MAT 060/051

Calculus I /
The Calculus with Analytic Geometry 1

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City

October 3, 2020
 Chapter II:
The Derivative of a Function

Limits and derivatives are the two main subjects that form the nucleus of
calculus. The word derivative simply means “ rate of change". In fact, if the
derivative of a function y = f (x) at x0 exist, then the value of the derivative
at x0 is the rate of change of f at the point (x0 , f (x0 )).
Formal Definition of the Derivative

Definition 2.1 If f is a function of an independent variable, say x, then the

derivative of f at x0 , denoted by f 0 (x0 ), is given by

f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim ,
x7→0 h
if this limit exists. If f 0 (x0 ) exists, then f is said to be differentiable at x0 .
The function f is said to be differentiable if it is differentiable at each point
in the domain of f .
From Definition 2.1, a systematic procedure can be immediately formulated
for obtaining the derivative of f at x, if it exists. This is called the
three-step rule:
1. Simplify f (x + h) − f (x).
f (x + h) − f (x)
2. Divide f (x + h) − f (x) by h 6= 0, that is, solve for .
h
f (x + h) − f (x)
3. Evaluate lim . By definition, this limit, if it exist, is
h7→0 h
0
f (x).
Example 2.2 Use the 3-Step Rule to find the derivative f 0 (x) of the function
f (x) = 4x − 5.
Solution: Following the 3-Step Rule:
1. f (x + h) − f (x) = [4(x + h) − 5] − (4x − 5) = 4x + 4h − 5 − 4x + 5 = 4h.
f (x + h) − f (x) 4h
2. = = 4.
h h
f (x + h) − f (x)
3. lim = lim 4 = 4.
h7→0 h h7→0
Therefore, f 0 (x) = 4.
Example 2.3 Use the 3-Step Rule to find the derivative f 0 (x) of the function
f (x) = 3x2 − x.
Solution: Following the 3-Step Rule:
1. f (x + h) − f (x)= [3(x + h)2 − (x + h)] − (3x2 − x)
= 3(x2 + 2xh + h2 ) − x − h − 3x2 + x
= 3x2 + 6xh + 3h2 − h − 3x2
= 6xh + 3h2 − h.
f (x + h) − f (x) 6xh + 3h2 − h h(6x + 3h − 1
2. = = = 6x + 3h − 1.
h h h
f (x + h) − f (x)
3. lim = lim 6x + 3h − 1 = 6x + 3(0) − 1 = 6x − 1.
h7→0 h h7→0
Therefore, f 0 (x) = 6x − 1.
Example 2.4 Use the 3-Step Rule to find the derivative f 0 (x) of the function
f (x) = x1 , x 6= 0.
Solution: Following the 3-Step Rule:
1 1 x − (x + h) −h
1. f (x + h) − f (x) = − = = .
x+h x x(x + h) x(x + h)
−h
f (x + h) − f (x) x(x+h) −h −1
2. = = x(x+h) · h1 = x(x+h) .
h h
f (x + h) − f (x) −1 −1
3. lim = lim x(x+h) = x(x+0) = − x12 .
h7→0 h h7→0
Therefore, f 0 (x) = − x12 .
Example 2.5 Use the 3-Step Rule to find the derivative f 0 (x) of the function
1
f (x) = √ for x > 0.
x
Solution: Following the 3-Step Rule:
√ √ √ √
1 1 x− x+h x+ x+h
1. f (x + h) − f (x)= √ −√ = √ √ ·√ √
x+h x x+h x x+ x+h
x − (x + h)
=√ √ √ √
x + h x( x + x + h)
−h
=√ √ √ √ .
x + h x( x + x + h)
 √ √ −h
√ √
f (x + h) − f (x) x+h x( x+ x+h) −h
2. = = √ √ √ √
h h h x + h x( x + x + h)
−1
=√ √ √ √ .
x + h x( x + x + h)
f (x + h) − f (x) −1
3. lim = lim √ √ √ √
h7→0 h h7→0 x + h x( x + x + h)
−1
=√ √ √ √
x + 0 x( x + x + 0)
−1 −1
= √ √ √ = √ 3.
x x(2 x) 2( x)
−1
Therefore, f 0 (x) = √ .
2 x3
Exercise 2.6 Use the 3-Step Rule to find the derivative f 0 (x) of the following
functions.
1. f (x) = 7x − 2 2. f (x) = 5
3 √
3. f (x) = − , x 6= 0 4. f (x) = x + 3
2
x
5. f (x) = x
√ +1 6. f (x) = x3 − 9
2
7. f (x) = 2x − 3 8. f (x) = x+2 , x 6= −2
x x
9. f (x) = 10. f (x) =
x+2 2x − 5
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Using the Three-Step Rule, find the derivative of the following functions:
1. f (x) = 4 + 3x
2. f (x) = 2x2 − 3x + 5
√
3. f (x) = 2x − 5
x+5
4. f (x) =
x
Theorems on Differentiation

