Scribd
Upload
20 views16 pages

Chapter One

Uploaded by

Daryush Hakimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views16 pages

Chapter One

Uploaded by

Daryush Hakimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Chapter One: Introduction to

statistics
Meaning of Statistics
The word “ statistics” which comes from the Latin word “status”
meaning a political state, originally means information useful to the
state.
EX: information about size of population and armed forces.
First the word “statistics” refers to “numerical facts systematically
arranged” in this sense the word “statistics” is always used in the plural.
CONT’S
Second the word “statistics” is defined as a discipline that includes
procedures and techniques used to collect, process and analyze
numerical data to make inferences and to reach decisions in the face of
uncertainty.
The word “statistics” used in the plural refers to a set of numerical
information and in the singular denotes the science of basing decision
on numerical data.
Definitions of statistics
• There are different definitions of “Statistics” and each researcher has
defined it in their own terms. For example;
• Statistics is a science of sampling and estimation.
• Statistics is a science of probability.
• Statistics is a science of collecting information/data.
• Statistics is a science of presentation of data either in qualitative or
quantitative form.
• Statistics is a science of analyzing the data.
• Statistics is a science of collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data
TYPES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Presentation of Data
Measures of Central
(Graphs and Diagrams) Estimation of
Tendency and Testing of Hypothesis
Tabulation and Parameters
Dispersion
Classification
Descriptive Statistics

 Descriptive statistics deals with concepts and methods related with the
summarization and description of the important aspects of numerical
data. It consists of condensation of data, their graphical displays and
computation of numerical quantities that can provide information about
the center and shrewdness of observations of a data set.
Inferential Statistics

 Inferential statistics deals with methods and procedures used for drawing
inferences about the true but unknown characteristics of a population
based on the sample data derived from the same population. Inferential
statistics can be further classified into estimation of parameters and
testing of hypothesis.
Objectives of Statistics
• To design data collection plans, analyze data appropriately and
interpret and draw conclusions from those analyses.
Importance of Statistics in Business
Business Statistics plays an important role in business. A successful
businessman must be very quick and accurate in decision making. He
knows what his customers want; he should therefore know what to
produce and sell and in what quantities. Statistics helps businessmen to
plan production according to the taste of the customers, and the quality
of the products can also be checked more efficiently by using statistical
methods. Thus, it can be seen that all business activities are based on
statistical information. Businessmen can make correct
decisions about the location of business, marketing of the products,
financial resources, etc.
Some important concepts
 Population: An aggregate or totality having some common characteristics on interest is called
population. It is also called Universe. For example, total number of students enrolled in Sharq
University, total number of markets in Kabul city, total number of banks in Kabul, number of
industries in the province, monthly/yearly sales of the stores in Kabul, etc.

 Sample: A small representative part of population is called sample. For example, a small
portion/part of students of Sharq university will constitute a sample of students. Similarly, a
randomly/purposively selected number of markets from a bulk of markets is called a sample of
markets.
variable

• Any characteristic of interest which takes on different values is called

variable. For example, price of a commodity at different places in

Kabul city, profit of a business firm at different months of a year,

production, cost, temperature, sale of a market, consumption etc.

Variable is broadly divided into qualitative and quantitative variables.


Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
A variable is defined to be qualitative which is not capable of numerical
measurement but one can feel the presence or absence of a particular
phenomena. For example, honesty, beauty, race, like and dislike, pass or
fail, gender classification etc.

A variable is defined to be quantitative which is capable of numerical


measurement. For example, cost of production, price of a commodity,
monthly consumption of households etc.
Discrete and Continuous Variables

• A variable is said to be discrete if it takes isolated integral values or a variable


which take the values on jumps is called a discrete variable. For example, number
of rooms in a house, number of students in the class, number of Banks in different
cities, size of a household, number of shops in a market etc.

• A type of variable which takes all possible values with in a given interval/range (a,
b). For example, consumption, production, temperature, monthly sale of a market,
height, weight and age etc.
Other Variables used in Research

1. Dependent Variable

2. Independent Variable

3. Dummy Variable/Categorical Variable etc.


Dependent and Independent Variables
A type of variable which is influenced by other variable/variables is called dependent variable. It is
also called random or stochastic variable. OR
A variable which depends on one or more other variables is called dependent variable. OR
A variable of primary interest that lends itself for investigation as a function of other cause variables
is known as dependent variable.
For example, in economics, consumption of a commodity (say apple) depends upon the income,
household size, and price etc. of the commodity. In this example, consumption of apple is a
dependent variable which will vary from one family to other family; while the other variables
like income, household size and price are independent variables.
A variable which influence a dependent variable in either direction (positive or negative) is called
independent variable.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy