixed horizontally, are fitted in the chamber between the water tubes and the drum. The
steam passes from the steam face of the drum downwards into the super heater entering at
its upper part, and spreads towards the bottom .Finally the steam enters the water box , at
the bottom in a super heated condition from where it is taken out through the outlet pipes.
The boiler is fitted with the usual mountings like main stop valve, safety valve, and
feed valve, and pressure gauge.

Main stop valve is used to regulate flow of steam from the boiler, to steam
pipe or from one steam one steam pipe to other.
The function of safety valve is used to safe guard the boiler from the hazard of
pressures higher than the design value. They automatically discharge steam from the boiler
if inside pressure exceeds design-specified limit.
Feed check valve is used to control the supply of water to the boiler and to
prevent the escaping of water from boiler due to high pressure inside.

Pressure gauge is an instrument, which record the inside pressure of the boiler.
When steam is raised from a cold boiler, an arrangement is provided for
flooding the super heater. By this arrangement the super heater is filled with the water up to
the level. Any steam is formed while the super heater is flooded is delivered to the drum
ultimately when it is raised to the working pressure. Now the waterr is drained off from the
super heater through the cock provided for this purpose, and then steam is let in for super
heating purposes.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 58
 Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Result: The Babcock – Wilcox boiler is studied.

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET

OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 59 PAGE 1
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

STUDY OF LANCASHIRE BOILER

AIM: To study Lancashire boiler.

Theory: Evaporating the water at appropriate temperatures and pressures in boilers does
the generation of system. A boiler is defined as a set of units, combined together consisting
of an apparatus for producing and recovering heat by igniting certain fuel, together with
arrangement for transferring heat so as to make it available to water, which could be heated
and vaporized to steam form. One of the important types of boilers is Lancashire boiler.
Observation: Lancashire boiler has two large diameter tubes called flues, through which
the hot gases pass. The water filled in the main shell is heated from within around the flues
and also from bottom and sides of the shell, with the help of other masonry ducts
constructed in the boiler as described below.
The main boiler shell is of about 1.85 to 2.75 m in diameter and about 8 m
long. Two large tubes of 75 to 105 cm diameter pass from end to end through this shell.
These are called flues. Each flue is proved with a fire door and a grate on the front end.
The shell is placed in a placed in a masonry structure which forms the external flues
through which, also, hot gases pass and thus the boiler shell also forms a part of the heating
surface. The whole arrangement of the brickwork and placing of boiler shell and flues is as
shown in fig.
SS is the boiler shell enclosing the main flue tubes. SF are the side flues
running along the length of the shell and BF is the bottom flue. Side and bottom flues are
the ducts, which are provided in masonry itself.
The draught in this boiler is produced by chimney. The hot gases starting from
the grate travel all along the flues tubes; and thus transmits heat through the surface of the
flues. On reaching at the back end of the boiler they go down through a passage, they heat
water through the lower portion of the main water shell. On reaching again at front end they
bifurcate to the side flues and travel in the forward direction till finally they reach in the
smoke chamber from where they pass onto chimney.
During passage through the side flues also they provide heat to the water
through a part of the main shell. Thus it will be seen that sufficient amount of area is
provided as heating surface by the flue tubes and by a large portion of the shell
Operating the dampers L placed at the exit of the flues may regulate the
flow of the gases. Suitable firebricks line the flues. The boiler is equipped with suitable
firebricks line the flues. The boiler is equipped with suitable mountings and accessories.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 60
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

There is a special advantage possessed by such types of boilers. The

products of combustion are carried through the bottom flues only after they have passed
through the main flue tubes, hence the hottest portion does not lie in the bottom of the
boiler, where the sediment contained in water as impurities is likely to fall. Therefore there
are less chances of unduly heating the plates at the bottom due to these sediments.