Definition 2.7 The process of finding the derivative of a given function is

called differentiation.
Notations If the function f is defined by the equation y = f (x), then the
derivative of f at x can be denoted by any of the following symbols:

dy d
f 0 (x), , Dx f, Dx f (x), Dx y, [f (x)], y0
dx dx
- Theorem 2.8 [Derivative of a constant] If f (x) = c for all x, where c is a
constant, then f 0 (x) = 0.
√
- Illustration: f (x) = 2
Solution: f 0 (x) = 0
- Theorem 2.9 [Derivative of a power] If r is a real number and f (x) = xr ,
then f 0 (x) = rxr−1 .
- Illustration: f (x) = x3
Solution: f 0 (x) = 3x2
 1
- Illustration: f (x) = √
x
1 1
Solution: Note that f (x) = √ = x− 2 so that
x
0 1 − 21 −1 1 −1−2 −3
f (x) = − 2 x = − 2 x 2 = − 12 x 2 = − 1 3 .
2x 2
- Theorem 2.10 If h is a differentiable function at x and f (x) = c · h(x),
where c is a constant, then f is differentiable at x and f 0 (x) = c · h0 (x).
- Illustration: f (x) = 6x4
Solution: f 0 (x) = 6 · 4x3 = 24x3
- Theorem 2.11 [Derivative of a Sum] If g and h are differentiable at x and
f (x) = g(x) + h(x), then f is differentiable at x and

f 0 (x) = g 0 (x) + h0 (x).

- Illustration: f (x) = 3x5 − 7x3

Solution: f 0 (x) = 15x4 − 21x2
- Illustration: f (x) = 2x5 + 3x4 − 6x3 + 5x2 − 5x − 8
Solution: f 0 (x) = 10x4 + 12x3 − 18x2 + 10x − 5
- Theorem 2.12 [Derivative of a Product] If g and h are differentiable at x
and f (x) = g(x) · h(x), then f is differentiable at x and

f 0 (x) = g(x) · h0 (x) + h(x) · g 0 (x).

- Illustration: f (x) = (3x2 + 2x)(x2 − 5x + 1)

Solution:
f 0 (x)= (3x2 + 2x)(2x − 5) + (x2 − 5x + 1)(6x + 2)
= 6x3 − 15x2 + 4x2 − 10x + 6x3 + 2x2 − 30x2 − 10x + 6x + 2
= −39x2 − 14x + 2
- Theorem 2.13 [Derivative of a Quotient] If g and h are differentiable at x
g(x)
and f (x) = with h(x) 6= 0, then f is differentiable at x and
h(x)
h(x)g 0 (x) − g(x)h0 (x)
f 0 (x) = .
[h(x)]2
2
- Illustration: f (x) = xx−1
+1

Solution:
(x − 1)(2x) − (x2 + 1)(1)
f 0 (x)=
(x − 1)2
2x2 − 2x − x2 − 1 2 −2x−1
= 2
= x(x−1) 2
(x − 1 )
- Theorem 2.14 [Derivative of a Composite Function - The Chain Rule]
Suppose that f , g , and u are functions with f (x) = g(u(x)) and suppose
that g and u are differentiable at x. Then f is differentiable at x and

f 0 (x) = g 0 (u(x)) · u0 (x).

