Innovative Brain

Preface
Innovative Brain is an educational institution which aims at providing and promoting quality
education for students in secondary and high schools in Cameroon.
At Innovative Brain, we believe “Quality Knowledge is Power” and every student has the right to
quality knowledge.
“If you judge a gold fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing it is stupid”
Albert Einstein

We equally believe every student is talented and gifted in his/her own way. But most at times,
students find it difficult to identify these special talents, reasons why so many youths, after
graduating from high school, find it difficult to choose a suitable career path. Our goal is to help
these students identify these special talents of theirs while at their tender age, and guide them into
making the best decisions in their career path.

About the book

This guide is officially the very first product of Innovative Brain. It will help all high school students
offering the subject in order to better prepare for the GCE Examination.
This guide is made up of past GCE question for the last ten years with detailed solution to every
question required by the GCE Board. It also contains supplementary remarks which will help the
student better understand the concept.

Acknowledgement
Innovative Brain family kindly thank all those who contributed to the development of this guide.
We wish to thank Eng. Fuashi Lot-Bill Dulley, Eng. Otang Glen, Eng. Alemkeng Breda, Mr. Ngu
Kingsley, Eng Tume Etienne, Eng Legue Brismael, Mr. Njahmi Peter, Eng Godwin Fonyuy, Mr. Njomi
Pascal for all the effort they put into this work.

All thanks to God almighty for the vision and His guidance to make the mission a working
progress.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain

Table of Contents
JUNE 2012................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
JUNE 2013................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
JUNE 2014................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
JUNE 2015................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
JUNE 2016................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
JUNE 2017.................................................................................................................................................................................11
JUNE 2018..................................................................................................................................................................................13
JUNE 2019..................................................................................................................................................................................15
JUNE 2020..................................................................................................................................................................................17
JUNE 2021.................................................................................................................................................................................19
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2012 ...................................................................................................................................................21
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2013 ..................................................................................................................................................29
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2014 ..................................................................................................................................................35
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2015 ..................................................................................................................................................42
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2016 ..................................................................................................................................................50
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2017 ..................................................................................................................................................58
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2018 ..................................................................................................................................................69
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2019 ..................................................................................................................................................70
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2O2O………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91

SOLUTION TO JUNE 2O21………………………………………………………………………………………………………..101

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 1

JUNE 2012
1. (i) Given that the roots of the equation
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0
are 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽, form the quadratic equation whose roots are
1 1
𝛼𝛼 + and 𝛽𝛽 + .
𝛽𝛽 𝛼𝛼
(ii) Find the value(s) of the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which the roots of the equation
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2(1 + 3𝑘𝑘)𝑥𝑥 + 7(2𝑘𝑘 + 3) = 0 are equal.

2. The functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are defined by

𝑥𝑥 + 1 3
𝑓𝑓: 𝑥𝑥 ⟼ , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −
2𝑥𝑥 + 3 2
𝑔𝑔: 𝑥𝑥 ⟼ 3𝑥𝑥 + 2, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ
a) Express, in a similar manner, the function (𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔)−1 .
b) Obtain an element in the domain of 𝑔𝑔 which is invariant under 𝑔𝑔.

3. (i) Find the range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which

3𝑥𝑥 − 10
<2
𝑥𝑥 − 4
(ii) Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
given that 𝑦𝑦 = 1, when 𝑥𝑥 = 0.
(iii) Show that if 𝑥𝑥 is so small that 𝑥𝑥 3 and higher powers of 𝑥𝑥 can be neglected, then
1
1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 1
� � = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2

4. The expression 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 is an approximation to a relation connecting two variables

𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦, where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are constants. By using the values given in the table below, draw
a suitable straight-line graph and use it to estimate the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.

𝑥𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑦𝑦 74 126 162 172 175 144

𝑥𝑥+1
5. (i) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = (𝑥𝑥+2)(𝑥𝑥+3)
a) Express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) in partial fractions.
5
b) Find ∫3 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , leaving your answer in terms of natural logarithms.
(ii) Find ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

6. (i) Given that

𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 = cos −1 � 𝑥𝑥�
𝑏𝑏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝑎𝑎
show that = 2 2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑏𝑏 −𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 2
(ii) Prove that the curve
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 (1 − 𝑥𝑥 )𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚
where 𝑚𝑚, 𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℤ∗ , has a stationary point when 𝑥𝑥 = .
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
Show that when 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛𝑛 = 2, the stationary point is a minimum point.

7. (i) Find the general solution of the equation

sin 2𝜃𝜃 = sin 𝜃𝜃

(ii) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥𝑥

a) Express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) in the form 𝑟𝑟 cos(𝑥𝑥 − 𝛼𝛼 ),
where 𝑟𝑟 > 0 and 0° < 𝛼𝛼 < 90°.
b) Find to the nearest tenth of a degree, the set of values of 𝑥𝑥 which satisfies the
equation
cos 𝑥𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 = 1.
c) Show that −√5 ≤ cos 𝑥𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 ≤ √5.

