APPLICATION LAYER

Domain Name Syatem :

DNS is a clint server program . it helps other programs . the clint server program can be
divided into two categories. DNS is a machnisum that assign a name to IP address. DOMAIN is
a large group of computers on the interet
Flat Name Space :
In a flat name space a name is assign to an address . a name In this space is a sequence
of character without structure . this name space can not be used In internet because of
ambiguity
Hierarchical Name Space :
In hierarchical name space every name is made up of serveral parts . first part can
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define a nature secont part define a name of organization and third part define deparmets in
the orgization. These name are unique and can not be duplicate
DOMAIN NAME SPACE :
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- In this space the names are defined in the tree structure with root
- each node In the tree has a lable , the root lable is null string
- a lable has a string with maximum of 63 charecters
Domain Name :
Every name in the tree has a domain name . a full domain is a sequence of lable
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seprated by dots(.) . domain name is always reed from the root node.
Fully Qualified Domain Name :
If a lable is terminating by null string then it call fully qualified domain name
(FQDN)
Partially Qualified Domain Name :
If a lable is not terminating by null string then it call partially qualified Domain
name(PQDN)
DOMAIN :
A domain is a subtree of the domain name space , the name of the domain is the
domain name of the root node , a domain may be divided into sub-domains
ZONE :
If any server accept responsibility for a domain and does not divied a domain into sub-
domains then this server call ZONE.
ROOT SERVER :
Root server is the top level sserver which consist of entire DNS tree
PRIMARY SERVER :
Primary server stores a file about the zone
SECONDARY SERVER :
Is a server that transfer all information from the primary server
GENERIC DOMAINS :
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The generic domains define registered host according to their generic behavior. In
generic domains each node in the tree defines a domain
Inverse Domain:
The inverse domain is used to map an address to a name.
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**RESOLUTION
- Maping a name to an address or maping a address to a name called address resolution
RESOLVER : when a host requires mappig of a name to an address
Maping Name to address :
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The resolver gives a domain name to the server and ask for the correct address .
the server check domain is geeric or country for the mapping . query is send by
resolver to the local DNS server
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Maping Address to Name :
- The clint can sent an IP address to a server to mapped to the domain name
- There are two type of resolver (recursive resolver) ( iterative resolver)
Recursive Resolver :
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If a clint sends a recursive query to the DNS server to supply the final answer if the
server is the Authority for the domain name then it checks the database and
responds. If the server is not Authority then it sends the requwest to the another
server . now if this server is authority the it response otherwise it sends the query
to the aother server This is colled Recursive Resolution

Caching :
When a server asks for a mapping from another server and recive the response it
store the information in the cache memory before sending it to the clint.
**DNS Message :
- DNS has two types of messages that is ( Query ) , (response ) both type of message has
same format.
- the query message consist of a header and question records
- the response message consist of a header, question records, answer records,
authoritive records and additional records
Header :
The header is 12 bytes .

*Fields OF header :
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Idetification : is a 16 bit field used by clint to match the response with the query
Flags : is a 16 bit field consisting of a subfields
QR (query/respoce) : is a 1 bit subfield that defies the type of message. If it is 0 the
message is a query , if it is 1 the message is a response.
OP CODE : is a 4 bit subfields that defies the type of query or response (0 if
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standards, 1 if inverce, 2 if server status req)
AA(authoritative Answer) : is a 1 bit subfield. It only used in a respose message
TC(TrunCated) : is a 1 bit subfields. It is used when DNS uses the service of UDP
RD(recursion Desired) : is a 1 bit subfields. It sets In the query message and
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response messages.
RA(recursion Avilable) : is a 1 bit subfields. It is set only In the response message.
Reserved : is a 3 bit subfields set to 000
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Rcode : is a 4bit field that shows the status of the error in the response .
*E – MAIL :
- Email is most popular application of interenet
- the short form of email is electronic mail.
*User Agent :
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- The first component of e-mail system is User Agent. It provide service to the user to
make the process of sending and reciving the messages
**Service provided by user Agent :