- Corollary 2.15 If f (x) = [u(x)]r , where r is any real number, and u is a

differentiable function, then

f 0 (x) = r[u(x)]r−1 u0 (x).

- Illustration: f (x) = (x2 + 3x − 2)5
Solution: f 0 (x) = 5(x2 + 3x − 2)4 (2x + 3)
dy 3
- Example 2.17 Find given that y = 3 .
dx x − 4x2 − 5x + 2
3
Solution: Note that y = 3 2
can be written as
x − 4x − 5x + 2
y = 3(x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)−1 .

Applying Corollary 2.15 with n = −1, we obtain

dy
= 3(−1)(x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)−2 (3x2 − 8x − 5)
dx
−3(3x2 − 8x − 5)
= 3
(x − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
−9x2 + 24x + 15
= 3 .
(x − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
This example could also be solved using Theorem 2.13. That is
dy (x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)(0) − 3(3x2 − 8x − 5)
=
dx (x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
2
−9x + 24x + 15
= 3 .
(x − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
  5
- Example 2.18 Given the function f (x) = , find f 0 (x).
5x+2
2x−3
Solution: This example requires a combination of Corollary 2.15 and
Theorem 2.13. Thus,
5x + 2 4 (2x − 3)(5) − (5x + 2)(2)
   
0
f (x)= 5
 2x − 3 4  (2x − 3)2 
5x + 2 10x − 15 − 10x − 4
=5
 2x − 3 4 (2x − 3)2
5x + 2 −19
=5
2x − 3 (2x − 3)2
−95(5x+2)4
= (2x−3)6 .
 dy
- Example 2.19. Find dx given the function y = (x2 − 3x + 1)12 (2x − 3)15 .
Solution: This example requires a combination of Corollary 2.15 and
Theorem 2.12. That is,
dy
= 30(x2 − 3x + 1)12 (2x − 3)14 + (2x − 3)15 12(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)
dx  
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 5(x2 − 3x + 1) + 2(2x − 3)2 
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 5x2 − 15x + 5 + 2(4x2 − 12x + 9)
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 (5x2 − 15x + 5 + 8x2 − 24x + 18)
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 (13x2 − 39x + 23)
Exercise 2.20 Find the derivative of each of the following:
1. f (x) = 8 −√x3 2. f (x) = 3x3 − 12x + 5
3. f (x) = 3x 3 2x − 4 4. f (x) = (5x2 − 1)(7x3 + 3)
x3 − 1 2x + 1
5. f (x) = 3 6. f (x) = (3x − 1)
x +1 x+5
7. y = (3x − 2)−4 8. y = (x3 + 7x + 2 − x− 3)5
  (2x−3)3
9. d (2x − 1)4 (3x + 2)5 10. g(x) = (3x−2)4
 15 h i
x−1 1
11. h(x) = x+1 12. D 3 x2 +x+1
√
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative of the following:
√3
x−7
1. y =
(3x + 5)2
t2 + 2t − 3
2. g(t) =
(2t2 + 3t − 9)
√ √
x+4− x
3. F (x) =
x
4
8 − 2x3

4. h(x) =
1 − 3x
Differential Notations

Let c be a constant and let u = f (x) and v = g(x) be functions of x such

du dv
that f 0 (x) = and g 0 (x) = both exist. Then the following table
dx dx
provides the rules of differentiation using differential notations:
 d(c)
=0 d(c) = 0
n
dx
d(x )
= nxn−1 d(xn ) = nxn−1 dx
dx
d(cu) du
=c d(cu) = cdu
dx dx
d(u + v) du dv
= + d(u + v) = du + dv
dx dx dx
d(uv) dv du
=u +v d(uv) = udv + vdu
dx dx dx
u du dv
d( ) v +u u vdu − udv
v = dx dx d =
dx n v2 v v2
d(u ) du
= nun−1 d(un ) = nun−1 du
dx dx
Table: The Differential Notations
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

