PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION (BMC - 103)

Unit 5 – Business Letters, Proposals, Reports & Presentation

Exercise 3

1. Write definition and purpose of Presentation. Explain various types of presentations.

2. Write the characteristics of good presentation.
3. Explain nuances of delivery / modes of presentation.
4. Expound body language / kinesics.
5. Explain various dimensions of speech.
6. Enlighten paralinguistic features of voice / nuances of voice dynamics.
7. Explain Proxemics and Chronemics.
8. Explain various communication skills.
9. Explain 5 Ps of presentation / presentation strategies.
10. Explain workshop, seminar and conference along with the structure for writing.

Q.1. Write definition and purpose of Presentation. Explain various types of presentations.

Presentation:
Presentation means to put forward information and ideas before the audience in a systematic
manner for a predefined purpose with the help of audio - visual aids.

Purpose / Objectives of Presentation:

1. To inform, instruct or educate
2. To persuade
3. To motivate or inspire
4. To entertain

Forms / Types of Presentations:

According to the purpose presentations are classified as:

1. Informative Presentations:
Informative presentations teach, demonstrate or instruct an audience on some topic or
process such as systems, policies and rules. These are also called ‘tell’ presentations.

2. Persuasive Presentations:
Persuasive Presentations are designed to persuade (convince) an audience to accept a belief
or action. These are also called ‘self’ presentations.
3. Motivational Presentations:
Motivational presentations are designed to inspire or reassure the audience. These are also
called ‘join’ presentations.

On the basis of audience profile presentations can be classified as:

4. Internal Presentations:
These presentations are made to internal audience. The audience consists of the employees
or students and can be known or unknown to the presenter.

5. External Presentations:
These presentations are made to external audience. It consists of prospective clients, vendors
or partners and are generally unknown to the presenter.

Based on the time available to prepare, presentations can be categorized as:

6. Impromptu Presentations:
These presentations are made without any planning or preparation.

7. Planned Presentations:
These Presentations are made with careful planning and preparation.

Based on the number of participants, presentations can be categorized as:

8. Individual Presentations:
An individual is responsible for preparation, research and delivery. He rightfully takes all the
credit for the presentation.

9. Group Presentations:
In contrast, group presentations often involve more complicated tasks and therefore require
more participants to make them.

10. Classroom Presentations:

Classroom presentations are prepared by the students to inculcate the basics for
communication skills – listening, speaking, reading and writing. It helps the students to share
their views with their classmates and also to expand their understanding. Classroom
presentations help the students in building their confidence.
Q.2. Write the characteristics of good presentation.

Characteristics of Good Presentation:

1. The presentation ideas should be well adapted to the audience. Relate the
presentation message / idea to the interests of the audience.
2. A good presentation should be concise and should be focused on the topic.
3. A good presentation should have the potential to convey the required information.
4. A good presentation must be planned.
5. Rehearse and practice the presentation.
6. Voice should be loud and clear.
7. Maintain right tone, pitch and speed.
8. Smile and Make Eye Contact with your Audience.
9. Verbal and non-verbal mode of communication should be used.
10.The speaker should encourage more questions from the audience.
11.Prepare cue cards with key words on them.
12.Use visual aids like slides, charts and graphs to illustrate your points.
13.Try to use 10-30 slides in slideshows.
14.Tell stories.
15.Use your voice effectively.
16.Summarize the presentation at the end.
17.The speaker must have a presentable appearance while giving a presentation.
18.Try to gain and maintain audience interest by using positive quotes, humour or
remarkable facts.

Q.3. Explain nuances of delivery / modes of presentation.

Modes of Presentation / Nuances of Delivery

Below are the four modes of presentation or presentation delivery styles or Nuances of
delivery:
1. Memorizing the Manuscript:
This method of presentation can be one of the most of effective methods of presentation,
but it requires an extra ordinary memorizing power because if the presenter forgets his text,
his speech will sound stilled/unnatural/too formal.

