9

RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Qualitative and
Quantitative Data
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and created to emphasize that gathering and

recording data from actual observation ought to be done properly to avoid any
inaccuracy on the results of the study. Through this, it will assist you to know and
interpret some culture, events, phenomena, or issues in our society.

As you go through this module, you should be able to:

1. demonstrates an understanding of interview and observation

procedure skills;
a. collect data through observation, interviews, and focus group
discussions,
b. show how to record observation data in field notes, and
c. determine the effective ways of interview and observation skills
through given situations.

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 What I Know

Activity No. 1:

“Pic-Observe”
Study the pictures and write your observation on the template.

Picture No. 1 Picture No. 2

Template for Observation:

Name of Learner: ___________________________ Yr. & Sec: ___________ Date: __________

General Questions Descriptive Notes Reflective Notes

How would you describe
the situation in the
picture?
Picture No. 1

Picture No. 2
What do you think are the
people doing?
Picture No. 1

Picture No. 2

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Activity No. 2:

“Bird-Pet Interview”

You are asked to collect data for your research. And you are given the
assigned topic, “choosing a breed of a bird as a pet.” How will you able to
understand the breed of birds? For example, you conduct an interview method as
an effective data-gathering tool. You are going to interview a person with a bird pet
or a person with great interest in animal breeders. Construct a sample interview
design that you used to gather information about a breed of birds that are
commonly used as a pet in the community.

Template for Interview:

Background Information for the Interviewee:

Name: __________________________________________________ Age: __________
Location: _______________________________________________ Date: __________
Introduction
Good _________, Mr./Ms./Mrs. __________________. My name is ______
_________ and I am presently conducting a research about _________________
________________________. The objective of this study is to __________________
____________________________________.
Opening Questions
Tell me something about yourself, Mr./Ms./Mrs. __________________.
How long have you been ________________?
Content Questions
Tell me about your ___________________________.
Why do you say so? (Follow-up questions)
What do you mean by ___________?
Can you ___________?
Closing Message
Thank you very much Mr./Ms./Mrs. __________________. I would like
you to know that I am the only one who will have access to this material and
after the research, the content will be erased. If you wish to have a copy of
the abstract of this research, I would be very willing to send you one. Do you
have any question?

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Lesson

2 Data Collection Procedures

Research produces data. This can be a set of observations from which

conclusions can be drawn. Data may be subjective or measurable that describes a
phenomenon or experience or experiment.

In the previous module, the common ways of gathering or collecting data for
quantitative research are experiments, questionnaires, surveys, sampling, and
census. And for qualitative research are focused on group discussions, case
studies, interactive interviews, and participatory methods.

In this module, you have got learned that data collection will be done
through actual observations, conducting interviews, and focus group discussions.
Some research questions are answered by seeing yourself what is happening or
however things look, through actual observations you will get additional reliable
data. Observation is also a scientific way to collect data by perceptive individuals
in natural settings. Moreover, you may have learned that field notes are necessary
tools in performing research to ensure the accuracy of data collected. The
researcher should determine the most practical, efficient, feasible, and ethical
methods for collecting data as the research progresses. It also emphasized the
importance of integrity, honesty, and confidentiality in collecting data.

This module shows some standards on however you will conduct interviews
or observations to answer research questions in several disciplines.

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 What’s In

Activity No. 3:

Write a possible inference to the following observations. Determine whether

it is a qualitative or quantitative observation.
Example:
Observations Inferences Qualitative or
Quantitative
1. The school alarm is going There is an earthquake drill. Qualitative
on.
2. Twenty-dozen face masks There is a great demand for Quantitative
had been sold. using face masks.
Starts here:
Observations Inferences Qualitative or
Quantitative
1. There are 3-pieces of broken There is an earthquake drill. Qualitative
vases on the floor.
2. Olivia gathered red, yellow, There is a great demand for Quantitative
and white flowers in the using face masks.
garden.
3. Shanti wears an elegant,
purple-dress inside the hall.
4. Austin traveled a 500-
kilometer away from his home.
5. Stars are shining brightly
up the sky.