Result: The Lancashire boiler is studied.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define Boiler
2. Define Steam
3. Classify different types of boilers.?
4. Difference between Fire tube and Water tube boiler. ?
5. Define Boiler Horse Power (BHP).?
6. Classify different types of Steams .?
7. What is dryness fraction.?
8. What are the accessories of a boiler .?
9. What are the mountings of a boiler.?
10. What is the importance of Mollier Diagram.?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 61
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No:XIII Date:

V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL

Introduction: Solar energy, radiant light heat from the sun, is harnessed using a
range of ever evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic ,solar thermal
electricity, solar architecture and artificial photo synthesis.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar
depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the
energy. Passive solar techniques includes orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials
with favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that
naturally circulate air.

However, here an attempt has been made to simulate the energy source using the
water heating technique. The concept is entirely the demonstration setup, there are no exact
calculations or standards to measure / rate the output.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

1. The apparatus consists of solar panel

2. Lighting arrangement is made to create the artificial heat as a source in develop
energy
3. A digital voltmeter and Ammeter is provided to measure the voltage and current
4. Required temperature spots are identified and connected with thermocouples and a
digital temperature indicator with channel selector is provided to measure the same
5. The whole arrangement is mounted on an Aesthetically designed study frame made of
MS angle with all the provisions for holding the accessories

EXPERIMENTATION

AIM: To study the V-I characteristics of solar panel

Procedure

1. Check the necessary electrical connections and provide 230 V 1 Ph AC connection

2. Place the Artificial heat source to the required position
3. Provide electrical connection to the panel switch on the mains and now turn on
dimmer to set the voltage the source
4. After setting the dimmer immediately start the timer provided
5. Continue for about 30 min and take the following readings
6. Voltmeter and ammeter reading , time of the experiment, temperature of the panel
7. Now, repeat step 5 to step 6 and note down the readings
8. Draw the graph for current and voltage at different points

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 62
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

OBSERVATIONS

S.NO VOLTMETER AMMETER Time of conduction

READING V volts READING I amps of experiment, ‘t’
sec

CALCULATIONS

1. Input to the system, (IP)

IP = V x I x 0.7 kW

Where, V = Voltmeter reading in volts

I = Ammeter reading in amps

0.7 = Effective heat passed to the system leaving the

losses due to open system

2. output, OP

OP = Energy developed by the solar panel = I2 x R or Q = σ T4

Q is the heat produced in KW
σ is the Stephen Boltzmann Constant
T Is the absolute Temperature
⍴𝑙
Where R = 𝐴

𝑂𝑃 𝑋 100
3. Efficiency = 𝐼𝑃

INFERENCE OF RESULT

Note: Here the student has write the inference on the total experiment conducted viz

1. How the system is reacted with respect to the time

2. How the system effectiveness varied with respect to the time
3. How the system responded to the varied inputs
4. Effect of varied inputs to the system

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 63
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

OTHERS

1. System provided is for demonstrative objective and should not be compared with the
regular
2. While conducting the experiment on one type of system make sure you don’t open the
other.

PRECAUTIONS TO REMEMBER

1. At least once in three months, grease all visuval moving parts

2. At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of
moving parts
3. It is recommended to cover the system with white sheet to avoid any effect of sunlight
during non usage of equipment
4. In case of any major, please write to the manufacturers and do not attempt to repair

RESULT

The efficiency of the solar panel is at given time instant is .....................

Viva questions :

1.) Define Stephen Boltzmann’s law.?

2.) What IS Radiation and Irradiation .?

3.) Differentiate between Blackbody ,Gray Body, and White Body.?

4.) Define Transmissivity ,Absorptivity, and Reeflectivity.?

5.) Define Solar Azimuthal angle.?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 64
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No:XIV Date:

TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR FLAT PLATE

COLLECTOR
Introduction: Solar energy, radiant light heat from the sun, is harnessed using a
range of ever evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic ,solar thermal
electricity, solar architecture and artificial photo synthesis.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar
depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the
energy. Passive solar techniques includes orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials
with favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that
naturally circulate air.

