ee cy DERIVATIVE AT A GIVEN POINT =~, ‘The concept of the derivative of a real valued function ata point is intimately connected with that of the slope of the tangent to the curve (graph of the function) at the given point onit. Let y = f(x) be a function which is defined in some Chfey S-neighbourhood of c where 6 is a small positive real number and f is continuous at x = c ie. at the point P(c, f(0)). Let Q (c + h, f(c + h)) be any other point on the graph of f (shown in fig. 11.1) where c +h lies in the Y x neighbourhood of c i. h is very small, h# 0, it may be oh Positive or negative. In fig. 11.1, we have shown the case Fig. 11.1, when h> 0. ine PQ = Le+h- fl) _ fle+W)- fl) Slope of the line PQ = AE*E LO - ferA-f0), Now, if we hold the point P fixed and let Q approach P closer and closer, the value of the slope varies. The line PQ rotates about the point P till it reaches its limiting position when Q ultimatey coincides with P. In this position, the line PQ becomes a tangent to the curve (graph of f) at P. The limiting value of the slope when Q-» Pie. Lt, feat (if it exists) is called the derivative of fat the point x = ¢, it is denoted by f"(c) (read as f-dash c). The indicated limit may exist at some points and may fail to exist at some other points Moreover, we can approach P either from left or from right. This leads to the following definitions of the derivative at a given point: A function fis said to havea left derivative at x = if fis defined in some (undeleted) left neighbourivot ofcand Lt LE*W- LO exists Ginitely), h0- A The value of this limit is called the left derivative at x = c and is denoted by f'(c) or Lf'(c) ie. fe+h)= flo) roy= Le LEHR KO £0 h=0- h A function f is said to have a right derivative at x = c iff f is defined in some (undeleted) rg! neighbourhood of cand | Li, fer fo exists (finitely). aor TOR NRE a. =e ie a Me The value of this limit is called the right derivative at x “and is denoted by f'(c) or Ry = Lp Le+h~ fee memes fO= Lt es, 0 A function fis said to have a derivative at x fle+h)- fo) one ek = c iff fis defined in some (undeleted) neighbourhood ofc exists (finitely) The value ofthis limit is called the derivative at © = cand is denoted by fc C) ie. f= ur Le+h~ fo) ho A = From the above definitions, the left and right derivatives ex it follows that the derivative of @ function f at x= c exists re equal. ist separately at tha Geometrically (slope of tangent) The left derivative (if it exists) at x = ¢ point P(c, f(c)) from the left side and of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point PC, f( (if it exists) at x = c represents the slope of the tangent Therefore, the derivative of the function fat x on both sides of the point P(c, f(c)) in its imm, tangent from the left and right coincide and Hence, the derivative of a function f at tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (c, The derivative of a function f at x iffboth t point and a aks =f(x)atthe Tepresents the slope (©)) from the right side; and the derivative to the curve y = f(x) at the point PC, f(o). = cwill exist iff the tangent to the curve y = f(x) exists ediate neighbourhood as well as atx =c itself and the this common tangent is not parallel to y-axis, the point x = c