The 9th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC 2018)

Experimental dSPACE Analysis for permanent

magnet synchronous generator used in voltage
control
Rachid EL AKHRIF Ahmed ABBOU, Mohamed FERFRA
Mohammed V University in Rabat Mohammed V University in Rabat
Mohammadia school of Engineers Mohammadia school of Engineers
Rabat, Morocco Rabat, Morocco
elakhrif@gmail.com abbou@emi.ac.ma, ferfra@emi.ac.ma

Abstract—The synchronous machine with permanent speed multiplier. This reduces the mechanical stress and
magnets is a very interesting solution for the generation simplifies the system design on one side, and on the other
of electrical energy in isolated and autonomous wind hand ensure the production of electricity over a significant
turbine applications, but the stability of the voltage range of wind speed variation. The coupling of these
remains a major problem in its use. that's why we're machines (PMSG) with power electronics is becoming
proposing in this paper the analysis of a control scheme economically viable, making them a serious competitor of
for keeping the RMS voltage output constant, the asynchronous generators.
system is supplying by a permanent magnet The fluctuating nature of wind causes a frequent variation
synchronous generator (PMSG) with variable speed and of the voltage and the frequency at the output of the
load. A comparison is examined between experimental generator, hence the need to connect the it with the load or
results using dSPACE board. the results are provided to the network by means of static converters that can improve
verify the effectiveness of this approach and gives very the quality of energy (voltage and frequency) using
high performance. adequate control techniques.
The PMSG is a very interesting solution in isolated and
Keywords— Stand alone generator; Wind Energy; autonomous wind turbine applications because of the
permanent magnet synchronous generator; dSPACE advantages mentioned above (good performance and good
Implementation; PI control mechanical torque) and the need for a power source for the
excitation circuit. These qualities are compensated by a
I. INTRODUCTION higher cost than asynchronous machines. However, different
Fossil energy resources come from the combustion of raw structures of synchronous machines with permanent
materials such as oil, gas and coal, which are polluting, their magnets feeding autonomous loads through power
reserves declining and unfortunately not renewable. In electronics devices exist: the structure with diode rectifier
response to a continuously increasing global demand for [3] is the simplest and finds its applications in the case of
energy, manufacturers are investing more and more in very small powers [ 4]. It is based on the direct association
renewable energies [1]. of a battery downstream of the diode rectifier bridge. In this
Several sources of renewable energy are being exploited and case, there is no controlled component, no or few sensors.
researched for developing power extraction techniques The operation is "natural" but requires a very precise choice
aimed at reliability, lowering costs (manufacturing, usage, of all the parameters (machine parameters and DC voltage)
and recycling), and increase energy efficiency. Among these by a dedicated system design [5].
energies, that originated from wind and transformed into the association of a diode rectifier bridge with a
electricity through wind turbines, and which has become synchronous generator with permanent magnets, however,
competitive through the development of the wind turbine has some limitations that do not always achieve this goal. In
industry, and the evolution of semiconductor technology. order to remedy this, a step-down chopper on a storage
Currently, most wind energy conversion systems are battery is placed behind the diode bridge [3,4]. Still in the
designed to run at speeds up to 1800 rpm, while turbines same optics for optimizing energy efficiency, a differential-
wind are usually designed to operate in a range of speed controlled bridge structure makes it possible to operate with
between 20rpm and 250rpm [2]. The use of direct attack a duty cycle close to 0.5 by controlling the switches. This
generators as per example, the synchronous generator with configuration is advantageous in terms of dependability but
permanent magnets (PMSG) with a large number of poles, requires twice as many components, resulting in higher
can remedy this problem and adapt the rotational speed of costs and higher losses [5].
the turbine to the electrical voltage without resorting to the

