MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

(MINERALS)
#Mineral= A mineral is an aggregate of two or more elements having a definite chemical composition. Minerals are Non-renewable or exhaustible.
#Types= (1) Metallic= Minerals that contain metal and found in igneous rocks. Ex- Iron, Nickel, Copper etc.
(2) Non-Metallic= Minerals that do not contain metals and found in sedimentary rocks. Ex- Mica, Limestone, Gypsum etc.
S.NO MINERALS TYPES USES/SIGNIFICANCE DISTRIBUTION OR AREAS WHERE THEY ARE
FOUND
1 Iron ore (1)Magnetite= Reddish in colour, Contains (1)Used for making pig iron, sponge iron and (1)Karnataka= Chitradurga, Shivamogga
(backbone for 72% pure iron, Possesses magnetic steel. and Tumkur district.(Magnetite/hematite)
industries and property. (Found in AP, Goa, Kerala, TN0 (2) Used in iron and steel manufacture (2) Chhattisgarh= Durg and bastar district.
economic growth) (2)Hematite= Contains 60% - 70% pure industries. (Hematite iron)
iron. (Found in AP, Telangana, MP, Odisha, (3)Used in construction of road, building, (3)Odisha= sundergrha, Koraput and
Jharkhand, Goa, Maharashtra etc) railways, machines, tools, automobiles etc. Keonjhar district. (Hematite)
(3)Limonite= Yellowish in colour, contains (4)used for making bolt, nails and screw. (4)Jharkhand= singhbhum Distric.
40% - 60% pure iron,. (found in UP, WB, (5) helps in ship building, mining, transport,(Hematite)
HP, Uttarakhand) furniture, armour, vehicles etc (5) Goa= Netarlim and Borhadongar Dist
(4) Siderite= Inferior ore, contains 10% - (6) Andhra Pradesh= Anantpur and
40% pure iron.(found in Gujarat, HP, khamam district
Rajasthan, Karnataka) (7)Tamil Nadu= Salem and Madurai dist.
(8) Maharashtra= Satara and rajgadh
0. Manganese NA (1)Used for making iron and steel. Ex-In 9 kg (1)Odisha= (1st)Sundargarh, Bolangir,
manganese, 1 tonne of steel can be sambalpur dist.
manufacture. (2)Karnataka=(2nd) Balari, shivamogga and
(2)Used for manufacturing bleaching powder, chitradurg. (30% produces)
insecticide, dry batteries, china clay etc (3)Maharashtra= Nagpur, bhandara
2 (3)It removes the impurities from the steel (4)Madhya Pradesh= Balaghat and
(4)It creates alloy with Aluminum to resist Chhindwara district.
junk or corrosion. (5) Other states= AP, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
(5)Used in paints, pigments, preparing Jharakhand, karnatak etc.
organic and inorganic chemicals.
(6) It is used in the manufacture of (a)
Ferromanganese (b) Silico Manganese.
(c)chromo manganese.
3 Bauxite NA (1) It is used as a raw material for making (1)Odisha= Sundergarha, sambalpur
aluminum. (2)Jharkhand= Ranchi and Palamau
(2)Used for making aircraft, ships, utensils, (3) Madhya Pradesh= Mandla, balaghat,
headlights, reflector and telescope. Shadol
(3) Used for electrical industries as it it is a (4)Maharashtra= Kolhapur and ratnagiri
good conductor. (5) Tamil Nadu= Salem and Nilgir dist.
(4)Used for making cement, chemicals, soda (6) Chhattisgarh= Bilaspur and Durg
and dishwashers.
4 Copper(ductile and NA (1)used for making arms, ammunitions and (1)Madhya Pradesh=(57%) Taregaon in
good conductor o utensils. Balaghat dist
electricity)) (2) High demands in electrical industries. (2)Rajasthan=Khetri-Singhara belt in
(3)Used in automobile industry, steel and Jhunkhun dist, Ajmer, Alwar, bhilwara and
telephone industry. Chittorgarh dist.
(4) Useful for railway equipment and other (3)Jharkhand=Hazaribagh, santhal,
engineering works. Paragana, Gaya, palamu dist.
(5) Widely used for making alloy ie brass
(copper+zinc), bronze (Copper+tin).
(6)Used in chemical industry.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY

