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Apurba Ghosh Chem Project

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15 views11 pages

Apurba Ghosh Chem Project

Uploaded by

ravenheadravenclaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL

DURGAPUR
AISSCE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
CHEMISTRY (043)
Topic: FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAPS

NAME- APURBA GHOSH


CLASS- XII
SEC- A
ROLL NO.-
SESSION- 2024-25
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project is a bonafide work of APURBA GHOSH
of class XII/A and has been successfully completed as per the guidelines
and instructions given by the teachers, within the allocated time for partial
fulfillment of AISSCE 2024-25.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my teacher, Ms. Indira Pandey as
well as our Principal, Ms. Anindita Home Choudhury for giving me the
golden opportunity to complete this enriching project that has helped me to
conduct substantial research and gain effective knowledge. I am immensely
thankful to the chemistry lab assistants, Mr. Ashish Mukherjee sir and Mr.
Pranab Chakraborty sir for their valuable inputs. Last but not the least, I am
indebted to my parents for aiding me to make this project a success!

Internal Teacher’s signature. External Teacher’s signature.


INDEX

SERIAL NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.


1. CERTIFICATE 1
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
3. INDEX 3
4. INTRODUCTION 4-5
5. AIM, APPARATUS, 6
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
6. PROCEDURE 7
7. OBSERVATION 7
8. CONCLUSION 8
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic,
and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as
the functional group.

A soap molecule, a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different


polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e. insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the
short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e. water soluble but
insoluble in oil and grease.

Long Hydrocarbon Chain ; Hydrophobic End Hydrophilic End

When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal
in nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and
causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on
the surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a
soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt
(fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end containing the
Carboxylate ion, face the water away from the dirt. A number of soap
molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered structure called
'micelles' which encircles such particles and emulsify them.
Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains
Calcium and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to
produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Ca ↓ + 2Na+

(Water soluble) (Precipitate)

2C17H35COONa + Mg 2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Mg ↓ + 2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of sodium carbonate.

Ca2+ +Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2++ Na2CO3 → MgCO3 +2Na+


AIM: Study the effect of addition of Sodium Carbonate (Washing soda) on
the foaming capacity of different soap solutions.

APPARATUS: 3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stopwatch.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 0.5 ml sample of soap, water (distilled and


tap both), (M/10) Na2CO3 soln.
THEORY
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water containing calcium and
magnesium ions (Hard water), results in formation of scum which applies
grey appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or cleaning
action, more soap must be added.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Ca ↓ + 2Na+

(Water soluble) (Scum)

Hard water is a water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and
magnesium ions in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals primarily
consist of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and
sometimes other dissolved compounds such bicarbonates and sulphates.
Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in
the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form
of other mineral deposits.

When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium
(Mg2+) ions precipitate as their carbonates i.e. foaming capacity of soap
increases.

Ca2+ +Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2++ Na2CO3 → MgCO3 +2Na+


PROCEDURE
(1) Dissolve 0.5 g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled water.
(2) Take three test tubes and add distilled water in first, tap water in second
and third test tube.
(3) Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test tube.
(4) To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.
(5) Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.
(6) Now start the stopwatch to calculate time taken for disappearance of
foam.
(7)Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap solutions.

OBSERVATION
Amount of each soap sample taken= 0.5g
Amount of distilled water taken= 50 ml

TEST SOAP Vol. of soap Vol. of Time taken


TUBE NO. BRAND solution (ml) distilled for
water (ml) disappearance
of soap (secs)
1. Lifebuoy 1 10 29

2. Vivel 1 10 13

3. Cinthol 1 10 25

4. Dove 1 10 17

5. Santoor 1 10 16
CONCLUSION
The foaming capacities of the aforementioned soaps are as follows~
Lifebuoy> Cinthol> Dove> Santoor> Vivel
Hence, it can be concluded that the best soap among the given ones is,
LIFEBUOUY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.wikipidea.com
• www.google.com
• www.icbse.com
• Comprehensive practical chemistry

-:THANK YOU:-

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