2. Reading the Manuscript:

It means read out the written material aloud. This method is often used whenever a complex
or technical presentation is made such as the annual budget, description of some machine or
the policy matters of an organization. In this the reader and listener contact is often
interrupted.
3. Extemporaneous / Speaking from notes:
The speaker prepares notes on a sheet or cards and then with the help of appropriate audio
visual aids, he makes his presentation. This process makes the delivery easy and impressive.

4. Impromptu Speaking:
The word impromptu means done without any preparation or planning. So, this is the
presentation delivered without any preparation done beforehand i.e. unrehearsed delivery
in speech.

This mode of presentation should be avoided; only highly experienced persons can effectively
deliver using this mode.

Q.4. Expound body language / kinesics.

Kinesics / Body Language: (Non-verbal communication)

Physical movement of the body parts and their study is known as Kinesics or Body
Language.

In this connection Raymond and John rightly remark, “According to them Kinesics is
the way the body communicates without words, i.e. through various movements of body
parts”. No doubt, we express our emotions through words but often the inner states of
emotion are expressed through different parts of the body and their physical movements.
We can communicate or send the message even by nodding the head, blinking the eyes,
shrugging our shoulders or waving our hands.
When we study body language, we look at the meaning of symbols that the physical
movements of the body are communicating. Through outward body movements true inner
emotions are reflected. For the expression of these inner body states, the face and eyes,
gestures, body shape and physical appearance are to be studied. For self control, the
presenter should pay attention to his body language, for this following parts of kinesics
should be considered:

1) Maintain eye contact

2) Face and eyes
3) Gestures
4) Body shape and posture
5) Appearance

1) Maintain Eye contact:

The speaker should maintain a steady eye contact because it is an effective means of
developing rapport with the audience. If the presenter looks at the audience for a long period
of time, it shows his intensity of interest. Eye contact as well as eye movements indeed helps
significantly in communicating successfully in oral communications.

2) Face and eyes:

Face is the index of mind. The face, it means, reflects what is going on inside the speaker. In
this context, eyes tell us much more than other facial features. The facial expressions are
associated with happiness, sadness, surprise, fear and anger. Even eyes, nose, cheeks or
forehead express one’s inner goings on. For example, the eyebrows with upper and lower
eyelids raised, giving a wide eyed effect indicate that the person is excited, surprised or
brightened. Similarly if we look at someone or something for a long period of time, we show
our intensity of interest. Eye contact and eye movements indeed help significantly in getting
success in interviews, seminars, or other face to face oral communications. The interviewee
or one who is giving the oral presentation should keep a pleasant face with a natural tendency
to smile. He should maintain an open look and also make eye contacts with the interviewer
or the members of the panel.

3) Gestures:
In addition to the face and eyes, other body parts move and convey meaning. These
movements are known as gestures, the physical movement of arms, legs, hands and head.
For example, if the arms are spread apart, shuffling from one leg to another and body slightly
extended forward, these gestures convey meanings of nervousness.
As gestures have meanings so they should be coordinated with proper intensity of
speech. The greater the gesture the louder the speech and vice versa”, comments a scholar.
A presenter while facing the audience is advised to keep positive postures, since it indicates
his positive personality.

4) Body shape and posture:

A third area of kinesics involves body shape and posture. As far as body shape is concerned,
we can’t do much about it since it is given to us by God. But with the right posture we can
impress the interviewer and the audience.

Raymond and John D refer to the behaviourists who have studied the shapes of our bodies
and have identified three types:
1) The ectomorph – thin youthful and tall.
2) The mesomorph – strong, athletic, muscular and boney.
3) The endomorph – fat, round and soft.
Indeed physical shape communicates hence let us try to be mesomorphs.
But it is not possible to be mesomorph since genetically either we are ectomorph or
endomorph, but then we can win our interviewer or the audience with good posture. A
person with good and appealing body shape but with bad postures and unfavourable image
will communicate a negative message.
5) Appearance:
By appearance it means external appearance in which dress, jewelry and make up play a
pivotal role. The speaker should consider how others will view him in relation to how he
wants to be seen. He should dress up himself in simple and sober dress.
Thus, kinesics, inclusive of eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, body shape & posture
and appearance will be the part of the messages, the speaker wants to communicate.