- Theorem 2.21 The derivative of each of the six trigonometric functions

are as follows.
1. Dx (sin x) = cos x 4. Dx (csc x) = − csc x cot x
2. Dx (cos x) = − sin x 5. Dx (sec x) = sec x tan x
2
3. Dx (tan x) = sec x 6. Dx (cot x) = − csc2 x
- Theorem 2.22 Let u be a differentiable function of x. Then
1. Dx (sin u) = cos uDx u 4. Dx (cot u) = − csc2 uDx u
2. Dx (cos u) = − sin uDx u 5. Dx (sec u) = sec u tan uDx u
3. Dx (tan u) = sec2 uDx u 6. Dx (csc u) = − csc u cot uDx u
Example 2.23 Find the derivative of the following functions using the
theorems on differentiation for trigonometric functions.
1. f (x) = sin 3x2
Solution: f 0 (x) = cos 3x2 d(3x2 ) = 6x cos 3x2 .
This example is similar to the statement

Dx (sin 3x2 ) = cos 3x2 Dx (3x2 ) = 6x cos 3x2 .

2. f (x) = cos5 x
Solution: By Corollary 2.15, we obtain

f 0 (x) = 5(cos x)4 Dx (cos x) = 5 cos4 x(− sin x) = −5 cos4 x sin x.

3. f (x) = sec2 (2x) + csc(2x)
Solution: Note that f (x) = sec2 (2x) + csc(2x) = [sec(2x)]2 + csc(2x).
Thus,

f 0 (x) = 2[sec(2x)]Dx [sec(2x)] + [− csc(2x) cot(2x)Dx (2x)]

= 2 sec(2x) sec(2x) tan(2x)Dx (2x) − 2 csc(2x) cot(2x)
= 4 sec2 (2x) tan(2x) − 2 csc(2x) cot(2x).

4. f (x) = x3 tan 3x
Solution:

f 0 (x) = 2x2 tan 3x + x3 sec2 3x[Dx (3x)] = 2x2 tan 3x + 3x3 sec2 3x.
5. g(y) = cot4 (2y − 1)
Solution: Note that g(y) = cot4 (2y − 1) = [cot(2y − 1)]4 . Thus,

g 0 (y) = 4[cot(2y − 1)]3 Dy [cot(2y − 1)]

= 4 cot3 (2y − 1)[− csc2 (2y − 1) · 2]
= −8 cot3 (2y − 1) csc2 (2y − 1).
√
6. h(z) = 3z 2 sec 2z
√ 1
Solution: Note that h(z) = 3z 2 sec 2z = 3z 2 sec(2z) 2 . Thus,
√ √ √ 1 1
h0 (z) = 6z sec 2z + 3z 2 sec 2z tan 2z · (2z)− 2 · 2
√ √ √ 2
1
= 6z sec 2z + 3z sec 2z tan 2z · (2z)− 2
2
 √ √
√ 3z 2 sec 2z tan 2z
= 6z sec 2z + √ .
2z
p
7. f (x) = 3 sin2 (3x2 + 1)
Solution:pNote that
1 2
f (x) = 3 sin2 (3x2 + 1) = [sin2 (3x2 + 1)] 3 = [sin(3x2 + 1)] 3 . Thus,
2 1
f 0 (x) = [sin(3x2 + 1)]− 3 · cos(3x2 + 1) · 6x
3
12x cos(3x2 + 1)
= 1
3[sin(3x2 + 1)] 3
4x cos(3x2 + 1)
= p .
3
sin(3x2 + 1)
Exercise 2.24 Find the derivative of the following functions using the
theorems on differentiation for trigonometric functions.
√
1. f (x) = 2 sec x 2. f (x) = 4 + x2 tan(3x)
3. f (x) = x2 csc(2x) 4. f (x) = x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x
4
sec (2x) p
5. f (x) = 6. f (x) = 3 cos2 (2x + 1)
cos(2x)
cos 2x
7. f (x) = cos3 3x cot2 2x 8. y = 1+sin
√
2x
3
3 2 x

1+sin2 3x
9. y = x tan 2 10. f (x) = √1+x2 .
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative of the following:
√ tan(1 − 2x)
1. f (x) = 4 cos 4x − + 3 csc2 (1 − 2x) + csc π2
5
sec(2t2 + 3t − 3)
2. g(t) =
(2t2 + 3t − 3)
r
3 cot(x + 4)
3. F (x) =
 3 sin x
4. D sec (1 − 2x)
Implicit Differentiation