#India’s per capita energy consumption is 1/8 of the world average.
#The energy source which cannot be compensated once these are used are termed as conventional source of energy.
S.NO MINERALS TYPES USES/SIGNIFICANCE DISTRIBUTION Advantages/Disadvantages
th
1 Coal= in 17 (1)Anthracite= contains 80% carbon, (1)To generate thermal (1)Jharkhand=(33.53%) (A)Advantages=(1)Primary energy
centure it was Hard, compact black in colour. power. Jharia, Bokaro, karanpur. source, 30% coal generates 40% of
heartof industrial (2)bituminous= contains60%-80% electricity.
revolution. carbon, low moisture content, (2) To produce coke and used (2)Chhattisgarh= Korba, (2)Affordable and stable price-
(3)Lignite= Brown coal, inferior for heating. Tatapani, Rampur. cheap price
quality, contain more moisture, less (3)Easy to born (4)No dependence
combustible matter. (3) Used Domestic purpose (3)Odisha=talcher, on climatic condition. (5)Coal is
(4)Peat= transformation of wood to Sambalpur versatile. (6)Reduce dependence on
coal, contains 50%-60% carbon, (4) Used in industries and oil.
emits smoke, leaves a lots of ash. steam engine. (4)West Bengal=(18%) (7)safer than nuclear energy.
Ranigunj (B)Disadvantages=(1)environmental
(5)Used for electrification of impact= emits CO2,Acid, ash,
 Conservation of coal=(1) new railway. (5)Maharashtra=wardha, nitrogen, sulphur dioxide. (2)coal
reserve should be discovered. chandrapur. mining impact=destroy forest, wild
(2)Selective mines to be discouraged. life, ecosystem and biodiversity.
(3)low quality coal to be blended (3)Impact on miners health= causes
with high quality coal.(4)Coking coal lungs cancer, respiratory disease,
to be used only for Metallurgical heart failure. (4)Non-Renewable
industry.(*Types=NA) source
2 Petroleum=(Latin Key point=(1) Produces 5& of the (1)Used for locomotive (1)OFFSHORE OIL field= (A)Advantages=
word petrol(rock) world petroleum and imports 2/3 power.(Vehicles) Mumbai high, Sagar (1)It can be extracted easily.
and crude oils. (2)Used till last drop and less samrat, Aliabet island, (2)It has high density.
Oleam(oil),Contains (2) it was discovered in 1867 in the no wastage. trombay(Maharashtra), (3)It can be extracted at low cost.
90-95% North-east part of Assam. (3)Source of products like- kaveri, Krishna, Godavari (B) Disadvantages=
hydrocarbon which (*Types=NA) kerosene, diesel, oil, paraffin, Cochin, Chennai, Haldi (1)It is now limited resource.
are high quality but paint, medicine, plastic and etc. (2)Causes environmental pollution.
other contains fertilizer. (2)ONSHORE OIL (3) It is non-renewable form of
oxygen, nitrogen (4)Provides raw materials for field=Digboi(Assam)-NE, resource.
and sulphur chemical industry Khambhat (4) The depletion of fossil fuel
basin(Gujarat)-West, delimits the petroleum resulting
Godavari basin-South high price.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY

#The energy source which can be compensated once these are used are termed as conventional source of energy.
#It is estimated that 30% potential comes from the sun, 30% from the ocean, 26% from bio-Fuel and 13% from winds.
#Advantages of non-Conventional source=(1) These are available freely, abundant and renewable. (2) Environmental friendly and do not cause pollution.
(3)Can be tapped at a large scale at one place. (4) Cost effective
S.NO MINERALS Introduction USES/SIGNIFICANCE DISTRIBUTION OR AREAS WHERE THEY ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
ARE FOUND
1 Nuclear -holds neutrons (1)To generate electricity. (1)Uranium= Bihar, (A)Advantages=(1)Generation of electry
(India has 50% of and proton (2) To make bombs Rajasthan(Aravali range) power to reduce fossil fuels.
Thorium of the -raw materials used (2)Monazite= kerala (2)Less amount of fuel is required.
world’s total fot this are (3) nuclear plants in India= Tamil (3)Do not depend on natural aspects.
 deposits) uranium, Nadu( Kalpakkam, Tarapur, (4)It is alternative fossil fuel.
plutonium, and 1969) (5)it reduces coal and oil consumption.
thorium Rana Pratap sagar in Kota, (B)Disadvantages= (1) Environmental
Narora in UP, Kakrapara near impact= causes pollution. (2)Radioactive
Surat in Gujarat, Rawat Bhata in waste. (3) Nuclear accidents. (4) High cost.
Rajasthan, Kaiga in karnataka (5) Uranium is finite (6) Used to make
weapons.
2 Winds(Renewable -Electricity is (1) to generate electricity. (1)Practiced in Tamil Nadu, (A)Advantages=(1)It is clean energy source
source of energy) generated by using Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha and no emission. (1)Wind turbines can be
wind energy. coastal region placed in desert and ocean. (3)Can be usd
-It was started in in remote areas. (4)Does not cause any
1986 in coastal pollution.
region of Tamil (B)Disadvantages=(1) It depends on local
Nadu winds pattern. (2) It also depends on the
strength of the winds.
3 Solar(Renewable (It is under the (1)used for water heating, lights, (1)Gujarat (Gandhinagar in (A) Advantages= (10It is a renewable
source of energy) ministry of New in homes, hotels, hospitals, 2011), (2)Maharashtra (Tata in energy. (2) Does not cause pollution (3)
and renewable industries, hostels, etc. 2011. (3) Tamil Nadu (Thurai ). less maintenance. (4) The government has
Energy) – It is (4)Odisha (Bolangir) introduced tax credit to encourage
primary source of individuals, companies to invest in solar
energy. energy.
(B)Disadvantages= (1)Can not be created
during the nights. (20 the power can not
be generated during cloudy day. (3) the
efficient solar cell convert only 20% of the
sun ray into electric power. (4)It is highly
expensive.
4 BioGas or Gobar -This gas is (1) It is used to generate electricity (1) Most part of the country. (A)Advantages=(!) Sustainable source.
gas (Renewable extracted by the and cooking gas. (Any state example can be given) (2)reduce pollution. (3) Cost effective.
source of energy) decomposition of (3)Used as fertilizer (4)reduce dependence
organic matter. Ex- on foreign oil. (5) can be used individually.
Cow dung. – It (B)Disadvantages=(1) initial cost is vey
contains 55% high. (2)Use of fertilizer causes water
methane and 45% pollution (3) occupy large areas.
carbon dioxide