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module guides you in organizing, interpreting, and
presenting the results from your actual observations to ensure
accuracy of data collected.

What’s New

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Activity No. 4:

How smart are your recall skills?

This exercise can assist you to develop your skills as an observer.

Try this:

Take out a whole sheet of short bond paper and a pencil. Draw a map,
showing what you see, if you walked into your previous classroom, and stood
at the door of the room during which you spend the foremost time. On that
map, draw everything you will bear in mind. When you have got recorded
everything you can remember, investigate at the map, and see however well
you probably did by comparing the map to the fact of what is in your previous
classroom.

(Attached this map you have made, on the last page of this module for
evaluation purposes. Thank You)

So, how well did you do? Were you able to remember where all the
forms of stuff placed in your previous classroom? Did you remember to
feature the colors of varied pieces? Did you set in numerous options like
books, brooms, garbage bins, rugs, fans, and other things?

Every observation usually begins together with your drawing a map of

the setting and describing participants present therein setting. If you have got
trouble remembering facts without making a written record, go act, and write
down what you would like to recollect.

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 Activity No. 5:
A. Arrange the following steps in observation. Put numbers 1-6.
______ Choose the research site.
______ Confirm your role.
______ Develop observational design.
______ Focus the observation.
______ Record field notes.
______ Slowly withdraw.
B. Arrange the following steps in interview. Put numbers 1-8.
______ Conduct the interview.
______ Decide whether interviews are appropriate.
______ Develop an interview design.
______ Follow-up after an interview.
______ Invite participants.
______ Prepare the audio equipment.
______ Organize for a quiet setting for the interview.
______ Select the type of interview.

What is It

Some easy tool for collecting data in many situations are observation as well
as the interview methods. It is an appropriate method to have a reliable source of
information suitable for all types of researchers. These tools are both used in the
qualitative and quantitative types of research in collecting data, in any discipline.

Observation

As described by Marshall and Rossman (1989), observation entails the

systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts within the social setting
chosen for the study. The researcher employs observation as one technique of

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gathering data using five senses, some research questions are often answered by
partaking these senses on what is happening or however things look. This enables
the researcher to learn things directly from his expertise and study the thing that
cannot be manipulated in a laboratory set-up because of ethical constraints.
Observation is beneficial when you are trying to understand an ongoing process or
behavior, or an unfolding situation or event; when there is physical evidence or
products or outcomes that can be seen; or when written or other data collection
methods seem inappropriate. These observations help to ensure accurate,
complete, and honest descriptions.

The experimental record is often said as field notes. Field notes refer to
simple, detailed notes of the researcher while conducting observation in the field.
This is a written account of what the researcher has seen, experienced, felt, or
thought during the actual observation. There are many styles of field notes, but all
field notes generally consist of two parts: descriptive in which the observer
attempts to capture a word-picture of the actual setting, actions, and conversations
(which may include the appearance of the people, their mannerisms, and gestures
during an event being observed, what, where and when it happened, and who are
involved); and reflective in which the observer records thoughts, ideas, questions
and concerns based on the observations and interviews (detail the researcher’s
reflection on his observations). Field notes make more accurate and provide
detailed entries on the researcher’s account on the setting. Observations without
field notes seem meaningless, field notes guarantee to gain reliable insights for a
better perspective of the study.

Field notes are distinguished from the other types of writing namely: field
jottings, field diary, and field log. Field jottings refer to quick notes on something
the researcher would like to recall later. This provides a stimulus for the
researcher to recall details of the interview or observation. Field diary refers to the
personal statement of the researcher’s thoughts, feelings, or opinions on others
whom he has a close encounter with during the study.

Field log refers to the schedule of your daily activities while conducting an
interview or observation in the actual field. This is usually your plan as a
researcher for collecting interview or observation in the actual field.

When using the observation method, the researcher must take into
consideration the problems of observer effect and observer bias to maintain honesty
and integrity. Observer effects, also referred to as “researcher effects,” “reactivity,”
or the “Hawthorne effect,” refer to the act of observing that so pervasive that will
make a right or wrong explanation on the phenomenon being observed. This is
because the person or group of people may not behave or act normally or naturally
when aware of being watched while doing an activity. So as a researcher, therefore,
considers this reality in the interpretation of his data.