However, here an attempt has been made to simulate the energy source using the
water heating technique. The concept is entirely the demonstration setup, there are no exact
calculations or standards to measure / rate the output.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

1. The apparatus consists of solar flat plate collector

2. An over head tank is provided to fill the water to the system.
3. Lighting arrangement is made to create the artificial heat as a source in develop
energy
4. A digital voltmeter and Ammeter is provided to measure the voltage and current
5. Required temperature spots are identified and connected with thermocouples and a
digital temperature indicator with channel selector is provided to measure the
same
6. The whole arrangement is mounted on an Aesthetically designed study frame
made of MS angle with all the provisions for holding the tanks and accessories

EXPERIMENTATION

AIM: The experiment is conducted to demonstrate the use of solar energy in heating the
water using solar flat plate collector

Procedure

1. Fill in the pure water to the over head tank

2. Select the technique and open the corresponding ball valve of the over head tank
3. Close the ball valve at the outlet of the solar collector in use.
4. Check the necessary electrical connections and provide 230 V 1 Ph AC connection
5. Place the Artificial heat source to the required position

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 65
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

6. Provide electrical connection to the panel switch on the mains and now turn on
dimmer to set the voltage the source
7. After setting the dimmer immediately start the timer provided
8. Continue for about 30 min and take the following readings
9. Voltmeter and ammeter reading , time of the experiment, temperature of the panel
10. Now, repeat step 5 to step 9and note down the readings
11. Draw the graph for current and voltage at different points

OBSERVATIONS

S.NO VOLTMETER AMMETER Time of conduction of

READING V volts READING I experiment, ‘t’ sec
amps

CALCULATIONS

Input to the system, (IP)

IP = V x I x 0.7 kW

where, V = Voltmeter reading in volts

I = Ammeter reading in amps

0.7 = Effective heat passed to the system leaving the losses

due to open system

output, OP

where ,
OP = Energy developed by the solar panel = mw.cpw.ΔT

mw = Mass of the water in the system

CpW = Specific heat of water = 4.18 KJ/kg
ΔT = Temperature difference of the particular system.

𝑂𝑃 𝑋 100
Efficiency = 𝐼𝑃

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 66
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

TABULAR COLOUMN
S.NO IP KW OP KW Efficiency %

GRAPHS:

1. Time Vs OP
2. Time Vs Efficiency

INFERENCE OF RESULT

Note: Here the student has write the inference on the total experiment conducted viz

I. How the system is reacted with respect to the time

II. How the system effectiveness varied with respect to the time
III. How the system responded to the varied inputs
IV. Effect of varied inputs to the system

OTHERS

1. System provided is for demonstrative objective and should not be compared with the
regular
2. While conducting the experiment on one type of system make sure you don’t open the
other.

PRECAUTIONS TO REMEMBER

1. Initially ,fill in the tank with clean water free from foreign material
2. At least once in three months, grease all visuval moving parts
3. At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of
moving parts
4. It is recommended to cover the system with white sheet to avoid any effect of
sunlight during non usage of equipment
5. In case of any major, please write to the manufacturers and do not attempt to
repair

RESULT

The efficiency of the solar panel is at given time instant is .....................

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 67
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Viva questions :

1.) Define Stephen Boltzmann’s law.?

2.) What IS Radiation and Irradiation .?

3.) Differentiate between Blackbody ,Gray Body, and White Body.?

4.) Define Transmissivity ,Absorptivity, and Reeflectivity.?

5.) Define Solar Azimuthal angle.?

6.) Difference between flat plate and Evacuated tube collector

7.) In which (flat plate or Evacuated tube collector) we can get maximum solar energy .?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 68
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Experiment No:XV Date:

TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF EVACUATED TUBE

COLLECTOR
Introduction: Solar energy, radiant light heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of
ever evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic ,solar thermal electricity,
solar architecture and artificial photo synthesis.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar
depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the
energy. Passive solar techniques includes orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials
with favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that
naturally circulate air.