Q.5. Explain various dimensions of speech.

Various dimensions of speech are:

1) Syllable
2) Accent
3) Pitch
4) Rhythm
5) Intonation

1) Syllable
A syllable may be defined as a unit of sound (pronunciation) with one vowel sound with or
without consonant sounds.
A syllable is a vowel sound that is produced when pronouncing a word.
A syllable is a part of a word that is pronounced with one uninterrupted sound.
A syllable is a unit of sound which can be pronounced with a single effort of the voice.
e.g. word ‘garden’ is pronounced in two efforts i.e. gaa+den /ˈɡɑːd(ə)n/ so it has two
syllables
Simple word ‘on’ /ɒn/ is pronounced in single effort only, so it has one syllable.
Syllables are the ways to split words into speech sounds.
Words are divided into three types as per number of syllables:
1. Monosyllabic: Words with one syllable are called Monosyllabic.
For example: on - /ɒn/ - (VC), it, etc.
2. Disyllabic: Words with two syllables are called Disyllabic.
For example: Upon - /əˈpɒn/ - up + on (VC VC)
3. Polysyllabic: Words with more than two syllables are called Polysyllabic.
For example:
Syllable - /ˈsɪləb(ə)l/ - sy+lla+ble (CV CV CVC)
Possible - /ˈpɒsɪb(ə)l/ - po + si + bal (CV CV CVC)
Engineer - /ɛndʒɪˈnɪə/ - en+ji+nia (VC CV CV)
Communication - /kəmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ - cum+yu+ni+ke+sun (CVC CV CV CV CVC)
2) Accent: (way of pronunciation)
Accent is the way of pronouncing the words of a language that shows the person belongs to
which country, area or social class.
Accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location, or nation.
The region to which you belong affects your accent. Not only the locality but the economic
status, ethnicity, caste etc. all make an impact on the accent. Accent mainly includes
pronunciation, which also has correlation with stress.
It is an important factor whether English is your first language or second language. To learn
the right pronunciation, like that of the native speaker, you must watch the native speakers
in action. It should not look like affected accent. Many times you do not give importance to
pronunciation and that makes your speech seem below par.
Children are able to take on accents relatively quickly. Children of immigrant families, for
example, generally have a more native-like pronunciation than their parents, though both
children and parents may have a noticeable non-native accent – however these generally
differ: the parents' accent tends to be influenced by the sound system of their native
language whilst the child is more inclined to apply hyper-pronunciation resulting from their
need to correct their parents' shortcomings in fluency. Accents seem to remain relatively
flexible until a person's early twenties, after which a person's accent seems to become more
fixed.

3) Pitch: (Loudness)
Pitch is a property that allows the ordering of sounds on a frequency-related scale. Pitches
are compared as "higher" and "lower".
The rise and fall of the voice conveys various emotions. ‘Thank you’ is such a phrase.
You can find out the difference when you utter it indifferently and when you say it with
sincerity. Lowness of pitch can indicate sadness, shock, dullness, guilt etc. if you are excited,
joyous, ecstatic, triumphant and even angry then your pitch automatically becomes high. A
well balanced pitch results in a clear and effective tone. It helps you avoid being monotonous.
A variety of pitches should be used to hold listener’s attention. Avoid raising the pitch of the
voice at the end of a sentence.

4) Rhythm: (Sound pattern achieved by using stress in words)

Rhythm refers to a pattern of sounds. Maintaining a rhythm in a speech makes the speech
sound natural and fluent. Rhythm is produced by stressed and unstressed words in a
sentence. Using only the stressed words in a sentence may make a speech sound dull and
artificial. The listener may also not understand the intended emphasis or meaning in the
speech.
Just as stress, speed is another very important factor in the fluency of English. When we
speak, we do not speak words in isolation but group them and speak without any pauses
between them. To achieve good rhythm in speaking we should know which words to be
stressed and which are not to be stressed in a sentence.
This leads to one or more of the following conclusions:
 Rhythm is not primarily expressed by patterns of duration.
  The person-to-person and paragraph-to-paragraph variation within a language may
be much larger than expected. Perhaps linguists may have idealized the form of each
language, neglecting the variation.