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 On the other hand, observer bias, also called experimenter bias or research
bias, refers to the possibility that certain characteristics or ideas of the researcher
may affect what they observe. Observer bias committed deliberately or
inadvertently which leads to the negative impact and threatens data accuracy and
reliability and develops a favor or subjective feelings towards the respondent(s).
Observations of a researcher will have some degree of bias because we are all
influenced to some degree by our experiences in the past, which in turn affects how
we see the world and the people around us. A researcher of honesty and integrity
should do his or her best to become aware of and control his or her bias(es).

In conducting research, observer bias(es) can develop and affect the

assessment and results of the outputs of the study, to minimize the potential
bias(es) the researcher should broaden and adopt the appropriateness of methods
and policies. It is taken into consideration to avoid inaccurate and unreliable
research outcomes. Bias(es) can build doubts, questions, and sometimes
compromises the results. Some suggestions will help to minimize observer bias(es),
such as, avoid personal convenience and select respondents randomly; do not
manipulate the results, stick to what your data shows; prepare questionnaires
objectively, can be finished in a reasonable amount of time and clear enough that is
mere related to the topic being studied; be patient and respect respondent(s) in
administering questionnaires, and making sure that the researcher(s) must be
neutral and objective-minded, his behaviors must clearly be defined and observed
in righteousness in research protocols.

Steps within the Method of Observing (Creswell, 2007)

1. Choose the research site. This refers to the site wherever you will best
perceive your central development or topic being studied. Gaining access through
a letter of consent is a first requirement that a researcher should do.

2. Develop observational protocol. The observational protocol could be a

technique used for recording observation notes. It includes descriptive or those
concerning what happened and, reflective or learning supported what has been
discovered.

3. Focus the observation. Before writing any notes, think of what catches
your attention. There will be plenty on the site however focus your observation
solely on what is going to assist you to understand your analysis question.

4. Confirm your role. What is going to you be as a researcher? Can you be

a participant-observer or non-participant observer?

5. Record field notes. In using the Observation Protocol, you will record
your data using your five senses. The observation ought to be organized
chronologically or so as.

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 6. Slowly withdraw. After the observation is done, slowly withdraw by
thanking the participants for their time.

Interview

Another common method of knowledge assortment is the use of the

interview. An interview is defined as oral communication between two or a lot of
individuals where the interviewer asks questions to gather specific information
from the interviewee. It is used to collect information from a little cluster of
subjects on a broad vary of topics. It can be a kind of framework during which the
practices and standards be not solely recorded however conjointly achieved,
challenged, and as strengthened. Whereas you will assume that interviewing
could be a commonplace as a part of journalism and media coverage as you will see
in news reports, interviewing is additionally one in every of the foremost convenient
strategies of gathering information. This information may be collected by being
attentive to people, recording, picture taking their responses, or a mixture of
strategies. You will use different kinds of interviews in gathering information, like
structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, informal interviews, and
retrospective interviews.

In a structured interview, the researcher prepares a selected set of

questions and reads the questions exactly to the individual(s) to ascertain an
understanding of their concepts or ideas on a subject or topic. This will be
appropriate to use once interviews need that the participant(s) ought to respond to
every ordered question, that is commonly shorter. The questions in a structured
interview are like those in a job interview, where the employer asks the same set of
questions for consistency. The question is routinely asked, a larger number of
participants are typically in these studies.

In a semi-structured interview, the researcher sets the outline for the

topics covered and prepares principally open-ended questions such as the
responses of the interviewee to verify the direction of the interview. Semi-
structured interviews are those in-depth interviews where the respondents answer
predetermined open-ended questions. These interviews typically preceded by
observation and informal and unstructured interviewing to permit researchers to
develop a keen understanding of the subject of interest necessary for developing
relevant and meaningful semi-structured queries.