- The user Agent is a software that provide a service of Composing Messages, Reding Messages,
Reply To Messages, Forwardig Messages, Hadling Messages.
Composing Message : compose means Create
 - A user Agent Helps the user to create an e-mail , in some editor built In spell checking ,
grammer checking , cut, copy, past etc formatting functions
Reading message : -
- the next function of user agent is to reed the icoming messages. User agent first check
the mail in the incoming mail box
Reply to message :
- after reading a icommig message user sent reply by using user agent ,
- the user agent allows the user to reply the origal message
Forwarding Messages :
- user agent allow the reciver to forward the message with or without extra coment to
anyone that he know.
Handling mail Box :
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- user agent can create two mail boxes ie. Inbox & outbox
- inbox ca keeps all recived e-mails until they are deleted by user & the outbox keeps all
the sent e-mails until the user deletes them.
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User Agent Can Be of two types -
1) Command Driven A command driven agent accept one character from the keyword to
perform its task
2) GUI based : Modern users are GUI agent
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**MIME :
- the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) is a protocol that allow seding
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non-ASCII data through the e-mail
- The MIME transform non-ASCII data at sender site to NVT(network virtual terminal)
Need : suppose user A wants to sent an email through user agent and it is non-ASCII
format so there is a MIME protocol that convert the non-ASCII value into 7-bit NVT ASCII
format.
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*Header :
- Header is basically inserted at the beginning of any email.
- MIME defies five headers MIME-version, Content-type, Content type-encoding, Content-id,
content-Description
- that five headers added into the original email header to define the transformation
MIME Vision : this header defines version of MIME. It has the parameter value 1.1
Content-Type : this header defies what type of data used in the message. The data can be text,
image, audio, video
Content-Type-Ecoding – this header defines the method that encode the message into 0s & 1s
Content-ID – This header is used for uniquely identifying the whole message in a multiple
message eviromet
Content-Description – This header defines whether the body is actually image, video or audio
**MESSAGE TRANSFER AGENT (SMTP) :
- the mail transfer is done by message transfer agent (MTA)
-** Simple Mail Transfer Protocol :
- (SMTP) is a protocol that defines communication between MTA of clint & MTA of server
- SMTP is a push protocol it pushes the message from the clint to the server.
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- SMTP is used In first and second stage of mail delivery
- The SMTP is a TCP/IP protocol that specifies how computer can exchange electronic mail
- SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send mail
Commands And Response :
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- SMTP use commands and response to transfer message between MTA clint & MTA server

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- commands are sent by clint server, commands consist of zero or more arguments
- SMPT use 14 commads
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* Message Access Aget : POP3 & IMAP4 :
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- SMTP is a push protocol is used to send the mail and the POP ( post office protocol) and IMAP
(internet message access protocol) are used to recive these mails.
- in simple words POP3 & IMAP4 is used to recive the mails from the mail server.
* POP3 :
- POP stands for Post office protocol.
- POP3 is an application layer standard protocol used by the local clints e-mail to retrieve
e-mail form a remote server over a TCP/IP connection.
 - POP3 ca supports simple download-and-delete reqwriments , is a simple protocol with
limited functionality
- POP3 has two modes first one is delete mode and second one is keep mode
- POP4 protocol can not Allow the user to partialy check the content of mail before the
dowloding.
* IMAP4 :
- IMAP stands for Internet mail Access Protocol.
- IMAP4 protocol is similar as to the POP3 protocol but IMAP4 is more powerful and more
complex.
- IMAP4 protocol also can not Allow the user to partialy check the content of mail before
the dowloding.
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- it provide the functions :
- user can check email header before downlodig.
- user can search the content of the e-mail for a specific string before the downlo.
- user can partially download e-mail.
- User ca create, delete, rename the mailbox.
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**FTP (File Trasfer Protocol) :
- FTP is a standard mechanism provided by the TCP/IP protocol for copying the file from one
host to another.
- FTP can transfer the files between ay computer that have an internet connection.
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- UPLODING : transfer the file from a clint computer to the server computer colled “Uploding”.
- FTP is an clint/server application.
- FTP estabilishes connections betwn the host. One is conection and other is for control
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information.
*Clint Components : user interface, clint control process, data transfer process.
*Server Components : control process , data transfer process
- communication with the FTP server is done by the two connections ie. Control and data
conection.
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-FTP uses port 21 of TCP for control conection and port 20 used for the data connection
- FTP can transfer the ASCII file, Image file EBCDIC file.
- FTP has differet data structures ie. File structure , record structure , page structure.
- FTP hs different modes ie. Streem mode, block mode, compressed mode
** Anonymous FTP : to use FTP user neet acc. & pass. On remote server. Anonymous FTP allows
user without having account on server.
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