5) Intonation: (variation of pitch or loudness of the words in a sentence)

The intonation in a language refers to the patterns of pitch variation or the tones it uses in its
utterances. In normal speech, the pitch of our voice goes on changing constantly – going up,
going down, and sometimes remaining steady. Different pitches of the voice combine to form
patterns of pitch variation or tones, which together constitute intonation.
Intonation is closely linked to stress because important changes in pitch occur with stressed
syllables. The following are the main functions of intonation.
1) Distinguishing different types of utterances such as statements, commands, requests,
and questions.
2) Differentiating the speaker’s emotional attitude such as curiosity, apprehension,
friendliness, and politeness.
3) Drawing the listeners’ attention to those segments of an utterance that one considers
important.

Q.6. Enlighten paralinguistic features of voice / nuances of voice dynamics.

Paralinguistic features of voice / Nuances of Voice Dynamics

• The study of language is called as linguistics.

• Paralinguistic communication refers to the study of human voice and how the words
are spoken.
• Writing does not have that immediacy (nearness) because the words are static on a
page. Voice gives extra life to the delivery.
• Paralinguistic features are non-verbal vocal cues that help you to give urgency to your
voice. Your voice is your trademark; it is that part of yourself that adds human touch
to your words.

Paralinguistic Features
1. Quality
2. Volume
3. Pace / Rate
4. Pitch / Tone
5. Articulation
6. Pronunciation
7. Voice Modulation
8. Pauses
1. Quality:
Voice Quality is a characteristic that distinguishes one voice from another. Each of us has a
unique voice and it depends on its resonating mechanism.
It may be soft & alluring (Arijit Singh), rich and resonant (Amitabh Bachchan) , thin and nasal
(Himesh Reshamiya).

Abhram Linchon & Winston Chrurchill adapted the quality of voice to become speakers par
excellence.

2. Volume:
Volume is the loudness or the softness of the voice.
If the place you are speaking in is large the volume should be high or else, it should be low.
If volume is too high, we may sound boorish and insensitive, whereas if it is too low, we may
convey the impression of timidity (shyness, hesitation).
Thus, we should vary our volume to make our voice clear and audible.

3. Pace / Rate:
Pace or rate is the number of words spoken per minute.
The number of words that one speaks per minute varies from 80 to 250 words from person
to person.
Normal rate is from 120 to 150 words per minute.
A well-paced, varied message suggests enthusiasm, self - assurance and awareness of
audience.

4. Pitch / Tone:
Pitch refers to the number of voice vibrations per second.
The rise and fall of pitch (intonation) conveys a lot of emotions.
Lowness of pitch can indicate dullness, shock, sadness etc.
When we are excited, joyous, triumphant and even angry pitch automatically becomes high.
Variety of pitches should be used to hold listeners attention.

5. Articulation
Articulation is the aspect of pronunciation that involves using articulatory organs in shaping
the sounds of speech.
Speakers should be careful not to slop, chop, truncate, or omit sounds between words or
sentences.
If all the sounds are not uttered properly, the flow of understanding gets interrupted and
distracts listeners from grasping the meaning of the message.
6. Pronunciation
If articulation means speaking out all the sounds distinctly, then pronunciation requires us to
speak out sounds in a way that is generally accepted. The best way is to follow British Received
Pronunciation.
It is generally influenced by the geography & Culture.
7. Voice Modulation
Voice modulation is the way we regulate, vary, or adjust the tone, pitch, and volume of the
sound or speaking voice.
It brings flexibility and variety to the voice, and we can express emotions, sentiments in the
best possible way.
If we do not pay attention to the voice modulation then our voice, becomes flat and we
emerge as an unenergetic speaker with no command over our voice.