If the function f = {(x, y) | y = 9x2 + 3x − 8}, then the equation

y = 9x2 + 3x − 8 defines the function f explicitly . However, not all
functions can be defined explicitly by an equation.
The equation x2 + y 2 − 1 = 0 cannot be solved for y in terms of x. Consider
the relation
R = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 − 1 = 0}.
Although the relation R is not a function, we may describe R by means of
two functions.
Defining p
f1 = {(x, y) | y = 1 − x2 }
and p
f2 = {(x, y) | y = − 1 − x2 },

√ that R = f1 ∪ f2√
observe . The functions describing f1 and f2 are
y = 1 − x and y = − 1 − x2 respectively.
2

Another example of a relation which may be defined by decomposition into

one or more function is x3 + 2x2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0. In this case, the
functions, if any, are defined implicitly by the equation.
Definition 2.25 Implicit differentiation is the process of finding the
derivative of a function that is defined implicitly.
Example 2.26 Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x.
Find dy/dx = Dx y = y 0 of the following.
1. x2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
Solution:
dy
2x + 2y · = 0
dx
dy
2y · = −2x
dx
dy x
= − .
dx y
2. x3 + 2x2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0
Solution:
dy dy dy
3x2 + (4xy + 2x2 ) − (3y 2 + 3x · 2y ) + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
3x2 + 4xy + 2x2 − 3y 2 − 6xy + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
dy
(2x2 − 6xy + 16y 3 ) = −3x2 − 4xy + 3y 2
dx
dy −3x2 − 4xy + 3y 2
= .
dx 2x2 − 6xy + 16y 3
3. (x − y)2 − (x + y)2 = x4 − y 4
Solution:
   
dy dy dy
2(x − y) 1 − − 2(x + y) 1 + = 3x3 − 3y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
2(x − y) − 2(x − y) − 2(x + y) − 2(x + y) = 3x3 − 3y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy dy dy
2x − 2y − 2x + 2y − 2x − 2y − 2x − 2y = 3x3 − 3y 3
dx dx dx dx dx
dy
(−4x + 3y 3 ) = 3x3 + 4y
dx
dy 3x3 + 4y
= .
dx 3y 3 − 4x
4. x sin y − y sin x = 25 + xy
Solution:

(1 · sin y + x cos y · y 0 ) − (y 0 · sin x + y cos x) = 0 + (y + x · y 0 )

sin y + x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − y cos x = y + xy 0
x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − xy 0 = y − sin y + y cos x
(x cos y − sin x − x)y 0 = y − sin y + y cos x
y − sin y + y cos x
y0 = .
x cos y − sin x − x
5. sin(x + y) = y cos x
Solution:

cos(x + y)(1 + y 0 ) = y 0 cos x + y sin x

cos(x + y) + cos(x + y)y 0 = y 0 cos x + y sin x
[cos(x + y) − cos x] y 0 = y sin x − cos(x + y)
y sin x − cos(x + y)
y0 = .
cos(x + y) − cos x
Exercise 2.27 Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x.
Find dy/dx = Dx y = y 0 of the following.

1. x3 − y 3 = xy 2. x2 − y 2 = x2 y 2
2 2
5. x − y = 3y − 3x 6. 3x2 y − 5xy 2 = 7x3 y 3
3. 3x3 y − 7xy 3 = 5 − 3xy + 7y − 4
4. x3(x + y)2 − 3(x − y)2 = 2x4 + 2y 4
7. y = cot(x + y) 8. tan xy + xy = 0
9. x cos y + y sin x = xy 10. cos(x − y) = sin(x + y)
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative dy/dx implicitly, given that y is a function of x.
1. (x + y) + 2x − 3y 2 = x2 y
2. tan2 xy + 5xy = 15
3. cos(x − y) = sin(x + y)
Higher Order Derivatives