However, here an attempt has been made to simulate the energy source using the
water heating technique. The concept is entirely the demonstration setup, there are no exact
calculations or standards to measure / rate the output.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

1. The apparatus consists of solar Evacuated tube collector

2. An over head tank is provided to fill the water to the system.
3. Lighting arrangement is made to create the artificial heat as a source in develop
energy
4. A digital voltmeter and Ammeter is provided to measure the voltage and current
5. Required temperature spots are identified and connected with thermocouples and a
digital temperature indicator with channel selector is provided to measure the
same
6. The whole arrangement is mounted on an Aesthetically designed study frame
made of MS angle with all the provisions for holding the tanks and accessories

EXPERIMENTATION

AIM: The experiment is conducted to demonstrate the use of solar energy in heating the
water using solar flat plate collector

Procedure

1. Fill in the pure water to the over head tank

2. Select the technique and open the corresponding ball valve of the over head tank
3. Close the ball valve at the outlet of the solar collector in use.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 69
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

4. Check the necessary electrical connections and provide 230 V 1 Ph AC

connection
5. Place the Artificial heat source to the required position
6. Provide electrical connection to the panel switch on the mains and now turn on
dimmer to set the voltage the source
7. After setting the dimmer immediately start the timer provided
8. Continue for about 30 min and take the following readings
9. Voltmeter and ammeter reading , time of the experiment, temperature of the panel
10. Now, repeat step 5 to step 9and note down the readings
11. Draw the graph for current and voltage at different points

OBSERVATIONS

S.NO VOLTMETER AMMETER Time of conduction of

READING V volts READING I experiment, ‘t’ sec
amps

CALCULATIONS

Input to the system, (IP)

IP = V x I x 0.7 kW

where, V = Voltmeter reading in volts

I = Ammeter reading in amps

0.7 = Effective heat passed to the system leaving the losses

due to open system

output, OP

where ,
OP = Energy developed by the solar panel = mw.cpw.ΔT

mw = Mass of the water in the system

CpW = Specific heat of water = 4.18 KJ/kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 70
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

ΔT = Temperature difference of the particular system.

𝑂𝑃 𝑋 100
Efficiency =
𝐼𝑃
TABULAR COLOUMN
S.NO IP KW OP KW Efficiency %

GRAPHS:

3. Time Vs OP
4. Time Vs Efficiency

INFERENCE OF RESULT

Note: Here the student has write the inference on the total experiment conducted viz

V. How the system is reacted with respect to the time

VI. How the system effectiveness varied with respect to the time
VII. How the system responded to the varied inputs
VIII. Effect of varied inputs to the system

OTHERS

3. System provided is for demonstrative objective and should not be compared with the
regular
4. While conducting the experiment on one type of system make sure you don’t open the
other.

PRECAUTIONS TO REMEMBER

6. Initially ,fill in the tank with clean water free from foreign material
7. At least once in three months, grease all visuval moving parts
8. At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of
moving parts
9. It is recommended to cover the system with white sheet to avoid any effect of
sunlight during non usage of equipment
10. In case of any major, please write to the manufacturers and do not attempt to
repair

RESULT

The efficiency of the solar panel is at given time instant is .....................

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 71
Thermal Engineering Lab III B.Tech I Sem( Mech) R17

Viva questions :

1.) Define Stephen Boltzmann’s law.?

2.) What IS Radiation and Irradiation .?

3.) Differentiate between Blackbody ,Gray Body, and White Body.?

4.) Define Transmissivity ,Absorptivity, and Reeflectivity.?

5.) Define Solar Azimuthal angle.?

6.) Difference between flat plate and Evacuated tube collector

7.) In which (flat plate or Evacuated tube collector) we can get maximum solar energy .?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,MRCET 72