8. (i) Find, in the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ, the complex number 𝑧𝑧 such that
(2 − 𝑖𝑖 )𝑧𝑧
− (3 − 4𝑖𝑖 ) = 0
(1 + 2𝑖𝑖 )

(ii) Given that 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦, 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 ∈ ℝ, find the locus of the points 𝑧𝑧, in an Argand diagram, for
1
which the imaginary part of 𝑧𝑧 + is zero.
𝑧𝑧

9. (i) A jury of 8 is to be chosen from 5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and 7 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤.

Find,
a) The number of different ways in which the jury may be chosen.
b) The number of juries in which women are in the majority.

(ii) Prove by mathematical induction that

𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
� 𝑟𝑟(𝑟𝑟 + 1) = (𝑛𝑛 + 1)(𝑛𝑛 + 2)
3
𝑟𝑟=1
for all positive integers 𝑛𝑛.

10. Given the lines

𝑥𝑥 − 10 𝑦𝑦 − 1 𝑧𝑧 − 9
𝐿𝐿1 : = =
3 1 4
𝐿𝐿2 : 𝑟𝑟 = �−9𝚥𝚥⃗ + 13𝑘𝑘�⃗� + 𝜇𝜇�𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗ − 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�,
where 𝜇𝜇 is a parameter.
𝑥𝑥 + 10 𝑦𝑦 + 5 𝑧𝑧 + 4
𝐿𝐿3 : = =
4 3 1
a) Show that the point 𝑃𝑃(4, −1, 1) is common to the lines 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .
Find,
b) The point of intersection of 𝐿𝐿2 and 𝐿𝐿3 .
c) A vector parametric equation of the plane containing the lines 𝐿𝐿2 and 𝐿𝐿3 .

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 3

JUNE 2013
1. (In this question, you are advised to work throughout with 2 decimal places).
The table shows corresponding values of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 obtained in a certain experiment.
𝑥𝑥 1.59 2.39 4.16 6.31 8.70 12.01
𝑦𝑦 3.63 6.91 16.59 31.70 52.48 87.10
The relation connecting 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 is
𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
where 𝜆𝜆 and 𝑛𝑛 are constants.
By drawing a suitable linear graph relating log10 𝑥𝑥 and log10 𝑦𝑦, calculate the values of 𝜆𝜆
and 𝑛𝑛.

2. (i) When a polynomial 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) is divided by (𝑥𝑥 − 3) and (𝑥𝑥 + 2), the remainders are 5 and −5
respectively.
Given that
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 6)𝑄𝑄 (𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏,
Find the values of the constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.
(ii) Find the range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which (𝑥𝑥 + 5) < |2𝑥𝑥 + 1|.
(iii) A mixed delegation of 5 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 is to be selected from 5 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 and 4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. Find the
number of ways in which the delegation can be selected if there must be more women
than men.

3. (i) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = √3 cos 𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥, express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) in the form 𝑅𝑅 cos(𝑥𝑥 − 𝜆𝜆),
𝜋𝜋
where 𝑅𝑅 > 0 and 0 < 𝜆𝜆 < .
2
Hence, find the general solution of the equation 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = √3.
(ii) Prove that
sin 2𝑥𝑥 + sin 4𝑥𝑥
= tan 2𝑥𝑥
1 + cos 2𝑥𝑥 + cos 4𝑥𝑥
Hence, find the general solution of the equation
1 + cos 2𝑥𝑥 + cos 4𝑥𝑥
1− =0
sin 2𝑥𝑥 + sin 4𝑥𝑥

4. (i) Find the range of values of the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 2 − 12 = 0 has real and distinct roots
2−3𝑥𝑥
(ii) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = (1−𝑥𝑥)(2−𝑥𝑥)
Express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) as a series in ascending powers of 𝑥𝑥, up to and including the term in 𝑥𝑥 3 ,
giving the range of values for which, the expansion is valid.

5. (i) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 − 5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥. Show that the equation 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0 has a root in the
interval 2 < 𝑥𝑥 < 3.
Taking 𝑥𝑥 = 2 as a first approximation to the root of the equation, use one iteration of the
Newton-Raphson procedure to find a second approximation to this root, giving the
answer correct to two decimal places.
(ii) The function ℎ is defined for all real values of 𝑥𝑥 by ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 − 5
3 49
Given that ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) has a turning point at � , − �, find the values of the constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.
4 8

6. (i) The functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are defined on ℝ, the set of real numbers, by

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 4
𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓: ⟼ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 1
𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑔𝑔: ⟼ 2𝑥𝑥 − 3
Find the composite function 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔, stating its domain.
(ii) A binary relation 𝑅𝑅 is defined on the set of integers, by
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑐,
where 𝑐𝑐 is an integer,
Prove that 𝑅𝑅 is an equivalence relation.

