CHEMISTRY PROJECT

FOAMING
CAPACITY OF
SOAP

SUBMITTED BY
LINGESH B
12TH A
 Contents
 Acknowledgment ................................................... I
 Certificate ............................................................. ii
 Project Aim ........................................................... iii
 Introduction ......................................................... iv
 Theory ................................................................. v
 Procedure ............................................................ vi
 Observations ....................................................... vii
 Calculations ........................................................ viii
 Conclusions ......................................................... ix
 Acknowledgment
I would like to extend my sincere
gratitude to my teacher, Miss Jyoti Joshi,
for providing me with the valuable
opportunity to undertake this project in
Chemistry. Her guidance was
instrumental in helping me complete
this project, and through this
experience, I gained knowledge about
many new concepts. I am truly grateful
for her support.
I would also like to express my thanks to
my parents and friends, who assisted
me greatly in completing this project
within the limited timeframe.

LINGESH B
Class XII A
 Certificate
This is to certify that LINGESH
B, a student of Class XII A, has
successfully completed their
Chemistry project on
"Foaming Capacity of Soap"
under the guidance of
MR PRABHU

LINGESH B
Student Signature

Teachers Signature
 INRTODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty
acids like stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids. They can be
either saturated or unsaturated. These soaps contain a
long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon atoms
with one carboxylic acid group as the functional group.
A soap molecule has a tadpole-shaped structure with
ends that have different polarities. One end is the long
hydrocarbon chain, which is non-polar and
hydrophobic (insoluble in water but soluble in oil). The
other end is the short polar carboxylate ion, which is
hydrophilic (soluble in water but insoluble in oil and
grease).
When soap is shaken with water, it forms a soap
solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to
concentrate the solution on the surface and causes
foaming. This helps the soap molecules form a
unimolecular film on the surface of the water and
penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap
molecule, which is hydrophobic, gravitates towards and
surrounds the dirt. The short polar end containing the
carboxylate ion remains in the water.
The carboxylate ion faces the water, away from the dirt.
A number of soap molecules surround or encircle dirt
and grease in a clustered structure called a "micelle,"
which emulsifies these particles.
Formation of Micelles
The cleaning action of soaps decreases in hard water.
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions,
which react with sodium carbonate to produce
insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.
 AIM

Study the effect of the

addition of the sodium
carbonate (washing soda) on
the foaming capacity of
different soap solution.

SODIUM
CARBONATE
 APPARATUS
 Three test tubes
 Test tube stand
 Bunsen burner
 Stopwatch

MATERIALS REQUIRED
 0.5 g sample of soap
 Water (distilled and tap both)
 M/10 Na₂CO₃ solution
 THEORY
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water
containing calcium and magnesium ions (hard water), it
results in the formation of scum, which gives a grey
appearance to the cloth. To achieve the same washing
or cleaning action, more soap must be added.
2C17H35COONa+Ca2+→(C17H35COO)2Ca↓+2Na+

Hard water is water that has high mineral content

(mainly calcium and magnesium ions). Hard water
minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca^{2+}) and
magnesium (Mg^{2+}) metal cations and sometimes
other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and
sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either
calcium carbonate (CaCO_3) in the form of other
mineral deposits. When Na_2CO_3 is added to tap
water, the calcium (Ca^{2+}) and magnesium (Mg^{2+})
ions precipitate as their carbonates, and the foaming
capacity of soap increases.

Ca2++Na2CO3→CaCO3↓+2Na+
Mg2++Na2CO3→MgCO3↓+2Na+
 PROCEDURE
1. Dissolve 0.5g of soap in 50 ml of
distilled water.
2. Take three test tubes and add distilled
water to the first, tap water to the second,
and tap water to the third test tube.
3. Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to
the third test tube.
4. Add the soap solution to each of the
test tubes separately.
5. Shake the test tubes to form foam.
6. Start the stopwatch to measure the
time taken for the foam to disappear.
7. Repeat the experiment with other
soap solutions.
8. Record the observations in a tabular
form.
 OBSERVATIONS
 Amount of each soap sample taken: 0.5 gm
 Amount of distilled water taken: 50 ml
 Volume of each soap solution taken: 1 ml
 Volume of distilled water added: 10 ml

s.no Water used Time taken

1. Distilled 15'19"
Water
2. Tap Water 8'45"
3. Tap water + 13'24 "
5ml M/10
Na₂CO₃

CONCLUSIONS
 The foaming capacity of soap is
maximum in distilled water.
 The foaming capacity of soap increases
with the addition of sodium carbonate.
REFERENCE
o Foaming Capacity of Soap | PDF - SlideShare:
This project contains the topic "Effect of
sodium carbonate on foaming capacity of
Soap" with several observations to help class
XII students for their projects.
https://www.slideshare.net/humpty99/chemis
try-investigatory-project-87070829
o INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON Foaming
Capacity of Soap - Studocu: This investigatory
project explores the foaming capacity of soap
and the effect of adding sodium carbonate.
https://www.studocu.com/in/document/new-
era-progressive-
school/chemistry/investigatory-project-on-
foaming-capacity-of-soap/79703180
o Projects.pmd - NCERT: This document provides
information on various investigatory projects,
including the study of the foaming capacity of
soaps and the effect of sodium carbonate.
https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/kelm208.pdf