Informal interviews are less formal than structured or semi-structured

interviews. They correspond to a casual conversation as they are doing not involve
any specific kind of sequence of queries or any style of questioning. The primary
intent of an informal interview is to search out what individual(s) assume and the
way the views of one individual compared with those of another. At first glance, it
is simple to conduct however informal interviews are foremost difficult of all. Here,
researchers typically must be compelled to build some smart choices or decisions
as the interview progresses.

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 Retrospective interviews may be structured, semi-structured, or informal.
A researcher conducts a retrospective interview tries to urge respondent(s) to recall
so it will reconstruct from memory something that is going on within the past. It is
the least seemingly within the four interview types to provide accurate reliable data
for the researcher.

Whatever the type of interviewing method a researcher chooses, he or

she is anticipated to:

(1) Respect the culture of the group being studied, or the individual being
interviewed.

(2) Be natural and develop an acceptable rapport with the participant.

(3) Raise constant questions in different ways throughout the interview.

(4) Ask the interviewee to repeat an answer once there is some doubt
concerning the completeness of a remark.

(5) Vary who controls the flow of communication.

(6) Avoid leading questions.

As a reminder once collecting data, it is important to respect the

confidentiality of your participants. A researcher is expected to not disclose any
personal data particularly sensitive information to anyone. He or she is
additionally expected to write down data supported his or her observation and
interview with full honesty and integrity and do not plagiarized simply to own
information.

Steps in Conducting an Interview (Creswell, 2007)

1. Decide whether interviews are applicable. To start with, participants

ought to comply with the interview method; otherwise, this method is not necessary
and cannot yield any relevant data. Assess if the information is sensitive and
observation is enough to collect the required information.

2. Select the type of interview. Can you utilize a structured or unstructured

interview? What kind can you utilize on focus group discussion or a one-on-one
interview?

3. Invite participants. A letter of permission ought to be sent to the

participants and that they should reply indicating their consent before conducting
the interview session.

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 4. Develop an interview protocol. This is a guide question that you may be
asked to the interviewees. The questions are supported your research questions
and will be ready to produce the information required to answer your research
questions.

5. Prepare the audio equipment. Check that to be prepared along with your
audio equipment. You can use your mobile phone or any other sound recording
device. It ought to be explicit in your letter of permission that you simply are
recording the entire conversation and you are the sole one who can have access
thereto.

6. Organize for a quiet setting for the interview. A comfortable and quiet
place chosen by the participants is desirable.

7. Conduct the interview. Check audio equipment before the interview.

First, introduce yourself and therefore the research being conducted to the
participant respondent. Stay on topic and to the time mentioned within the letter
of permission.

8. Follow-up after an interview. Thank the respondent once the session is

done and honor their requests like a replica of the abstract. In cases that a follow-
up is required to clarify some points raised throughout the interview session, the
interviewees should be notified.

Focus Group Discussion

This is another method of collecting data. Focus group discussion refers to

a free-flowing discussion with a little cluster of six to ten individuals to generate
different concepts and opinions on certain issues moderated by a skilled facilitator.
A focus group is not a debate or a session that resolves conflict or a problem;
instead, it is a chance to achieve insights from the participants on certain topics.

The focus group is participated by the “experts” on the topic to be discussed.

In choosing the participants of the focus group there are some criteria to be
considered about like age, gender, or power. Having at the same age, gender,
power (rank or authority), member of the focus group feels comfortable with one
another.

An important component of the focus group discussion is the set of questions

asked by the facilitator. The number of questions maybe 8 to 10. These questions
are short however direct to the purpose, focused, open-ended, and non-
threatening. There are types of focus group questions particularly engagement,
exploration, and exit.

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 Engagement questions introduce the participants to the topic and set the
tone for the discussion. Exploration questions get the insights of the participants
on the topic. These questions probe some of the issues given by the participants.
Most of the questions here begin asking why and how. Exit questions are given to
make sure everything is covered up and nothing is missed in the discussion.

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 What’s More

Activity No. 6:

Did you identify the specific things you will be observing?

It is impossible to observe everything that occurs during an event or

encounter, so determine what information is most important to your
evaluation. Here are some components that you might observe.