8. Pauses
 Pause is a short silence flanked by words.
 In speaking let the listener reflect on the message and digest it accordingly.
 Also helps speaker to glide from one thought to another.
 Embellishes the speech as it is a natural process to give a break.
 Vocalized pauses or vocal segregates such as uh, ah, umm should be replaced with the
silent pauses.

Q.7. Explain Proxemics and Chronemics.

Proxemics / Space Language:

In addition to kinesics nonverbal communication also includes Proxemics, which means
the space around us or the distance between the speaker and the listener.
Proxemics is derived from the word proximity which means closeness. Proxemics has a
definite meaning in oral presentation. “Our interaction with the people around us has rather
a well defined or well understood spatial dimensions”, comments KK Sinha. It means the
spatial dimensions or distance between us and other people tell us about our relations with
others and the nature of our communication with them.

Edward T. Hall has given four types of space language, depending on the distance:

1) Intimate Space Language (within the circle of 1.5 ft)

2) Personal Space Language (1.5 to 4 ft)
3) Social Space Language (4 to 12 ft)
4) Public Space Language (12 ft – 25 ft & more……)

1) Intimate Space Language: (within the circle of 1.5 feet)

Where the speaker and listener are within the circle of about 18 inches
distance. Only family members and close friends can enter this area.

2) Personal Space Language: (1.5 to 4 feet)

Where the speaker and the listener are in the personal space i.e. from 18
inches to 4 feet and in this circle they can have normal personal conversation.
3) Social Space Language: (4 to 12 feet)
Here the circle extends from 4 feet to about 12 feet. This social space
language is used for formal purposes. Most of the business is done within
this area.

4) Public Space Language: (12 to 25 feet ….)

It extends from 12 feet to as far as we can see and hear. In this large space,
Communication becomes formal. In it the speaker speaks at loud pitch so that a large
group of the audience can hear him.

Chronemics / Time Dimension:

Chronemics is the study of the way we structure and use time. Using time implies the
meaning we attach to it.

Monochromic people
Such type of people concentrate on their job and take time commitments seriously. They are
committed to their job and understand their responsibility towards the organization they
work for.
For such type of people timing is very important. For them timing is like commodity, it is
scheduled, managed and arranged. They usually take up one task at a time.

Polychromic People
Such type of people try to do many things at once. They have less importance for professional
commitments in their life. They can break a professional appointment or meeting if their
family needs them without any guilt or an apology.

The most important thing at a work place is the management of time. Similarly
management of time is the watchword of the successful presentation. During the
presentation, if the speaker takes a lot of time, his speech becomes monotonous. To grab the
attention of the audience during presentation, the speaker should try to sum up his
presentation within the allotted time. He should plan and rehearse well so that his speech
will not go beyond the allotted time.
Q.8. Explain various communication skills.

Elaborate upon Communication / Language skills.

Effective communication skills help you to receive and convey information, ideas and
messages in ways that are powerful and appropriate to the situation. Communication skills
can be enhanced by practicing below skills of any language:
Skills of a Communication / Language – LSRW:

1. Listening (L)
2. Speaking (S)
3. Reading (R)
4. Writing (W)

LSRW skills of language are Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing .

With regards to acquiring the language learning abilities, LSRW way of language
learning skills are regularly gained by listening first followed by speaking,
reading and writing. Hence, these abilities are frequently called LSRW way of
learning the language skills.
Language learning would include focus on all the four skills. However, it is se en
that most of the times the reading and writing skills are given more significance
over listening and speaking skills.
In reality, in the process of learning, listening and speaking should take
precedence over reading and writing. The advantages of norma lly learning any
subject / topic can be upgraded incredibly when the LSRW method is practiced
in the same sequence as listed.

