18th international conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control & STA'2017-PID4617-REC

computer engineering - STA'2017, Monastir, Tunisia, December 21-23, 2017

MPPT algorithm for wind energy conversion system

based on PMSG

Asma Tounsi Hafedh Abid Maher Kharrat Khaled Elleuch

asmatounsi130@gmail.com abidhafedh@gmail.com maherkharrat@gmail.com ked_elleuch@yahoo.fr

Lab STA, National School of Engineers of Sfax , university of Sfax, Tunisia

Abstract This paper deals with wind energy conversion each other by a continuous bus. Each converter is controlled
system (WECS). The system includes essentially wind turbine, through a pulse width modulation (PWM) [1].
permanent magnetic synchronous generator and power In this paper, we use the PMSG followed by a back-to-
converters. All these parts have been modeled. In addition a back converter and finally a filter to obtain signals similar to
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is presented. those of the network.
We have been used a specific controller to maintain a constant
level voltage at the DC bus. An LCL type filter has been used This work is organized as follows: the next section deals
to obtain a perfect sinusoidal signal, after the inverter. with the modeling of each component of the wind system. In
Although, we have been present a control of active and the third section, we present the control strategies for each part
reactive power. All the parts of system have been simulated on of the system using the conventional controller. This control is
tested using Matlab-Simulink and the simulation results are
Matlab -Simulink software and the results are presented at the
given in the fourth section.
end of paper.

Keywords— PI controller, MPPT, PMSG, AC/DC, II. MODELING OF THE WIND SYSTEM
DC/DC, DC/AC converter. The wind system is based on PMSG, connected to the grid
through an AC-DC-AC converters blocks and an LCL filter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind energy is one of the most important renewable
energy, it presents many advantages. Indeed, this type of
energy does not require fuel and does not produce toxic or
radioactive waste [9].
In the literature, there are several types of wind systems
according to its composition, and according to variation of
wind speed. Indeed, we distinguish variable speed wind
system (VSWS) and fixed speed wind system (FSWS) [7].
The FSWS has some advantages because its structure is
robust, its cost is low and it does not require to use a power Fig1. Structure of the wind energy conversion system
converter. However, it has several disadvantages such as the
need for regular maintenance of the gearbox and especially
this type of wind turbine does not optimize the extracted A. Turbine
power [10]. The VSWS has many advantages, in fact it
Wind energy is extracted from the kinetic energy of the
operates over the entire speed range, its connection with
wind. To express the power of the wind turbine, it is asserted
network is easy and manageable and it does not require the use
that this power depends on three parameters: wind, air density
of the gearbox, but it also has some disadvantages such as its
and swept surface.
volume and its cost that is expensive [1,7,10].
1
There exist also several types of generators, we find for Pv = r SV 3 (1)
example synchronous machine such as permanent magnet 2 o
synchronous generator (PMSG) and asynchronous machine Where, ro , V represent respectively the air density and the
such as doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)[5]. The PMSG wind speed and S=Pi*R2 .
has several advantages such as the absence of gearbox and low
maintenance and easy control [5,6]. However, only a part of wind energy can be transformed into
electrical energy, which is expressed by the following
To make the connection between the generator and the expression:
network, two converters are needed which are connected to
Paer = C p Pv (2)

978-1-5386-1084-8/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 533

Where, Cp represents the power coefficient. By Betz, this high power density, higher efficiency, reasonable price of
coefficient is limited to 0.59 [8]. material. Also the chain don’t need to use a gearbox[1,2].

Cp depends on Beta ( β ) which represents the pitch angle and This machine is responsible for the conversion of
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
on Lambda ( λ ) which represents the tip speed ratio and it can
ωR The electrical equations of the PMSG in the rotated (d,q)
be expressed by the following expression λ = . frame are given by [2]:
V
did
This power coefficient is given by the following equation Vd = − Rsid − Ld + Lq iqWr (8)
[3,6]: dt
§ ·
−21 diq
1
C p ( λβ ) = 0.5176 ¨116 − 0.4β − 5 ¸ e λi + 0.0068λ (3) Vq = − Rsiq − Lq − Ld idWr + φ f Wr (9)
λi dt
© ¹
1 1 0.035
Where Rs , W and φf represent respectively the stator
= − (4)
λi λ + 0.08β 1 + β 3 resistance, the angular velocity and the permanent magnetic
flux.
The following figure gives the evolution of power coefficient
The expression of the active and reactive power can be
according to the variation of λ and β parameters:
given as a function of current and voltage. This is shown by
the two equations [1]:

Ps = 3 (Vd I d + Vq I q ) (10)
2
Qs = 3 (Vq I d −Vd I q ) (11)
2
C. AC-DC-AC converters