Match column A (components to observe) to column B (describe the

components). Write the letter only in each number.

Column A Column B
Components to Observe Description of Components

___ 1. Characteristics a. Amenities, built environment, seating

arrangements, the room

___ 2. Interactions b. Attitudes, demographics, skill and

knowledge levels, statements about
commitments and values

___ 3. Leaders/presenters c. Brochures, demonstrations, plans,

manuals, newsletters

___ 4. Non-verbal behavior d. Clarity of communication, facilitation

skills, flexibility, knowledge of subject

___ 5. Physical surroundings e. Facial expressions, gestures, posture, use

of physical surroundings

___ 6. Products of a program f. Level of participation and interest, level of

learning and problem solving, levels of
support on specific issues, power
relationships and group dynamics

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Activity No. 7:

Rules of Interview

Complete the following sentences by putting “Do” or “Do not,” in which

it governs most human interactions that show the rules of interview.

1. __________ interrupt.

2. __________ listen actively.

3. __________ assume anything.

4. __________ avoid confrontation.

5. __________ conclude positively.

6. __________ form pre-judgments.

7. __________ not go off on tangents.

8. __________ be polite and courteous.

9. __________ ask both open and closed questions.

10. __________ establish rapport early and maintain it.

11. __________ act in a friendly but professional manner.

12. __________ let the interviewee do most of the talking.

13. __________ maintain control over the subject matter.

14. __________ take notes, but do not be obtrusive about it.

15. __________ allow for follow-up or clarification interviews later on.

16. __________ establish a time frame for the interview and stick to it.

17. __________ verify understanding through probing and confirming

questions.

18. __________ ask questions which start with who, what, where, when,
why, and how, where possible.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity No. 8:

Answer the following questions so you will find out how far you have
learned in collecting data through observation, interview, and focus group.

1. What is the use of observation to collect data?

2. What do you think is the importance of doing field notes when using
the actual observation?

3. How can you distinguish descriptive field notes from reflective field
notes?

4. Describe field jottings, field diary, and field logs.

5. How can you minimize observer bias in your own research study?

6. What is the importance of interview in data collection process?

7. What is the significance of follow-up questions?

8. How can you maintain integrity and honesty when conducting an

interview?

9. What is the important component of the focus-group discussion?

10. Why do you think establishing a friendly atmosphere while

conducting a focus group discussion is an important aspect of the process
itself?

“Responsible conduct in research is simply good citizenship applied to

professional life.” (Anonymous)

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 What I Can Do

Activity No. 9: “Quarantine Days”

What have you experienced during quarantine days under the Covid-19
pandemic? What have you observed in your community?

As you are going to make an interview with your parent(s), sibling(s),

relatives, or friends in your neighborhood, on make the following:

(a) field jottings,

(b) field diary, and

(3) field log.

Activity No. 10: “My Type of FGD Questions”

Think of a topic, and formulate (a) engagement, (b) exploration, and (c)
exit questions.

Example Topic: Interests in Mobile Gaming

Engagement Question: What is your favorite mobile game?

Exploration Question: Why do you think many are hooked on playing mobile
games?

Exit Question: Is there anything you would like to say about playing mobile
games?

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 Assessment

Activity No. 11:

Read the following questions and choose the best answer. Write the letter
only.

1. Observation is a form of:

a. qualitative research c. all of the above
b. quantitative research d. none of the above
2. Interviews are conversations with _______
a. friendliness b. fun c. informality d. purpose
3. What aspect of the Internet is NOT used for observation?
a. Cookies b. Flat screens c. Log files d. Web cams
4. These are simple, detailed notes of the researcher while conducting
observations in the field.
a. field diary b. field jottings c. field log d. field notes
5. One advantage of observation is:
a. it can be subjective c. that data must be interpreted
b. it should be accurate d. it takes a great deal of time to do
6. One disadvantage of observation is its:
a. objective c. likely to be both valid and reliable
b. subjective d. not affected by memory problems
7. This method of collecting data is a free-flowing discussion with a small
group of six to ten people.
a. Focus group b. Interview c. Observation d. Survey
8. Which of these would make an observation unethical?
a. Conducting at the right time c. Putting people at risk of harm
b. Getting a consent d. Using multiple observers
9. Which of these is not true?
a. Observation is cheap c. Observation is time-consuming
b. Observation is expensive d. Observation replaces interviewing
10. What is the characteristic of a good interviewer?
a. Being natural and respectful.
b. Never control the flow of communication.
c. Do not repeat the questions to the interviewee.
d. He makes impulsive decisions as the interview progresses.