will exist iff there is one and only one S(O) and is not parallel to y-axis, = cis also called differential coefficient of fat x = A function fis said to be differentiable at a point c iff the derivative Of fat cexists. The process of finding the derioative of a function is called differentiation, Derivative at any point A function fis said to havea derivative at any point x iff itis defined in some (undeleted ) neighbourhood of the point xand Lt fash fe) exists (finitely). The value of this limit is called the derivative of fat any point x and is denoted by f (ie. L(x +h) f(x) “(x)= Lp 22 ae ho h Other notations ; There are different notations for the derivative of a function. Sometimes it is denoted by = (fx) af orby 2. . fevitee taper! ay ’ If the function fis written as y = f(x), then its derivative is written as ie OTM) d af (2) ; The derivative atx = cis denoted by (f(x))/c or (4. ct io ae i iat ing definition. By differentiation from first principles or ab-initio, we mean differentiation by using det aS = 2 2 TT Differentiation meDERIVATIVE AS INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE Let y= f(x) be a function of x and let independent variable x changes from > , . consequently dependent variable y changes from y toy + Sy. +e So, y + dy =f (x + 8x) | => by=f(x+8x)-f (x) by _ f(x +8x)- f(x) ox br => . Pee Average rate of change of y per unit change in x= <4 As 8x ~ 0, the limiting value of / becomes instantaneous (actual) rate of change wrt. x, say & = Instantaneous rate of change of y wart. x S05 > u¥ien ingen =f) 8508x400 HY _ Ly L(x+dx)- f(x) - = dx en bx =f) [ Le Bay © 8:5 08r yp Hence, physically a represents the instantaneous (actual) rate of change of y wrt. x Example 1. If f (x) = x2 ~ 5x + 7, find f*(3) and f° ( ) from definition. Hence, show tht # (2) -27@. Solution. Given f (x) = x2 - 5x +7, By det. f"3) = Lt, fe+0- 10) = Lt G+hP-56+H +7) x3+7]) hao A BE teens, Also F(Z) = Lt 1G+4)-1() 0 h (by def) 7 le ( ea) -sd07] = et Le (h+2)=2, Now s'(2) =2=2x1=2f'(@).xample 2 Find the derivatives ofthe following functions from fist principles (p ax+b,ae0,b20 () (1-2) d sotution. () Let (x) = ax +b. (iii) 3-27, By def, f(a) = ,L4, SE*B=LG)_ py (eles += (oxo) h ah = Bo = Ho = Gi) Let f(x) = = 1) (x-2) = 37-3 +2. By def..f(2) = Lt, h = Lp tbh = 34H) +2) [2-32 +2] ho i = uy Beth 3h Sy am es cam) 2042x-3=2r-3. ii) Let f(x) = 3° - 27. = pp LEAM=FO) py [ert 8-27] - (29 = 27) Bydet fe) =, EGLO aI 3x2h + 3xh? + 1 Pepe ese ae le 2) pet a ht Gx? + Sx +H?) = 3x2 43x x 0+ 02 = 3x2. Example 3. Find the derivaties ofthe following functions from first principles : x2-1 x oF (i Solution. () Let) = 75 note that fis not defined at x= 0. 1 b- Gen By def.,/"(2) = |Lt, fen fe = Lt, coe =u (x4 h) = 2hx = h? = eto net hex? ho (e+ hx? =2x-h _ -2x-0 ee 10 (eels? (e+ 0x? (ii) Let f(x) = x—1, note that fis not defined at x = Ei 10) By def, (2) = Lt pice “ earsZ * Game _ 1 | =i h =f (e+hx 1 1 ele ery et tO 1+ oe es Example 4, Find the derivatives of the following functions from first principles axtb ( 283 Hah 2. Solution. (Let f(x) = 2=*3, note that fis not defined at x=2 Ax+h)+3_2x+3 fe+h)-f®) - (x+h)- : x-2 h By def, f(x) = Lt, 7 Le GL MGe+ 3+ 2H) == 2+ AE) * 4290 h(x + h=2)(x-2) (x-2)2h-h(2x+3) 90 h(x +h 2)(x-2) =7h -7 = ss it — fad Reh 2e- | nop eek 28) ee /x#2. (x+0-2(r-2) (x-2)? (i) Let (x) = = note that fis not defined at x =~ 4. cxtd € a(x+h)+b ax+b By det. @)= 2 L itl fam areata cxtd Beg aaa batch) CHIE) Keer each) ee) h30 (ex +d + ch)(cx +d) = Lp Met a~ chert) _ yy ai be noo h(ex+d+chy(cx+d) t0(ex+d+ch)(ex+d) ad be ad ~ be a ~ (exrd+0)(ex+d) ia era) ci ~ Example 5. Find the derivative of Jax +b from first prize Solution. Let (x) = Vax +b. ny) = Le L2+W= fe) By def, f'(x) = Lt, nie Sis aREUEN aay b-var+b h0 ane eee x Mest) + ah + Jax tb 40 maser lax+b ON \(ax +b)+ ah ~(ax + by oe (Max 6) + ah + Jax+ by ah = Loi fax +b) + ah + Jax+b) a nto ars bran lax +b) = oa i Bier EXERCISE 11.7 1, Using definition, find the derivatives of the follow: (a fx) =3xatx=2 (i fe)= 1-4? atx=1 2, For the function f, given by f(x) = 2x3 9324 195 4 9, show that f'(1) = f"(2), 3, Find the derivatives of the following functions from first principles : ing functions at the indicated points : (i) f@)=22 42x47 atx=3 (9 3x-5 (i) @-3P (i) 8 (iv) xy 1 oS (oy St (it) x42 fit) 3x44 Answers Or 1 03 (i) 8 (iii) -8 : i 1 6 3 (3 (i) 2-3) iii) 3x2 os @ -§ a ne in Some standard results on derivatives 1. The derivative of a constant function is zero, Proof. Let f(x) = ¢, for all x © R where c is a fixed real number. = up L+W-f) _ 5, c-e By fo) 4, EOF yo 0 “yf ago (reo) =0, a fe, (0 = 0, for allx eR, / va 2. The derivative of x is 1, aa Proof. Let f(x) = x E By det, f(x) = 1p Lem) ~ fle _ em cat Sacre \ h0 h h0 F ho h hooh je Sy) = a” L = —_—_——_,.—4—3. The derivative of x" is nx", where n is any positive integer. Proof. Let f(x) = x", n N. By def, f(x) = Le £@+W= fa) yt Ly ahha xt hoo A 0 h (x+ hy" xthox (x+h)-x = nxt ie. L(x") = nx, ax This result is known as power formula. Remark . (using bt Pow a xq Sng a LLhLFrrlr—=“ ‘$s The above result ie. (2%) = nx"1 is true forall rational powers of x ie. n can be any », ax jong] number. However, we will not prove it here. 4. The derivative of (ax + b)" is n(ax + b)1 a, where n is any positive integer ang fixed real numbers. Proof. Let f(x) = (ax + by", n © N. By def, f(x) = Le LE+M= fl) _ py (aes b+ by (ax h0 h 40 h (ax-+b + ahi)" - (ax + by" = lta. h>0 ah - l (ax + b+ ah)" — (ax +b)" axtb+ah—ar+h (ax + b + ah) — (ax + b) = a.n(ax + byt ie. Le + B)") = n(ax + byTa, Moreover, the above result is true for all rational values of n. 5. Algebra of derivatives (sh 0 2 ax+b+ahsaryy 4b am ) using Lt =" ~ ngr-1) SB Ty xa koa } We state some results (without proof) which enable us to evaluate the derivatives in many problems. J is a differentiable function at x and g is the function defined by g(x) = cf(x), then (x) = cf'(2), where c is a fixed real number a a ak ie (Se) =e. af). oS of the function. Thus, the derivative of a scalar multiple of the function is the scalar multiple of the derivative (i) If f and g are differentiable functions at x and if h is the function defined by A(x) = f(x) + g(x), then h'(x) = f'(x) + g(x) 4 a a ie. aT +g) = 7 (fF) + de gw). Thus, the derivative of the sum of two functions is the sum of their derivatives.reese a eee eee Gi) If f and g are differentiable functions at x and h is the function defined by h(x) = f(x) ~ (3), then h(x) = f(x) ~ g(x) a a a {fF @) - g&) = cs