7. (i) The sum of the first, third and seventh terms of an arithmetical progression is 25. If the
thirteenth term of the progression is three times the fourth term, find the first term and
the common difference of the progression.
(ii) Prove by mathematical induction that
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
�(2 + 3𝑟𝑟) = (3𝑛𝑛 + 7)
2
𝑟𝑟=1
for all positive integers 𝑛𝑛.

8. Given that 𝐴𝐴 is the point (5, −1, 2), Π is the plane with vector equation
𝑟𝑟 ∙ �2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 6𝚥𝚥⃗ + 9𝑘𝑘�⃗� = 33
and 𝑂𝑂 is the origin, find
a) The perpendicular distance of Π from 𝑂𝑂.
b) A vector equation of the line 𝑙𝑙 which passes through 𝐴𝐴 and is perpendicular to Π.
c) The coordinates of the point 𝐵𝐵, where 𝑙𝑙 meets Π.

9. (i) The complex number 𝑧𝑧 is given by

(4 + 3𝑖𝑖 )(3 + 4𝑖𝑖 )
𝑧𝑧 =
(3 + 𝑖𝑖 )
Express 𝑧𝑧 in the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,
where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
1+𝑖𝑖
(ii) Another complex number 𝑧𝑧1 , is such that 𝑧𝑧1 =
√3+𝑖𝑖
Find |𝑧𝑧1 | and arg(𝑧𝑧14 )

10. (i) Given that 𝑦𝑦 = 2(𝑥𝑥 − 5)√𝑥𝑥 + 4,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3(𝑥𝑥+1)
Show that = .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥+4
Hence, evaluate
12
𝑥𝑥 + 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5 √𝑥𝑥 + 4

(ii) Obtain in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ), a particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
− 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
given that 𝑦𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 5

JUNE 2014
6𝑥𝑥+1
1. Express (2𝑥𝑥−3)(3𝑥𝑥−2)
in partial fractions.
Hence, prove that
4
6𝑥𝑥 + 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 10
2 (2𝑥𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥𝑥 − 2)
𝜋𝜋
2. Express cos 𝑥𝑥 + √3 sin 𝑥𝑥 in the form 𝑅𝑅 cos(𝑥𝑥 − 𝜆𝜆), where 𝑅𝑅 > 0 and 0 < 𝜆𝜆 < .
2
Hence, find
a) The general solution of the equation cos 𝑥𝑥 + √3 sin 𝑥𝑥 = √3.
b) The maximum and minimum values of cos 𝑥𝑥 + √3 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 2.

3. (i) The roots of the quadratic equation

𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0 are 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽.
Prove that
1 1 1
a) 2 + =−
1+𝛼𝛼 1+𝛽𝛽2 2
1 1 1
b) × =
1+𝛼𝛼 2 1+𝛽𝛽2 2

1 1
Hence, form a quadratic equation whose roots are and .
1+𝛼𝛼 2 1+𝛽𝛽2

𝑥𝑥 2 −12
(ii) Find the range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which > 1.
𝑥𝑥

4. (i) Given the vector 𝑎𝑎 = 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 4𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗, 𝑏𝑏 = −2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗ + 6𝑘𝑘�⃗ and 𝑐𝑐 = 3𝚤𝚤⃗ − 3𝚥𝚥⃗ − 2𝑘𝑘�⃗.
Find
a) The vector 𝑣𝑣 where 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐.
b) The unit vector 𝑣𝑣�.
c) The angle, to the nearest degree, which 𝑣𝑣 makes with the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

(ii) Find
d) A vector equation of the line passing through the point (4, −5, 1) and is parallel
𝑥𝑥−2 𝑦𝑦+3 1−𝑧𝑧
to the straight line with cartesian equation = = .
3 4 2
e) A vector parametric equation of the plane containing the point (5, 4, 3) and the
vectors −3𝚤𝚤⃗ + 3𝚥𝚥⃗ and 4𝚤𝚤⃗ − 4𝚥𝚥⃗ − 6𝑘𝑘�⃗.

5. (i) Given that

3+𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 6
a) 𝑦𝑦 = ln � �, show that = .
3−𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 9−𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
b) 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 + cos 2𝑦𝑦 = 7𝑥𝑥, find .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

(ii) Determine the stationary point on the curve 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 .