1. Listening
2. Speaking
3. Reading
4. Writing

1. Listening
Listening is the primary learning skill. It is what is known as a responsive ability, or
a latent skill, as it expects us to utilize our ears and our minds to understand; as it
is being told or addressed to us. It is the first of two normal learning skills.
Listening is critical to very essential and the most useful and powerful sk ill needed
for effectively understanding and correlating the essentials and fundamentals.
Without the ability to listen adequately, the understanding is essentially mistaken.
Subsequently, correlation separates out and the understanding wades out without
much of a stretch and the learner gets baffled.
2. Speaking
Speaking is the communication medium of learning orally. To talk, we make sounds
utilizing numerous pieces of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal lines,
tongue, teeth and lips.
Speaking is the second of the four language learning skills. Speaking is normally the
second expertise that we learn. Speaking or talking means to communicate, or
expressing one’s thoughts and feelings with a spoken language.
In primary schools elocution and recitation are main sources to master the
phonetics, the sounds, the rhythm, and to an extent the intonation, modulation
and variation in the way to be effective in conveying ideas and information.

3. Reading
One of the primary things you find out about reading is that there are diverse
reading strategies and the students ought to know about which procedure is most
fit, as regard to reading effort is required by the content writer or by the educator
/ teacher.
Preparing the students to know their reading methods and derive when best to
apply them is in reality significant, particularly under test conditions when
opportunity limitations become possibly the most important factor and choices
should be made relying upon time accessibility and the significance of the outcome
that needs to be achieved.
The four fundamental kinds of reading practices are the as under:
a) Skimming – Reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the text
b) Scanning – Reading fast to find some specific facts e.g. reading comprehension
c) Churning - Getting to the gist of the text by thorough reading
d) Assimilation – Mind mapping of information

4. Writing:
Writing is the fourth language expertise we may gain in our learning. Similarly as
with speaking, it is a gainful or dynamic expertise, as it expects us to utilize our
hands and our minds to deliver the composed message, idea, thought or
information that we would have spoken otherwise.
Writing abilities might be improved by giving activities on piece and exploratory
writing. Students ought to be taught and urged to compose, arrange and organize
their thoughts on a given subject or topic. The significance of sequencing their idea,
thought process ought to be appeared so as to acquire cohesiveness, completeness
and accurateness in their writing.
Q.9. Explain 5 Ps of presentation / presentation strategies.

Presentation Strategies – 5 Ps of Presentation:

1) Planning
2) Preparation
3) Practice
4) Performance
5) Passion

The 5Ps of presentation are the guide for a successful presentation, speakers can use these
strategies for better presentation.

Presentations can be overwhelming – there is a lot to consider including the training,

illustrations, and audience beyond flipping through a fancy Power Point inserted with facts
and figures for a better presentation.

Effective presenters are engaging and exciting, building a deep connection to the listeners.
Below strategies should be followed for a successful presentation.

1) Planning:

Planning is one of the important factors in presentation. Be sure to cover the schedule, the
number of participants, objectives, topics, amount of time required per topic, time of practice
and delivery, materials needed, where to rent seminar room, etc. Without any plans, you
have nowhere to go.

2) Preparation:

In order to have a successful presentation, you have to prepare. Preparation includes

knowing your audience and how to effectively interact with them. Answering questions like
“Who are my audiences?”, “What interests them?” and “What do they want to learn in the
presentation?” will guide you to an exciting and engaging conversation.
Find a strategy that will help them retain the matters of discussion. Use visual aids, striking
statements, and group activities.

3) Practice:

Regardless of how colorful the graphics in your slideshows are and how complete the data
are, if you don’t practice, everything may fall flat. Practicing is more than reading out the
script a number of times. It should be focused and structured.
So, before facing your audience, make sure you rehearse your voice, hand gestures, posture,
facial expression, body movement, and timing. Practice in front of a mirror or a camera, at
home, in the office, alone, or with friends. Get feedback from your peers, officemates, or
mentors, then work on the areas that need improvement.