978-1-5386-0998-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

The reference configuration is evidently that implementing a 2) Aerodynamic Model
three-phase rectifier PWM. it is possible to perform As part of the studies conducted on wind systems, the
dynamic and reliable speed or torque control of the evolution of the power coefficient is a specific data for each
synchronous generator, which makes it easy to move the wind turbine.
operating point over the full range of rotational speeds [6]. In our case, its evolution as a function of Ȝ is based on the
On the other hand, it requires a more complex assembly, observation of data from several small wind turbines of a
three complete arms thus six switches [3]. few kW. Following these observations, we then set
renewable technologies are able to generate electricity on maximum value at 0.495 and its variations are modeled by
site, thanks to the specific architectures of small wind the following polynomial approximation:
turbines specially designed for isolated sites, such as the Cp = 7,9563.10−5.λ5 −17,375.10−4.λ4 + 9,86.10−3.λ3
permanent magnet synchronous turbine generator, which (2)
has no excitation system. This context drives to simplify and − 9,4.10−3.λ2 + 6,38.10−2.λ + 0.001
develop as much as possible controlled wind system Knowing the characteristics of the wind turbine and the
structures using electronic cutting techniques to broaden the power factor, the mechanical power available on the
exploitable range of wind speeds and provide energy driveshaft can be calculated according to the relation:
according to the quality of voltage and frequency. 1
In this context, the contribution envisaged with this work is Pm = C p ( λ ) ρπ R 2 V 3
(3)
to evaluate a new small isolated wind chain structure, where 2
the permanent magnet synchronous generator represents the
essential part. Where ȡ is the density of air equal to 1.225 kg.m-3. The
The proposal of this manuscript is done as the torque Tt produced by this wind turbine is
accompanying: in first section we discuss the structure then deduct:
composition and in the second section we suggest the PI Pm 1
controller utilized with the SPWM exchanging plan. In the Tt = = C p ( λ ) ρπ R 2 V 3
(4)
third section, the test comes about and the relating Ω 2Ω
investigation are exhibited. At long last, we wind up this 3) Mechanic Model
article with a conclusion. The fundamental dynamic equation is described with the
following equation [9]:
dΩ (5)
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION J = T t − T em − f Ω
dt
In this section we show the stand-alone generator, which is where Tem is the electromagnetic torque, f the turbine rotor
proposed for sustaining a three phase load, Figure fig.1
friction. Then, the wind turbine generator drive that
demonstrates a schematic of our framework [7].
represents the mechanical bloc can be given by:
The paragraphs under examine scientific conditions that
model the elements of the framework considered in dΩ (6)
T t − T em = J + fΩ
particular the PMSG, AC/DC converter, the VSI and wind dt
turbine.
B. PMSG Model
A. Wind Turbine Model The PMSG model can be written, in the d-q synchronously
The wind energy captured by the blades was transformed by rotating reference frame, by the following equation system
the wind turbine into mechanic energy. [10,11]:
The model studied contains the wind model, an di d R Lq 1
aerodynamic part and a mechanical model [8]. = − d id + p ω iq + ud (7)
1) Wind Model
dt Ld Ld Ld
The variation v(t ) of the wind speed is then written using di q R L 1 1
= − a iq − d p ω id − p ωφ m + u q (8)
the sum of the harmonics corresponding to each pulsation dt Lq Lq Lq Lq
ωi with a phase ϕi determined arbitrarily [8]:
N
v (t ) = ¦
i =1
A i cos( ω i t + ϕ i ) (1)

With N : number of discrete values used for sampling.

Fig. 1. The system configuration

where d,q are the synchronous rotating reference frame; Ra Tableau I The switching states of the inverter

is the armature resistance; Ld , Lq are the generator Sa Sb Sc Sa' Sb' Sc' Uab Ubc Uca
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
inductance on the d-q axis; id , iq are, respectively, the d- 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 -Udc Udc
1 0 0 1 1 0 Udc -Udc 0
and q-axis components of current; ud , uq are the d- and q- 0 1 1 0 1 0 -Udc 0 Udc
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Udc -Udc
axis voltage components, respectively, p is the pole pairs 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
number and φm is the permanent magnet flux. 1 0 0 1 0 1 Udc 0 -Udc

In the d-q synchronously rotating reference frame, the 0 1 1 0 0 1 -Udc Udc 0

electromagnetic torque is represented by [1]:

III. CONTROL STRATEGY : PI REGULATOR
3
T em = n (( L d − L q ) i d i q + φ m i q ) (9) CONNECTED WITH THE SPWM PERMUTATIONS
2
C. Three-phase AC/DC converter The main of this section is to define the scheme of
A rectifier is an electrical machine that exchanges control employed in the three-phase inverter in the stand-
AC current, which has a sinusoidal waveforms , to DC alone power generation system, so we use a classical
current, which streams in just a single heading. The circuit Proportional-Integral regulator wich controls a SPWM
is made out of 6 diodes: a assembly of three in the top and a switching. the Figure 4. represents the proposed
assembly of three in the bottom. configuration to regulate and keep the output voltage at a
fixed value in different uses (change of loads and speed
wind) with a 50 Hz constant frequency, [15].
Figure 4. illustrates the SIMULINK model of the
proposed controller . it's composed from a 3-level PWM
inverter with sinusoidal modulation, then we compare the
control signal at a desired output frequency with multilevel
triangular waveforms [16-17].

Fig. 2. 3-phase AC-DC converter

D. Three-phase source voltage inverter

A power inverter, is an electronic machine that transfers DC
current to AC current . The VSI has three-exchanging states
as represented in Table I, got by various changes of the six
switches Sa, Sb, Sc, Sa', Sb' and Sc'. For providing the
power to the loads. we utilize a three voltage source inverter
which is schematized in the Figure fig.3, It is utilized to
create and keep the substituting yield voltage at an
unchanged value, with 50 Hz frequency and with different Fig. 4. Proposed scheme of control : PI controller connected with SPWM.
sorts of loads in isolated power generation systems. We take
note of that the yields (voltage and current) relies upon the IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE
plan of the control. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In order to test the proposed structure a
dSPACE board with TMS320F240 DSP is used (Fig.5). The
dSPACE works on Matlab/Simulink platform [12].
To view the signals, we use Control Disc software
associated to dSPACE card. The protocol that provides
communication between the computer and the card is a
model DS1104.
Simulink Matlab developed and activated by a GUI
ControlDesk. This software allows us to see the different
variables of the system to be controlled in real time.
The permanent magnet synchronous generator
used in this experimental investigation is a three phases, 1.5
Fig. 3. Three-phase DC/AC inverter
KW, 2.1A, 415 V, 50HZ and 1500rpm.
 An induction motor is used to drive the PMSG, it is To start excitation we use VFD connected to IM;
a three phases, 3KW, 4 poles squirrel cage, 7.2A/12.5A, we change the IM speed from 0 to 1350 rpm, Fig.7(a-f),
220V/380V, 50HZ and 1400rpm. show the output variation of the voltage, currents and
frequency

Ua[V] (a) Ua[V] (b)

Iabc[A] (c) Iabc[A] (d)

Fig. 5. The experimental test setup

Ÿ[rpm] (e) f[Hz] (f)

a VFD Altivar 28HU72N4 is used to change the

IM speed; it is a three phases, 4 KW, 380V/500V,
13.0A/11.8A.
In addition, all of the measured quantities (current
and voltage) were collected using LEM sensors (LEM
HX15-P, LEM LV25-P), and both of them are then Fig. 7. PMSG system performance under a fixed wind speed
transformed to be a voltage ranging from 0 to ±10 volts
2) Effect of the wind speed:
which will be the input of A/D respectively.
The PMSG experimental setup is presented in
we change the IM speed respectively from 1250,
Figure 6:
1000, 1400 and 1000 rpm, Fig.8(a-d), show the output
PC & DS 1104 variation of the voltage, currents and frequency, As we can
VSI
see the system performance were notably varying with the
change in rotor speed of the PMSG.
VFD

Ua[V] (a) Iabc[A] (b)

PMSG & Induction

Load

Ÿ[rpm] (c)
f[Hz] (d)
Fig. 6. Photograph of the experimental setup

To test the success of the proposed study, the stand

alone generation system is experienced when the PMSG is
directly connected to the load (Case I S1 ON, S2&S3 OFF)
and when the PMSG feeding an inverter and then connected
with a RL Load (Case II S1 OFF, S2&S3 ON). Fig. 8. PMSG system performance under a varying wind speed