ie —V 8 Fo a SO). Thus, the derivative of the difference of two functions is the difference of their derivatives, (io) If f and g are differentiable functions at x and if h is the function defined b ix) = fe) 802), then W(x) = fl) g(x) + g(x) f°(2) @ a = eae a ie. Forse = fe). GO) + 9.4 (Fay, Thus, the deriontive of the product of two differentiable functions = first function x derivative of second function + second function x derivative of first function. This is known as product rule or Leibnitz’s rule. : Extension of the product rule Iffg and h are three differentiable functions at x, then pa = J a fe SOSH = fy g0) Zen + FING) (LN + sthe-£ (Fe), In fact, this rule can be extended to any finite number of derivable functions. (0) If f and g are differentiable functions at x and h is the function defined by (x) " “ hex) = £2, gx) 2 0, then h'(x) = SOF)- fg) goa’ o Gor ie. —| = 1 Six) #0. a d iy (ee _ 8O- FY O ~ fd. Fg dx\ g(x) (g(x)? Thus, the derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions _ deno, x derivative of num. — num. x derivative of deno. (denominator)? This is known as quotient rule. ng F ; d 6. Iff is a differentiable function at x, then — ((f(x))") = n(f(x))".f'(x), where n is any positive integer. a 7. Derivative of polynomials Let f(x) = agx” +.a;x""1 + ayx"™2 +... +4, yx +a, be a polynomial function, where dy, @y, @y, -., a, are fixed real numbers and 7 is a positive integer. Then the derivative of the polynomial f(x) is given by fC) = mage) + (n— Vax? + (1 2a" + 2. + ayy. [Proof of this result is just the application of the above results 1, 2, 3 and 5(i), (i).] Example 1. Find the derivatives of the following functions: (0 337-522 +9 (iy 242 eeOO = gs Solution. (i Let f(x) = 3x7 —5x2 +9, diff. wart. x, we get d 4 (5x2)4 4 FO) = Fax? 51249) = 5 Br) + 5) + FO) da 4 (2) 4.0 =3.726-5.2x1 ~, 3.5 (07) + (25). 7) + =21x6— 10x. (i Let fosy= E+ 5 aiff. wnt. x, we get Y G-9-40)-40 +52 =} 1145.(1).22 (iit) Let f(x) = (ax? + by? = ax + 2abx? + D2, diff. went. x, we get FQ) = Se) + Fats?) + 4 ®) ee Hy 4 =a “OY + Dab. (0?) + = (2) = @.4x3 + Dab.2x1 +0 = 4ax3 + daby = 4ax (ax? +b). Example 2. Find the derivative of x" + ax"! + a2y"2 4... 4 aly 4 gn, and n is any positive integer. where a is some fixed rey me Solution. Let f(x) = x" + ax"-1 + arr 24 tan lx al, diff, wrt. x, we get FOR) = E(t ae" 4 e241 4 00) = Lem a 4 (nt) 4 24 Gn-2 n-1 a q ge O40 TN PE (D4 ag z+ Le) FMT 4 a. Dah—2 a2 (De 3 4 a1. 4.9 = mx"—1 + (n—ax"-24 (n—2)a2e"-3 4g gn-1, Example 3. Find the derivatives of the following functions : 3 @ 4G-4r) oy (=+4) e Solution. (i) Let f(x) = x4 (3-415) = 3x-4_ 49, diff. wart. x, we get FR) =3 x (4) - 4 x (9) x10 =~ 12x + 36-10 = -12x°5 (1-355), rg 1 1(,,1 (ii) Let f(x) = (x+4) amt, sox 4(x+4) = x3 419+ 3x4 3x4, diff. want. x, we get f (x) = 3x2 + (-3)x443.x143(-1)x2 3 3 =ax2- 5 43-5 =ax2—-— +3-—.* a Example 4. fy= Vz + Se Prove that 2x SL +y= Wr, . 