4) Performance:

Presentation is not just about clicking for the next slide and recitation. It’s about establishing
and maintaining a connection with the audience and responding to issues and ideas. All you
have practiced will be actualized – eye contact, face and body projection, etc. Aside from
mastery of the topic, voice plays a major role at this point.
 Power – This is about the volume of your voice. You don’t have to shout to be heard.
Low volume may distract your audience and get bored.
 Pace and Pitch – Proper pacing in enunciating words can help emphasize key points,
build drama, and create excitement. Pitch and tone define the emotional mood of the
presentation. Controlling it would prevent you from sounding dull and monotonous.
Faster pace and higher pitch express excitement and slower pace and lower pitch
express seriousness.
 Pause – Pause gives your audience the time to process, understand, and absorb your
message.
 Pronunciation – Be careful with your pronunciation if you’d like to convey your
message clearly. One mispronounced word could mean a different word.

5) Passion:

Genuine passion propels you to become effective in what you do; in this case, your
presentation. It drives you to exert the best effort from planning up to the presentation.
The 5Ps of presentation – planning, preparation, practice, performance, and passion – are a
guide for a successful presentation. Try to apply this to your next presentation and see how
things have improved from the previous.

Q.10. Explain workshop, seminar and conference along with the structure for writing.

Seminar, Conference & Workshop

Seminar:
A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution or offered by a
commercial or professional organization. It has the function of bringing together small groups
for recurring meetings, focusing each time on some particular subject, in which everyone
present is requested to participate.

Conference:
The term derives from the word confer.

A conference is a meeting of people, often lasting a few days, which is organized on a

particular subject, or to bring together people who have a common interest. Conferences can
be used as a form of group decision-making, although discussion is not always the primary
purpose of conferences.

A formal meeting of people with a shared interest, typically one that takes place over several
days, e.g. "an international conference on the environment".

Difference between Conference and Seminar Paper Writing:

Attribute Conference Seminar

Meaning A conference refers to a large A seminar is an instructional
formal gathering of several event, wherein one or more
people or members, to talk experts communicate some
about a specific topic or information, through lecture
subject of common interest. or general discussion.
Number of 50-1000 5-50
People
Objective To get an opinion or solution To educate, discuss and
for an issue guide.
Participation Limited participation Active participation
of Audience
Organized at Organization or hotel meeting Seminar Hall of Institution,
Place space or an arranged space.
Duration Few Days One hour or more
Type of work Presentation and Exchange of Presentation and Discussion
views

What is workshop?
Workshop is a short-term academic event, where a small group of people meet to get
acquainted and discuss new concepts, skills or new practices. Attending a professional or
academic workshop is not only an opportunity to receive new insights or knowledge, but also
an excellent chance to meet your professional and academic peers and create your own
network.
Workshops are mainly organized by departments of universities or laboratories and are
mainly devoted to anniversaries of scholars and scientists, establishment of institutions and
centres or acknowledge an important event or findings in science, technology and
humanities. Workshops and conferences may sometimes have the same meaning and be
used interchangeably.
Workshops abroad offer an even more attractive perspective of travelling and inter-cultural
exchange. Considering that a number of donor organizations offer full or partial funding for
participation in any youth, development or educational workshops it is more than realistic to
get funding for travelling to attend an international workshop. Today, attending an online
workshop is another great option to consider, if it is not very likely to travel and even to leave
your home or office space.

What makes workshops different from other events?

While being different from other types of educational events, e.g. seminars, trainings and
conferences, workshops aim to deliver practical skills, reflect on new concepts. Workshops
and seminars are more or less similar to each other, though workshops focus more on
delivering practical information and tips. The commonalities between trainings and
workshops are more, definitely, but trainings are meant to be more interactive and
participant-driven. Workshops also have a lot in common with conferences and can even be
part of conferences: a conference session may consist of various more specific and
professional workshops, where participants with the same interest, goals meet.

Structure of writing a Seminar / Conference Paper:

1. Title Page
2. Table of contents
3. Abstract
4. Introduction
5. Body: Literature review, Implementations, Results, Discussion and Analysis
6. Conclusion
7. Citations and References