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Answer Key

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 21
What I Know:
Activity No.1 “Pic-Observe”
1. How would describe
General Questions Descriptive Notes Reflective Notes
How would you describe
the situation in the picture?
Picture No. 1 - There is a school dance performance. - I wonder if each of them really does
great performance.
Picture No. 2 - They sanitized the place. - I wonder if they really disinfect the
areas.
What do you think are the
people doing?
Picture No. 1 - They performed very well. - They are good dancers, are they also
good in academics?
Picture No. 2 - They sprayed disinfectant in the - How long that sanitization will effect
areas. on that areas?
Activity No. 2 “Bird-Pet Interview”
Template for Interview:
Background Information for the Interviewee:
Name: __________________________________________________ Age: __________
Location: _______________________________________________ Date: __________
Introduction
Good _________, Mr./Ms./Mrs. __________________. My name is _________ and I am presently conducting a
research about _____________________________. The objective of this study is to
______________________________________________.
Opening Questions
Tell me something about yourself, Mr./Ms./Mrs. __________________.
How long have you been ________________?
Content Questions
Tell me about your ___________________________.
Why do you say so? (Follow-up questions)
What do you mean by ___________?
Can you ___________?
Closing Message
Thank you very much Mr./Ms./Mrs. __________________. I would like you to know that I am the
only one who will have access to this material and after the research, the content will be erased. If you wish to
have a copy of the abstract of this research, I would be very willing to send you one. Do you have any
question?
Your answer may vary, but it must be related to the given answer.
 22
What I Have Learned: Activity No. 8
1. Your answer may vary. (Observation is useful when you are trying to understand an ongoing process or
behavior, or an unfolding situation or event; when there is physical evidence, or products or outcomes that
can be seen; or when written or other data collection methods seem inappropriate.)
2. Field notes are intended to be read by the researcher as evidence to produce meaning and an understanding
of the culture, social situation, or phenomenon being studied. Two reasons are: preliminary analysis (a)
fosters self-reflection, and (2) reveals emergent themes.
3. Descriptive field notes are accurately document the factual data while reflective field notes are record of
your thoughts, ideas, questions, and concerns as you are making your observations.
4. Field jottings or scratch notes refer to quick notes on something to recall later. Field diary refers to the
personal statement of the researcher’s thoughts, feelings, or opinions. Field log refers to actual plan for
collecting the data systematically.
5. Can be reduce by: ensuring that observers are well trained, screening observers for potential biases, having
clear rules and procedures in place for the experiment, making sure behaviors are clearly defined, or setting
a time frame for: collecting data, for the duration of the experiment, and for experimental parts.
6. Interview is more applicable and useful for a complex situation to collect in-depth information. It is
cocreated between the evaluator and the respondent.
7. Using follow-up questions means that you can confirm both that the interviewee has understood your
question and you have understood their answer.
8. Dress professionally, be prompt, be courteous, listen carefully, ask permission to record the interview, keep
the interview moving, get permission to quote, monitor non-verbal reactions, confirm credentials, end on
time, and thank the interviewee. Interviewer demonstrates honesty, respect, integrity, fairness, and
responsibility by following several best practices for interviews. Do not plagiarize just to have data.
9. An important component of the focus group discussion is the set of questions asked by the facilitator.
10. It provides an atmosphere that encourages a fair share of opinions, thoughts, or experiences to obtain the
most value from group-based surveys.
What’s More: What’s New:
Activity No. 6: Activity No. 7:
1. B 1. Do not 10. Do Activity No. 4: Activity No. 5:
2. F 2. Do 11. Do How good are your recall skills? A. 1 B. 7
3. D 3. Do not 12. Do Your answer may vary. It 4 1
4. E 4. Do 13. Do depends on each recall skills 2 4
5. A 5. Do 14. Do based on different scenario in 3 8
6. C 6. Do not 15. Do their homes. 5 3
7. Do not 16. Do 6 5
8. Do 17. Do 6
9. Do 18. Do 2
What’s In: Activity No. 3
Observations Inferences Qualitative
(Possible answer, but it may vary) or
Quantitative
1. There are 3-pieces of broken vases on the There is someone who broke the vase Quantitative
floor.
2. Olivia gathered red, yellow, and white flowers There is a visitor coming to the house. Qualitative
on the garden.
3. Shanti wears an elegant, purple-dress inside It is Shanti’s birthday. Qualitative
the hall.
4. Austin travelled a 500-kilometer away from his Austin needs to attend a meeting. Quantitative
home.
5. Stars are shining brightly up the sky. There is no rain during this night. Qualitative
 Your answer may vary. It depends on your chosen topic.
10. A B 5.
“My Type of FGD Questions”
Activity No. 10: 9. D D 4.
8. C B 3.
7. A D 2.
conducting an interviews and interpretation of your observations. 6. B C 1.
Your answer may vary. It depends on your experienced on
“Quarantine Days” Activity No. 11:
Activity No. 9:
Assessment:
What I Can Do:

Additional Activities:

Activity No. 12:

Developing an Observation Guide
Answers may vary. It depends on the settings you want to observe.

Activity No. 13:

1. Observation: They give you the opportunity to provide rich, detailed descriptions of the social setting in your
field notes and to view unscheduled events, improve interpretation, and develop new questions to be asked of
informants.
2. Interview: It can verify and validate the data collected from the observation. During interview, the types
of are important to elicit the information you need.
3. Focus group discussion: You ask small group of people what they think about certain topic or issue. It has a
small group of six to ten people to generate different ideas or opinions in certain issues moderated by a skilled
facilitator.

Trivia:

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 “Burt’s crime is the very plausibility of
his fiction which was manufactured to
feed his, and our prejudices… for
heritability (Esling, 1982, cited in The
Case of Cyril Burt).”

CYRIL BURT
Photo credits to
https://www.statisticshowto.com/observer-bias/

Real-Life Example of Experimenter Bias

One notable example of observer bias is that the work of Cyril Lodowic Burt,
a man of science best known for his work on the heritability of intelligence
quotient. He thought that children from families with low socioeconomic standing
(i.e. working-class children) were conjointly a lot of seemingly to own lower
intelligence, compared to children from higher socioeconomic statuses (Fancher,
1985). His “scientific” approach to intelligence testing was revolutionary, and
“proved” that children from the working categories were in general, less intelligent.
This led to the creation of a two-tier academic system in the European nations
within the Nineteen Sixties that sent middle- and wellborn children to elite colleges
and working-class children to fewer fascinating colleges. Burt’s analysis was later
debunked, it had been terminated and it was concluded he falsified data. It is
currently accepted that intelligence is not hereditary.

(Cite this as Stephanie Glen. "Observer Bias / Research or Experimenter

Bias: Definition, Examples, How to Avoid" From StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary
Statistics for the rest of us! At https://www.statisticshowto.com/observer-bias/)

References

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Creswell, John. "Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design." SAGE Publications Inc,
2018. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-
research-design/book246896.

Glen, Stephanie. "Observer Bias / Research or Experimenter Bias: Definition,

Examples, How to Avoid - Statistics How To." Statistics How To, 2020.
http://www.statisticshowto.com/observer-bias/.

Kawulich, Barbara. "Participant Observation as A Data Collection Method."

Socialresearchmethods.Net, 2005.
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/measure.php.

Marshall, Catherine, and Gretchen Rossman. "Data Collection Method."

Us.Sagepub.com, 2006. http://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-
binaries/10985_Chapter_4.pdf.

Seonaidh, McDonald. "Studying Actions in Context: A Qualitative Shadowing

Method for Organizational Research." 2005.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032358/ #R40.

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