1 Solution. Given y= Vx + Je att x12, ditt. wink x, we get dy 1 -y24(—1) 3p - Boge (g) ee eae eae ae oe ee 2 whe f-F oat sy. Fa) +(e+4) = ar +y= vx. Example 5. fy = E+ E prove that day ee x 1 Solution. Given y = Ha + & ape + Vax¥?, diff wart. x, we get #4 yap pelle yt +a eee PETE 2-VE DEO <2 5 peels fi - #(2-2). prove that (2m ) +32-3=0, E 2 a dy = 7 Solution. Given y = #(t-3)- ee _ diff. want. x, we get ees x 2a-iy 24342 2 2 5 Bf 3 57a 3 Hog-s)seo-e (Peat (alles (es (> 2x *)e-acaaatesse0 Example 7. Find the derivatives of the following functions : 2 o 3x44 (i) (x2 +1) (x-2) aoe Solution. (i) Let f (x) = (x2 + 1) (x- 2) = x3 - 2x? + x—2, diff. want. x, we get f'@) = 3x22, 2x) 41-0 = 3x2— 4x +1.= Alternatively f(x) = (x2 + 1) (x2), diff. wart. x, we get £@ 2 d -2.£ P41). E-2)4 04-2). FO +1) (rogue, = (x2 +1) (1-0) + (x-2) (2x + 0) sx241+2x2— 4x = 3x24 +1. Set 4 ditt, want. x, we get x49 Gi) Let fo) = = (6x? -7x +9)-H@r + 4-044) L622 -7x+9) i (quot i (Gx? =7x +97 tient rule) = OHA a 7x +9 x14 0) Ge + Gx 2¢- 741+) (6x2 = 7x + 9 = 3(5x? = 7x +9) - (3x + 4)(10x-7) (Gx? -7x +97 = 15x? - 21x +27 - (30x? + 19x ~ 28) _ 55- 40x - 15x? (5x2 -7x +97 {5x2 = 7249) © | Example 8. Find the derivatives of the following functions + : 1 (ee i peesgrer | Solution. (i) Let f(x) = = = = , diff, wart. x, we get | = | a \\ ae orca (x-a) | f@= Gaae (quotient rule) { | = = anx" ~ 0)~ (" - a" -0) | (x= a? = 1a = max") = x 4a" _ (n= 1x" — nax"1 + a" ema = =a x#a, 0 i axt+b " (i) Let fla) = PAP dif. wt we get | 2 a a roe Pe + 4 NF ea + DY ex +O) lpx? + gx +7) (px? + gx +7 (quotient rule) art ry y = DEA get Na.14 0)— (ex + Dp 24+ g.140) (px? + gx +r? = Me? + gx +1) (ax + px +9) __ apr? = APA + get 1) (ax + bY Rpe + 9) _ apr + 2bp: = peer eee ar OEE) Ge tgere | “ooExample 9. Find the derivatives of the following functions : (i) (ax +b) (cx +d? Gi) (ax + by" (cx + aym Solution. (i) Let f(x) = (ax +b) (cx + d)?, diff. wrt, x, mm eN. we get d f@ = (ax +b). — (cx + d)2) ce a aaa, ACea) (product rule) = (ax+b).2ex+d)lc+ (x4 d)2(at +0) d =2e(ax +1) (ced) +alersgp ( By MAX + bY") = nlax + by g, result 4) = (2c(ax + b) + a(cx +d)) (cx +d) = (Bacx + 2be + ad) (cx + d), (if) Let f(x) = (ax +b)" (cx +d)", 2, meN, Differentiating w.rt. x, we get FO) = (a+ 2 (cx dy") + exsayn, (e+e (product rule) = (ax + BY" (cx + d™0+ (cx +d)" n(ax + BY g i = (ax + BY (cx + dy" (me(ax + b) + na(cx + d)) = (ax + BY (cx +d)" (acm +n) x-+ (be + nad), & EXERCISE 11.2 : Find the derivatives of the following (1 to 5) functions wert. x p i a is? (i) 4x -2 (ii) aS +b2+cx+d (iv) ate x 2 o(2+4) to (Joa) i) | 2x += i 55 : i) ( e+ +) : | 3. (i) x3 (6 + 3x) @)_8 B-6r%), 4. () (@x+3) Gx2-7x +1) Gi) Qx-77 Gx +58 | 5. @) Pam i) aa cee | 6. For the function f, given by f(x) = 2x2 3x +7, show that f’(2) = 5f"(1). 7. If for the function of f defined by f(x) = kx? —5x + 4, f" (3) = 37, find the value of k. re 2 dy = 8. Ify=x+ ~, prove that 1744 —xy+2=0, Find the derivatives of the following (9 to 11) functions : x-a@ ax+b ., (2x + 1)(3x-1) , 1 SG asd Ma ain=c seme fart cercy persqrtr ax? + be tc aero ear DENS See ee 1 3-3 (ii) + (iff) 3ax2+2bx+c¢ (iv) 8341 2 (ex- 2 (i) 1-5 3. ()-15r-4— 6x3 (ii) 15x4 + 245 x | See SEE Ree4, (i) 30x? + 2x-19 (i) (2x-7) Gx + 5)? (Ox ~ 43) 5 3 1 1 i ie 5. OF R- oR taE (ii) 4x+10+ rea cal 622 +10x+1) i) ___2ar sy a-b ay ad - be 40. (9 SS 3. © RoE @) Gara («+ 5) ieee oa eo (aq — bp)x? + Bar — pox + br ~ cq n jor a we = (i) (pet tage tn? E FUNCTIONS DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSIT! and y = fa) is differentiable at , then y is diferent, le Theorem. Ifu = g(x) is differentiable at x atxand (We accept it Without prog, ) dy _ dy du dx du dx ‘Another form. The above theorem can If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x), then the composite funciy, h(x) = f(gta)) is differentiable at x and W(x) = f'@o).