To provide the AC-DC conversion, we use a converter, it

can be controlled using thyristors or not controlled by
using diodes.
Fig2. Power coefficient according to Lambda and Beta The DC- bus is composed of a capacitor; the voltage at this
capacitor must be constant after the control.
Finally, the aerodynamic power can be expressed by this The output voltage of the DC bus is the input of the
equation [5, 7]: inverter. This device makes it possible to transform a DC
source into an AC source.
1
P = r piR 2Cp(λ , β )V 3 (5)
2 o
Thus the mechanical torque which is proportional to the power
is given by the following expression [1]:

1 ro pi R 2 Cp(λ , β ) V 3
T= (6)
2 Wt
The system is described by the electro-mechanical equation
given by:

J dW = Tm − Tem − fW (7)
dt
Where, J represents the inertia of the system and f is the Fig3. The two converters connected to the DC bus
friction.
D. Filter associated to the converter
B. Permanent magnet synchronous generator
The choice of this type of generator is justified thanks to The output voltage of the inverter is not sinusoidal.
its advantages. Indeed, this generator is characterized by the However an LCL filter must be connected between the

534
 inverter and the grid such that shown in the following In the literature, the majority of wind energy conversion
figure. systems use one of two types of rectifiers as shown in
Figures 6 and 7. The first type of rectifier uses transistors,
while the second requires diodes.
In the first type of rectifier, we need to use a field oriented
control for PMSG. In this case Id must be equal to zero, so
the electromagnetic torque can be given by this equation:
3
Cem = − pφ f I sq (13)
2
Thus, we obtain the two following information [2]:
Id* = 0 (14)
C em *
I q* = (15)
3
− pφ f
2
Fig4: LCL filter The reference electromagnetic torque is given by the
MPPT controller. The system chain in which the rectifier is
III. CONTROL STRATEGIES composed by transistors is given by the figure 6.
A. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

In the literature several methods have been used to extract

the maximum of power such as tip speed ratio (TSR) [3],
power signal feedback (PSF) [3,8] and hill-climbing search
(HCS)[6,8]. These methods have several disadvantages. For
the TSR method, we need to measure the wind speed and the
optimal TSR value. For the PSF method, we need power
curves, and for the HCS method, it requires the measurement
continuously of power variation [3,6].
In this work we are interested to the classical controller
such as PI.
The transfer function of the turbine in closed loop can be
computed based on the following figure: Fig6. Control of converters (Type 1)

The second type of rectifier is composed of diodes

followed by a boost converter, as it is shown in figure 7.
This assembly serves to obtain a constant DC voltage at
the DC bus [3].

Fig5. PI regulator

The transfer function in open loop is written as follows:

W 1 1
Gbo = = K p (1 + K i )* (12)
W* S JS + f

Where Kp and Ki represent respectively the proportional

gain and the integration constant. The values of these
constants are computed based on pole compensation method.

B. Generator side converter control

Fig7. Control of converters (Type 2)

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 To obtain an output signal higher than the input signal, we Fig9. Variation of speed
use the second type of rectifier thanks to the existence of The results of the control are represented by figures 10 and 11
the boost converter. In fact, figure 10 shows the power coefficient, this coefficient
reaches the maximum value, and figure 11 shows the
C. Grid side converter control maximum power after the control.

In this section, we are interested in control of active and

reactive power injected to the grid.
The field oriented control strategy assumes that the voltage
along the d-axis is aligned with the grid voltage [10]:
Thus we obtain Vdg = V and Vqg = 0

So active and reactive power can be expressed by the two

following equations [10]:
3
P = Vdg I d (16)
2
3
Q = − Vdg I q (17)
2
Fig10. Power coefficient
For that, active and reactive power can be controlled by d-axis
and q-axis current. In this method, we imposed Iq =0.

Fig11. Variation of power

Fig8. Control of active and reactive power
Concerning the part of machine side converter, the DC bus
voltage is constant after the control, and it follows the
IV. SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
reference value, this is clear and well shown in the figure 13.
In this part, the form of the wind speed is the same as before,
For the simulation of the system, the wind speed is taken in
any form for which the value of this speed is between 6 and 12 but the interval of time is changed.
m/s. The DC bus voltage reference is set to 400V. This is shown by the figure 12.

Figure 9 shows the variation of wind.

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 Fig12. Wind speed
Fig15. Reactive power

Fig16.Active Power
Fig13.Dc bus voltage
The figure 17 and 18 show the output voltages of the inverter
before and after the passage through the filter.
The control of the active power is shown in the two figures 14
and 16. Indeed the reference active power of figure 14 is taken
arbitrarily, while the reference active power of figure 16 is
constant.
The control of the reactive power is shown in the figure 15
.

Fig17. Output voltage of the inverter

Fig14. Active power

Fig18. Output voltage of the filter

Parameters of the wind system:

Blade Radius R = 3m
Air density ȡ = 1.22 Kg/m3
Rated tip speed ratio Ȝ = 8

537
Pitch Angle ȕ = 0 rad permanent magnet synchronous generator." The International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2017): 1-8.
Pole pairs number P = 8
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