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3B - Lines and Planes in 3D

lines and planes in 3 D linear algebra in one variables

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12 views6 pages

3B - Lines and Planes in 3D

lines and planes in 3 D linear algebra in one variables

Uploaded by

NIDHI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lines and Planes in 3D

In a 3D game, there can be interaction between 2D and 3D elements.

• Linear motions can be represented by lines in ℝ3 .


• Surfaces can be made from polygons with a shared edge between them.

IMAGE SOURCE: VIRTUA FIGHTER – HARDCORE GAMING 101 COPYRIGHT SEGA

Hypothetical Example:
A punch in 3D space follows a path that is approximately linear for 𝑡𝑡 ∈ [0,1000] milliseconds.

𝑥𝑥 = 1.6 + 20𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 = 2.2 + 30𝑡𝑡
𝑧𝑧 = 2.5 − 0.1𝑡𝑡

We want to know whether it will pierce a rectangular target plane (segment).

3𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 0

0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 600
1 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 800
Notice that in our example above, the plane equation has 3 variables. Inside an augmented matrix, its
rank would be 1, giving us 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑟𝑟 = 3 − 1 = 2 parameters. Our plan in parametric form is:

In general, the parametric form of a plane is:

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥0 + 𝑎𝑎1 𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑡𝑡


𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦0 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑡𝑡
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧0 + 𝑎𝑎3 𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑡𝑡
Where 𝑠𝑠, 𝑡𝑡 are parameters and vectors 𝒂𝒂 = (𝑎𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑎3 ) and 𝒃𝒃 = (𝑏𝑏1 , 𝑏𝑏2 , 𝑏𝑏3 ) are not parallel.

Question: Why do you think 𝒂𝒂 and 𝒃𝒃 must not be parallel?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

The other most common form for a plane’s equation is its Standard Form, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑑𝑑, where
𝒏𝒏 = (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) is the normal vector to the plane.

A normal vector is _____________________________________________________________________.

How do we know if this criterion is met?

Dot Products in 2D and 3D Space


Example:
In ℝ2 , compute the dot product of 𝒎𝒎 = (3,1)
and 𝒏𝒏 = (−1,3). Then, graph both vectors.

Try calculating 𝒎𝒎 ⋅ 𝒗𝒗 for other vectors 𝒗𝒗.

You may also try 𝒗𝒗 ⋅ 𝒎𝒎 or computing similar dot products with 𝒏𝒏 instead of 𝒎𝒎. What do you notice?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
For our calculations above …

• we don’t actually know the angles between pairs of vectors (yet).

• what about other properties of the dot product?

To obtain the angle between two vectors, we can use the following theorem.

Dividing both side by |𝒗𝒗||𝒘𝒘|, we get:


Proof:
The key is to make a triangle using 𝒗𝒗, 𝒘𝒘, and 𝒗𝒗 − 𝒘𝒘 with 𝜃𝜃 as the angle between 𝒗𝒗 and 𝒘𝒘. We’ll use the
Cosine Law (𝑐𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⋅ cos 𝐶𝐶), and dot-product properties (Theorem 4.2.1)

Example:
In ℝ3 , what is the angle between vectors 𝒂𝒂 = (−1,0,4) and 𝒃𝒃 = (3,2, −5)?

Example:
In ℝ3 , a vector 𝒗𝒗 = (4, −8,1) forms a 33° angle with vector 𝒘𝒘 = (0,2, 𝑧𝑧). Determine the value of 𝑧𝑧.
Planes and the Dot Product

A simple way to define a plane is using a vector that is orthogonal to all vectors within that plane.

Consider the following:

Let 𝑃𝑃0 (𝑥𝑥0 , 𝑦𝑦0 , 𝑧𝑧0 ) be a fixed point in a plane.

Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) represent any point in the same plane.

If vector 𝒏𝒏(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) is orthogonal to the plane, then:

Therefore:

Example:
Find an equation of the plane having normal vector 𝒏𝒏 = (−2,0,5) and containing point (3,1, −4).
Simplify your equation to Standard Form.
Example (continued):
For the plane above …

• which of the following points are in the plane? 𝐴𝐴(8,9, −2), 𝐵𝐵(4,3,0)

• how are each of the following lines related to this plane?


Line 𝐿𝐿1 : {𝑥𝑥 = 3 − 4𝑡𝑡, 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑡, 𝑧𝑧 = −2 + 𝑡𝑡}
Line 𝐿𝐿2 : {𝑥𝑥 = 15 + 10𝑡𝑡, 𝑦𝑦 = 4, 𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 4𝑡𝑡}

Homework
• Read textbook section 4.2 except for sections titled “Projections” and “Cross Product”.
We’ll cover those in note 3B.

• Solve exercises 4.2 #1-3, 5-9, 14cd, 15ab, 17, 19

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