¥ Chain Rule, The above rule is called the chain rule of differentiation, since determin, the derivative of y = f(g(x)) at x involves the following chain of steps: 8 (i) First, find the derivative of the outer function f at g(2) (ii) Second, find the derivative of the inner function g at x. (ii) The product of these two derivatives gives the required derivative of the composite functny {fog at x. The chain rule is a very important and useful tool in di to have sufficient practice in the use of this rule. ‘The chain rule works perfectly well to more than two fu Corollary 1. If h(x) = (f(2))" and fis differentiable at x, then He) = n(f@y". f'@). Proof. Let f(x) = wand g(u) = u", then h(x) = w" = g(u) = g(f(®), differentiate using chain rule We) = SFO) LO (since u = f(x) and g/(u) exists) = ¥(u). f(@) = nu fe) = n(x)" fe). ay Corollary 2. 4 = ao provided & 40. dt also be stated as: ferentiation. The reader is advise inctions. This result is very useful in dealing with parametric functions. di 1 . : Corollary 3. 4 ar Provided & £0. dy This result is very useful in dealing with inverse functions. ie Ga 4 mT, meee. be emati Beene: matic aes aee = eee ae dy Corollary 4. = rollaryrivative of absolute value function Det ta y= izle Va? differentiating wrt. x, we get 1 ae! - Lz Wy Aay7 (p22 xe x 20, dx 2! dx wi Ix] d 5 th , Thus, 7 (ID = 777 Tada) Example 1. ifferentiate the following functions w.r.t, x : 3 @ Ve-3,x>5 (i) Gx? ~ 5x + 177, Solution. (i) Let f(x) = V2x=3 = (2x - 3)1/2, differentiating wrt. x, we get pie) = 2 @x-3y1?2, a (2x -3) 1 . a 3 = 5(2x-3)1/2 2.1-0) = BI hae ale ) Vacs’ ">>: (ii) Let y = (3x? - 5x + 1)’, differentiating w.rt. x, we get dy = - 6. 4 By2_ iia niece area Coe) = 78x? - 5x + 1)6 3.2x1- 5.140) = 7(3x2 - 5x + 1)§ (6x - 5). rae Example 2. Differentiate the following function wrt, x: V2 +1- weet ox Senet _ ¥eti-x _ Ve ti-x, Vt t1-x an Siro TP ieee R41 —x = (241+ 2 2eV9241 2x? 41-21 : [7 (24-22 = 2x24 1-2 Vx2 +1, differentiating w.rt. x, we get # =22+0-2 [x40 +172 ov + Vx? “1 ir x2 +1 . Dapaye ayy Bample 3. fy = (r+ ve? 402)", prove that # ea Solution. Given y = (x + Vx? + a2)" aC] Differentiating wart. x, we get Z x2 4(x2 +1) 2x2 41 Ea, | ee +] =40-2. =| c (a ¥; Vai & =n (x4 Vx? +P a iP +a?) a ix =n (x4 Vx? + a2 yl [rede + ary 2 25]Sey vere ex =n er rem (lets n(x Ve +) “aa 9 Ges ay (us Pea re ng ( )) ayy eer pec ueee-0 Solution. Given y = (x + ve? =1)" ah Differentiating w.rt. x, we get 4 mtorr [ied 9? 2s] dx =m (x4 Vx? 1)". = m.(e+ x2 1)" {us Gave aay" we! es my Te -1 '8(i) On sesing ea both sides, we get ay) _ my? a (2)= Eel (2) -S4 se a es Example 5. Differentiate |x? — 51 wart. x. Solution. Let y = |x? - 51, differentiating w.rt. x, we get dy _ 2-5 a ( ere ee 4. o- ae 5 HltD= x40) | eae = ae 5) or 0)= See EXERCISE 11.3 L () If = 4-2? ,xe (2,2), find FQ). (i) Ief@x) = Vi- x? , xe (0,1), find f(x). Differentiate the following (2 to 4) wa:t. x: 2. () V2x-1 (i) Gx2-9x +5). Bx+2 aie a 2x7 +4 i) ate” ) Wate -Va-x