If the function f is differentiable, then its derivative f 0 is called the first

derivative of f . If the function f 0 is differentiable, then the derivative of f 0
is called the second derivative of f , denoted by f 00 . Similarly, the third
derivative of f , denoted by f 000 , is defined as the derivative of f 00 , provided
that f 00 exists.
Definition2.28 The nth derivative of the function f , denoted by f (n) , is
defined as the derivative of the (n-1)st derivative of f , provided the latter
exists.
 dy
Remark 2.29 The Leibniz notation for the first derivative is , where
dx
y = f (x). The Leibniz notation for the second derivative of f with respect to
x is
d2 y
   
d dy d d
= = (y) .
dx2 dx dx dx dx
dn y
In general, the symbol denotes the nth derivative of y with respect to x.
dxn
Example 2.30
1. Find all derivatives of the function defined by
f (x) = x5 − 2x4 + 3x3 − 4x2 + 5x − 6.
Solution:

f 0 (x) = 5x4 − 8x3 + 9x2 − 8x + 5

f 00 (x) = 20x3 − 24x2 + 18x − 8
f 000 (x) = 60x2 − 48x + 18
f (4) (x) = 120x − 48
f (5) (x) = 120
f (6) (x) = 0
f (n) (x) = 0, n ≥ 6.
 d3 1


2. Find dx 3 x .
2

Solution: Let x12 = x−2 .

d −2
(x ) = −2x−3
dx
d2 −2
2
(x ) = 6x−4
dx
d3 −2 −5 24
(x ) = −24x = −
dx3 x5
3. Find f (5) of f (x) = cos(3x − 5).
Solution:

f 0 (x) = − sin(3x − 5) · 3 = −3 sin(3x − 5)

f 00 (x) = −3 cos(3x − 5) · (3) = −9 cos(3x − 5)
f 000 (x) = −9 · − sin(3x − 5) · 3 = 27 sin(3x − 5)
f (4) (x) = 27 cos(3x − 5) · 3 = 81 cos(3x − 5)
f (5) (x) = 81 · − sin(3x − 5) · 3 = −243 sin(3x − 5).
Exercise 2.31
1. Find all derivatives of the function defined by
f (x) = 6x6 − 5x5 + 4x4 − 3x3 + 2x2 − x + 7.
 
d4 2
2. Find dx4 (2x+1)3 .
 4 
d2 x −1
3. Find dx 2 x2 .
4. Find f (5) of f (x) = sin(2x − 1).
5. Find f 000 of f (x) = sec 3x.
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the indicated higher order derivative.
x+1
1. Find d4 y/dx4 , if y =
2x
2. Find f , where f (x) = tan2 (4 − 7x)
(3)
The Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(Pre-Calculus)
A. If f is a one-to-one function with domain X and range Y , then its
inverse function has domain Y and range X . Moreover, if y = f (x), then
x = f −1 (y).
B. The following are the inverse trigonometric functions:
(a) The inverse sine function, denoted by y = sin−1 x = arcsinx, is defined if
and only if sin y = x, where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and −π π
2 ≤ y ≤ 2.
(b) The inverse cosine function, denoted by y = cos−1 x = arccosx, is
defined if and only if cos y = x, where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π .
(c) The inverse tangent function, denoted by y = tan−1 x = arctanx, is
defined if and only if tan y = x, where x is any real number and
−π π
2 < y < 2.
(d) The inverse cotangent function, denoted by y = cot−1 x = arccotx,
is defined if and only if cot y = x, where x is any real number and
0 < y < π.
(e) The inverse secant function, denoted by y = sec−1 x = arcsecx, is
defined if and only if sec y = x, where |x| ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ y < π2 or
−π ≤ y < − π2 .
(f) The inverse cosecant function, denoted by y = csc−1 x = arccscx, is
defined if and only if csc y = x, where |x| ≥ 1 and 0 < y < π2 or
−π < y < − π2 .
To sum up, consider the table below.