A. Response of the sysem when the PMSG is directley used 3) Effect of the load change:
1) Starting of the PMSG in this time we fixe the wind speed at 1500 rpm and the
we add a restive load. The experimental results in fig.9
show that the output voltage change the profile when
we connect more loads and the currents values increases.
 the figures fig.11-(b) fig.12(a-b) shows the
Ua[V] (a) Iabc[A] (b) obtained results, It can be observed that the proposed PI
controller maintain the Vrms at 220 Vrms and the output
voltage and currentwaveforms change according to the
speed profile.
Ua[V] (a) Iabc[A] (b)

Ÿ[rpm] (c)
f[Hz] (d)

Fig. 12. PMSG system performance with PI regulation-b

3) Step change in the set:

The induction generator rotates at a 1350rpm then

we change reference of Vrms according to the following
Fig. 9. PMSG system performance under load change
values: 150 V, and 250 V at 0 s and 4 s.
the figure fig.13-(b) shows the measured Vrms in
B. experimental results with the proposed PI regulation the output of the VSI and in figures fig.13-(a,c) we observe
1) respeonse of the PMSG under a fixed wind spped: the generated voltage and current, so we confirm that the
proposed PI controller shows its strength to control the
The PMSG rotates at a 1350rpm, then we start the magnitude of the output voltage of standalone generator to
regulation with VRMS reference value 250 V, the figure the desired value in the right conditions of rapidity and
fig.10 shows the measured performance in the output of the accuracy.
VSI so we can clearly see that the proposed PI controller Ua[V] (a) Vrms[V] (b)
keep the output voltage of standalone generator at the 250
Vrms [13].

Ua[V] (a) Iabc[A] (b)

Iabc[A] (c) Ÿ[rpm] (d)

Vrms[V] (c) Ÿ[rpm] (d)

Fig. 13. PMSG system performance with PI regulation under set change

4) Effect of the load change

To verify the effect of load variation on the
Fig. 10. PMSG system performance-PI regulation proposed control, we adopt functioning no load and then
applying a resistive load (500 W at 8 s and 800 W at 12.5 s)
2) Effect of the wind speed As can be seen, the output voltage decreases (fig. 14-15)
In order to verify the effect of the wind we apply and the output current of the load when the value of load
the rotor speed such as illustrated in fig.11-a. increases, while the Vrms saved at a fixed value of around
150 V regardless of perturbation of source and application
Ÿ[rpm] (a) Vrms[V] (b)
of loads.
Ua[V] (a) Vrms[V] (b)

Fig. 11. PMSG system performance with PI regulation-a

Fig. 14. PMSG system performance with PI regulation under Load change
 [11] X.F.Chen, Z.B.Shu, Y.K.Zhao“Mathematic Model and Performance
Iabc[A] (a) Analysis of PMSM Based Servo System”, Journal of Mechanism and
Ÿ[rpm] (b) Electronics, 1, 1-43, 2003.
[12] R.El Akhrif, A.Abbou, M.Barara, M.Akherraz, Y.Majdoub “dSPACE
Implementation for a Fuzzy Logic Voltage Control using a Self-
Excited Induction Generator and a Voltage Source Inverter” ,
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
(IJECE), Vol 7, No 4, August 2017, 1749-1759.
Fig. 15. PMSG system response with PI regulation under Load change [13] R.El Akhrif, A.Abbou, M.Barara, M.Akherraz,Y.Majdoub “Experim-
ental dSPACE Analysis for Self-excited Induction Generator Used in
Voltage Control” , International Journal of Power Electronics and
V. CONCLUSION Drive Systems (IJPEDS), Vol 8, No 3, September 2017, 1368-1380.
In This paper we are presenting a three-phase
structure fed by three-phase voltage inverter which utilizes
as a energy source permanent magnet synchronous
generator running in independent mode, the control
framework proposed depends on a classical PI controller. In
this issue, we assessed the performance of the voltage
control under a variety of conditions, so we examine the
impact of the variation of the wind symbolized here by the
variation of the rotor speed and furthermore the impact of
the change of the AC load. The dSPACE experimental
results was shown to affirm the viability of the proposed
structure. Our next examination is to contrast the proposed
controller implementation with a fuzzy logic controller
under the same exploratory conditions.
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