Ren arses et “Orne OE. 5. Find the derivative of |227-3| with respect to x. Answerseee Cee 3. Os fara2 Ge +ape’™ (a-V@—%) r oP inte IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION ify bea function of x defined by an equation such as y = 74-533 + 2+ 22-3 y is said to be defined explicitly in terms of x and we write y = f(x) where f(x) = 74 - 5x3 + 1122 + J2x-3, However, if x and y are connected by an equation of the form x4y3 - 32345 + 743 — 8x2 +9 = 0 «(ii) ie. f(x, y) = 0, then y cannot be expressed explicitly in terms of x. But, still the value of y depends upon that of xand there may exist ‘one or more functions as to satisfy equation (ii) or there may not exist any of the functions For example : Consider the equations w+y?-25 = 0 and x2 +2425 =0 In equation (iii), y may be expressed explicitly in terms of x, of x, Here, we have two functions of x (or two functions of y if old) {f connecting y with x so satisfying equation (ii). but y is not a function y were considered to be independent variable) f, and f, defined by f,(x) = V25—2? and f,(x) = -V25=x2 which satisfy equation (iii. In equation (iv), there are no real values of x that can =eS EXERCISE 11.4 Find a in the following (1 to 4) : 2 i) Pv? 1. x-y=n (i) 24+ yP=25. 2. (xy=e (it) at iz = 2029, 3.) Vet fy=ve i) B+ y+ apr +P =81. i 2oy 4. (G2 + PP = xy ( ayy 5. Ifx2/3 4 y2/3 = 2, find at (1,1). Answers rr TE 1 1 (ii) a 2 (i) (i) a iy _3xt 4 2y +? ae £ (CO ~y oy + 3y? = 4x3 — Ay? a An) eae Zz 5. -1 OT sara Oe Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions ave (i) Derivative of e* is e%, for all xe R. Proof. Let f(x) = e*, for all x € R. f(x ne fC apr eae By def. f(@)= Lt, ues a A=) ea oh “noo 5 =e1 =F. Thus, 2 (&) =e, for all xe R. (ii) Derivative of log x is z, where x > 0. Proof. Let f(x) = log x, x > 0. xth log 27" 1 By def, te) = 4 PREM OE (vb>03%20) xee 14 ete) 1) x x90 alo te a 4 (log x) = 4, where x > 0. important deductions 1, Derivative of a*, a> 0, a1. Some d @y = Le 'o8a pra aaee (2 ot eer bogy d xloga, 4 = et loga d 08 4. (x log a) = et log + log a=) =a® log a. 1=a* log a. Thus, d= * log a,a>0,a#1. 2, Derivative of log, x, x >0,a>0,a¥1. 4 dog, 2) = 4282 A tops = (joes (Base changing formula) 1d 1 1 (log x)= a le i xloga” a at Thus, 7 (log ) = Hoga’ 7% 4>0a41 3. Derivative of log|x|, x # 0. d ae = (log |x|) = —-—-(x)=—. A dog iz!) = pagel =e eee Gt2 Ths, # (ogix|)= 2, x#0. 4. Derivative of log,|x|,x #0, a>0,a#1. da _ 4 (log |x| . aq (Bal #1) = 4 ga (Base changing formula) es 1 Toga’ dx © xloga da i. Thus, = —_,x40,a>0,a41. Ms, 7 lOBalI) = eget #0 a> 0004 Example 1. Differentiate the following functions: ( 5* + log x i =. ( x Solution. (i) Let y = 5* + log x, differentiating wart. x, we get dy fl 1 de 7% log 5+ 7 =5* log 5+ —. St ot sommeme rename: ea RY- (ii) Lety = ar differentiating wrt * we get x5,8%.log 8 — gxgx7 _ x78%(xlog8- 8) = U dx (8)? = Sismgs-8 = : 5 (to58- 5) — ». Find the derivatives of the following functions: Example 2. ; =a Em log (x + Vx? - 0?) (ii) bog Sei i i nt. x, we get Solution. (i) Let y = 108 (x+ (2 -a*), differentiating w.tt- * W' i dy 4 ato?) ax xt aS @ dx 1 pete eee] el . eli" rave 1 ye — a2 +x _ xt yx? Gon EE) eet Vx-1 yi-Vvr-1 (i Let y = log, ( = log (x + Vx? - 1), differentiating w.rt- x we get | wo frder-m72y] 1 -ote (aa) a Example 3. If y = e388 * +2, prove that 44 = xe? (2x + 3) FA Solution. Given y = ¢3108** 2 = clog? . e2¥ = x3 e?