Function Definition Domain Range

y = arcsinx sin y = x [−1, 1] [−π/2, π/2]
y = arccosx cos y = x [−1, 1] [0, π]
y = arctanx tan y = x R (−π/2, π/2)
y = arccotx cot y = x R (0, π)
y = arcsecx sec y = x (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) [−π, −π/2) ∪ [0, π/2)
y = arccscx csc y = x (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) (−π, −π/2) ∪ (0, π/2)
Table: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2.32 Theorem The derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions are as
follows.
1 −1
1. Dx (arcsinx) = √ , −1 < x < 1 4. Dx (arccotx) = ,x∈R
1 − x2 1 + x2
−1 1
2. Dx (arccosx) = √ , −1 < x < 1 5. Dx (arcsecx) = √ , |x| > 1
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 −1
3. Dx (arctanx) ,x∈R 6. Dx (arccscx) = √ , |x| > 1
1 + x2 x x2 − 1
Theorem 2.33 Let u be a differentiable function of x.
1 −1
1. Dx (arcsinu) = √ · Dx (u) 4. Dx (arccotu) = · Dx (u)
1 − u2 1 + u2
−1 1
2. Dx (arccosu) = √ · Dx (u) 5. Dx (arcsecu) = √ · Dx (u)
1 − u2 u u2 − 1
1 −1
3. Dx (arctanu) = · Dx (u) 6. Dx (arccscu) = √ · Dx (u)
1 + u2 u u2 − 1
Example 2.34 Determine the derivative of the following functions:
1. f (x) = arcsin(3x)
Solution:
1 3
f 0 (x) = p ·3= √
1 − (3x)2 1 − 9x2
3


2. g(y) = arccot 5y
solution:
  3 3
0 −1 3 5 5 3 25 15
g (y) =
2 · = 2 = 25+9y 2
= · 2
= .
3
1 + 5y 5 1 + 9y 5 25 + 9y 25 + 9y 2
25 25
3. h(z) = zarccsc z1
Solution:
 
 
1 −1 1 
h0 (z) = Dz (z)arccsc + z  q
· Dz
z 1 1 2 z
z z −1
 
 
1 −1 1
= arccsc + z  q
· − 2 
z 1 1 2 z
z z −1
−z 2
 
1 1
= arccsc + √ 2 · − 2
z 1−z
√ z
z2
1 1
= arccsc + √
z 1−z 2
|z|
 1 |z|
= arccsc + √ .
z 1 − z2
Exercise 2.35Determine the derivative of the following functions:

1. f (x) = arccos 12 x 2. y = arcsin 3x − cos−1 3x

√
3. y = arcsec x 4. f (x) = arctanx2 − arccotx2
√ 1 1
5. g(x) = arcsec 1 − x2 6. h(x) = − arcsin
  x x
2x 2
7. y = arctan 1+x2 8. f (x) = x arccosx
√
9. y = arcsin(cos x) 10. 4y = arccos 21 x − x 4 − x2
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative of each of the given functions.
 
x+1
1. y = arcsin
2x
2. f (x) = arctan(4 − 7x)2
√
3. G(x) = xarcsec2x − arccot(sin3x)
The Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

[Pre-Calculus]
1. The exponential function with base a is the function defined by
y = f (x) = ax , a > 0.
2. The logarithmic functions to the base a, denoted by f (x) = loga x,
is defined as the inverse of the exponential function y = ax , where a > 0
and a 6= 1.
Properties:
1. The laws of exponents hold for exponential functions.
2. If M = aN , then N = loga M , where M, N > 0.
3. Let a, M and N be nonnegative numbers. Then the following hold:
(a) loga 1 = 0
(b) loga a = 1
(c) loga M N = loga M + loga N
M
(d) loga = loga M − loga N
N
(e) loga M r = r loga M
ln M
(f) loga M =
ln a
 Exponential function y = ax Logarithmic function y = loga x
1. domain of f df = {x : x ∈ R} 1. domain of f df = {x : x > 0}
2. image of f if = {y : y > 0} 2. image of f if = {y : y ∈ R}
3. Asymptote is the x − axis 3. Assymptote is the y − axis
4. intercept is (0, 1) 4. intercept is (1, 0)
5. f is increasing if a > 1 5. f is increasing if a > 1
6. f is decreasing if 0 < a < 1 6. f is deccreasing if 0 < a < 1
Table: The properties of the exponential and logarithmic function
Theorem 2.36
i. Dx (ex ) = ex .
1
ii. Dx (ln x) = .
x
iii. Dx (ax ) = ax ln a, a > 0.
1
iv. Dx (loga x) = , a > 0.
x · ln a
Theorem 2.37 Let u be differentiable function of x. Then
i. Dx (eu ) = eu · Dx (u).
1
ii. Dx (ln u) = · Dx (u).
u
iii. Dx (au ) = au · ln a · Dx (u), a > 0.
1
iv. Dx (loga u) = · Dx (u), a > 0.
u ln a
Example 2.38 Find the derivative of each of the following:
3
1. f (x) = e1−x
3 3
Solution: f 0 (x) = e1−x · Dx (1 − x3 ) = −3x2 e1−x .
2
2. f (x) = 5x
Solution:
2 2 2
f 0 (x) = 5x · ln 5Dx (x2 ) = 5x · ln 5 · 2x = 2(ln 5)x5x .