* (= el =3,x>0) Differentiating w.rt. x, we get x = x3. 2 +e, 3x2 = x2e% (2x + 3). Example 4. If y = 9!%83%, show that # = 2k. ix Solution. Given y = 9198 = (3208s = 326857 = gloss? = (2 al0Ba® = )| yw Any. c Gampie 00 yer += 0% pox iar ees Cn) { de (er =1)" i Ifet +e =e *Y, prove that = ex, it ae _ ei _ ae netsorution. (9 Given = ial Differentiating both sides of (i) w.rt. x, regarding y as a function of x, 0 we get ete # =e (+4 ) wy YW ott ay ay ayy a a eee ety ony rey Y a coy ay ay X(eY pa (e-) =e @-1 > Ya_ee! 2 PC“ DE =e 1 Hae (ip Given e+e! = &*, dividing both sides by e+, we get ev +e*=1, diff. wart x rad (-2) +e) =05ey 4 px ax dx ee > te ae Example 6. If y = Solution. Given y _) dy, (eV (CF + eFEM) (CF + (CX (1) ax ae xe ee ete (using () Example 7. I'y = og( + ¥). prove that 4 ay Solution. Given y = log( + =) = log («+ 1) - Flog x, 2x(x+1) 2x(x+1) Example 8. If yx? +1 = log (Vx? +1- x), prove that (x2 + ne +xy+1=0. ix Solution. Given y Vx? +1 = log (vx? +1- x) ‘.)) senteing both sides of (i) want. x, regarding y as a function of x, we get oie Me | 1 2-1] ‘oF dx aca 2x? +1 = Hu. Jzae vx? +1 eae y Vent = qatea inl = ay S G+ =-1 = (241) 2 eryt1=0 pane Bois sli: wa a- nt ar Example 9. Ify = ylosx* log x + flog x + + prove that x(2y solution. Given y = ylogx + ylog x + fiog x + = i | (using (p) = y= flogxty => pelogxty. Differentiating w.nt. x, we get rn es pit = ate tha Oy Mae ax (y- Di Wie ! EXERCISE 11.5 Differentiate the following (1 to 3) functions wert. X ¢ a) 10" + Let — 2 log x (i) e* 2 jer (iy Ve® x > 0 3. (i) log (log x), x > 1 (ii) logy (log 2), * > 1+ (9 If f(t) = 4 and f'(1) = 2, find the value of the derivative of log f(e*) wt. x a x=0. . (ii) If Fla) = e*g(2), (0) = 2 and 8") = 1, then find f"(0). Differentiate the following (5 to 6) functions wart. x : EMR Neca cae «St logx . @ xtd | | eae 6 los 2 == (i xvi+x? + log (x + Vx? +1). | \ 5 7 @ity= See +) prove that (2 + 1) 44 +xy=1. ix +1 (ip ey = 2b6# +3, prove that = x2 +33) 8, Find % when dx (i) xy + xeY + yer = 2 (ii) e-¥=tog( 2). y 9. If y log x = x—y, prove that f= BX x (1+ log x)” Hint. y log x = x-y => y (1 + log x) =x => y= —*_ Answers ues 1, ()10Fag 1+ Ber 2 i log 10+ 50 = (i) -e* 3 2 ee (i) ar so av xlogx G aes 1 4 0% ti) 3ee a ace 2xeX? + 3x2e + 4x3ett 4 Sater? gy SEG? + 10 + xlog Slog x) ~ 2x log x) xG? +1)? (i) Wa 41 5 2 6 OTe 2e-y- oY = yet yoxe“¥ — 1) 8 Tye ey O) WeI—1 TN muLTIPLe CHOICE QUESTIONS rect answer from the given four options in questions (1 to 4): Choose the co oe AMEE) then is equal to @s5 Qs © 6 wt Py ys et ger then 4 atx=1is a @1 Or (0) $ @o ty 3. y= —4p then & is 4x @ a5 1-x2 OF O35 DAS WS FILL IN THE BLANKS Fill in the blanks in questions (1 to 8): 0,9 1 Uf (a) = 4 4 tS axe 1 then f(t) = nls 2. If (a)= Soe then f* (1) = 3 LES (x) = 2100 + 199 + x8 + +x +1, then f’ (1) = 4. Iff (x) = 2x + 1, then the derivative of (fof) (x) is 5. For the curve Vx + Jy dy ‘ (Q |, at the point | — dx a Es 4 6. The derivative of the function f (x) = 257 is... 7. If >0, then the derivative of logyg x is 8. Ifx +0, then the derivative of logy |x| is . ett a fic etre —