3. f (x) = e3x+ln x
Solution: Note that f (x) = e3x+ln x = e3x eln x = xe3x , since eln x = x.
Thus,
f 0 (x) = e3x + xe3x · 3 = e3x (1 + 3x).
  
1−x
4. f (x) = log2
2 − x2
Solution: Note that
 
1−x
f (x) = log2 = log 2(1 − x) − log2 (2 − x2 ).
2 − x2
Thus,
1 1
f 0 (x) = Dx (1 − x) − 2
Dx (2 − x2 )
(1 − x) ln 2 (2 − x ) ln 2
1 1
= (−1) − (−2x)
(1 − x) ln 2 (2 − x2 ) ln 2
 
1 −1 2x
= + .
ln 2 1 − x 2 − x2
 √
5. g(x) = arcsinx · ln x
Solution:
 
0 1 1 1 1 −1
g (x) = √ ln x 2 + arcsinx · 1 x 2
1 − x2 x2 2
√
ln x 1
= √ + arcsinx · .
1 − x2 2x
Exercise 2.39 Find the derivative of each of the following:
2
1.f (x) = e−5x 6 f (x) = e2x +x−1
2
2. f (x) = x3 e5x 7. f (x) = x5 e−2x
2
3. f (x) = 53x   8. f (x) = 2−3x
1
4. g(x) = log2 x+1 9. log5 (x2 − 3x + 2)
arctan x
5. f (x) = 5 + arcsin(e1−x ) 10. ln | sec x + tan x|
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative of each of the given functions.
1. y = arccos(e1−2x
2. f (x) = ln(sin 4x) + 2sin4x + lne
3. e2x y = xy − arccot(ex y)
Theorem 2.37 shows how to differentiate functions of the form au , where a is
a constant and u is a variable. The following procedure called logarithmic
differentiation illustrates how to differentiate functions of the form
u(x)v(x) , where u and v are both function of x.
Steps in logarithmic differentiation: Let y = f (x).
1. Take ln or log on both sides and simplify.
2. Differentiate implicitly and solve for dy/dx or y 0 .
3. Solve for y 0 or dy/dx and express in terms of x.
Example 2.40 Find the derivative of each of the following using logarithmic
differentiation. 1. f (x) = xx
Solution: Let y = xx . Then

ln y = ln xx
ln y = x ln x
1 0 1
y = ln x + x
y x
f 0 (x) x
= x (ln x + 1)
2. f = xsin x
Solution: Let y = xsin x . Then

ln y = ln xsin x
ln y = sin x ln x
1 0 1
y = cos x ln x + sin x
y x
 
0 sin x sin x
y = x cos x ln x +
x
0 −1+sin x
f (x) = x (x cos x ln x + sin x)
3. g(x) = xlnx
Solution: Let y = xln x . Then

ln y = ln xln x
ln y = ln x ln x = (ln x)2
1 0 1
y = 2 ln x ·
y x
 
0 ln x 2 ln x
y = x
x
0 −1+ln x
g (x) = (2 ln x)x
Exercise 2.41 Find the derivative of each of the following using logarithmic
differentiation.
√
x
1. f (x) = x
2. f (x) = (cos x)x

x
3. g(x) = x2
4. h(z) = xcos x
x
5. f (x) = xe
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative of each of the given functions.
1. f (x) = xln x
2. f (x) = (1 − 2x)sin(1−2x)
3. y = (cot 3x)5−3x