(1+2𝑖𝑖)(2+𝑖𝑖)
6. (i) Given the complex number 𝑧𝑧 such that 𝑧𝑧 = (1+3𝑖𝑖)
express 𝑧𝑧 in the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
Hence, find

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 6
1
a) 𝑧𝑧 2 − �1 + 𝑖𝑖�
2
1
b) arg �𝑧𝑧 2 − �1 + 𝑖𝑖��
2

(ii) Find the locus of 𝑤𝑤 given that 𝑤𝑤 = [𝑥𝑥 + (𝑦𝑦 − 6)𝑖𝑖 ][(𝑥𝑥 + 8) − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ], if
c) 𝑤𝑤 is purely real,
d) 𝑤𝑤 is purely imaginary.

7. (i) A function 𝑓𝑓: ℝ ⟼ ℝ is defined by

3𝑥𝑥 1
𝑓𝑓: 𝑥𝑥 ⟼ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −
2𝑥𝑥 + 1 2
Determine whether or not 𝑓𝑓 is surjective.

(ii) Prove by mathematical induction that 32𝑛𝑛 + 7 is divisible by 8 for all integers 𝑛𝑛 > 0.

8. (i) Use one iteration of the Newton-Raphson method to find to 3 decimal places a second
approximation to the real root of the equation
𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
taking 0.2 as a first approximation to the root of the equation.

(ii) Four men and three women are to be seated round a circular table. Find the number of
arrangements if the three women must be together.

9. (i) Given that

1 8 2 4
�1 + 𝑥𝑥� ≈ 1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 + ⋯
3 3 9
Find the values of the constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.

(ii) The sum of the first 𝑛𝑛 terms of a sequence, 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 is given by

𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = (3𝑛𝑛 + 1)
2
Find the sum of the terms from the 10𝑡𝑡ℎ term to the 30𝑡𝑡ℎ term.

(iii) A geometric progression has its first term and common ratio as sin 2𝜃𝜃 and cos 2𝜃𝜃
respectively, where |cos 2𝜃𝜃| < 1. Prove that its sum to infinity is cot 𝜃𝜃.

10. Solve the differential equation

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑦𝑦) = −2𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
given that 𝑦𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒.
Hence, show that
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 = ln � �
2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 7

JUNE 2015
1. (i) Given that (𝑥𝑥 − 1) is a factor of the polynomial 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ), 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 12𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2.
Find the value of the constant 𝑎𝑎 and verify that 𝑓𝑓(−1) = 0.

(ii) Find the value of the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which the equation
𝑥𝑥 2 + (𝑘𝑘 + 1)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 = 0
has one root double the other.

sin 𝜃𝜃+sin 2𝜃𝜃

2. (i) Show that = tan 𝜃𝜃.
1+cos 𝜃𝜃+cos 2𝜃𝜃

(ii) Find the general solution of the equation

sin 4𝑥𝑥 + cos 2𝑥𝑥 = 0.

(iii) Solve for 𝑥𝑥, where 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 180°, the equation sin 3𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

𝑥𝑥 3
3. (i) The function 𝑓𝑓: ℝ ⟼ ℝ is defined by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 − .
3
Find the monotony of 𝑓𝑓, showing clearly its variation table.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(ii) Solve the differential equation 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦(2𝑥𝑥 2 + 1).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

4. (i) Given that 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , show that 𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑧𝑧 −1 = 2 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛.

Use this result to express cos 5 𝜃𝜃 in terms of cosines of multiples of 𝜃𝜃.

(ii) Given that 𝑧𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖𝑖√3 and 𝑧𝑧2 = −1 + 𝑖𝑖, evaluate

a) |𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 |2
b) arg(𝑧𝑧14 )

5. The coordinates of the points 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 are (0, 1, 3), (−1, 0, 1) and (1, −1, 2) respectively.
Find,
�����⃗ × �����⃗
a) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
b) The sine of the angle between �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and �����⃗
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 .
c) The value of the constant 𝜇𝜇 for which the line 𝐫𝐫 = 𝐢𝐢 + 2𝐣𝐣 − 𝐤𝐤 + λ(3𝜇𝜇𝐢𝐢 − 𝐣𝐣 + 5𝐤𝐤) is
parallel to the plane containing 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶.

2 1 2
6. Given the matrix 𝑨𝑨, where 𝑨𝑨 = �3 1 2�,
2 2 1
Find,
a) det(𝑨𝑨), determinant of 𝑨𝑨,
b) 𝑨𝑨−𝟏𝟏 , inverse of 𝑨𝑨.
Hence, or otherwise, solve the system of equations,
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 3
3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 3
2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 8

1
7. Express (3𝑡𝑡+1)(𝑡𝑡+1) in partial fractions.
By using the substitution 𝑡𝑡 = tan 𝑥𝑥, or otherwise, show that
𝜋𝜋
4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
� = ln 2
0 3 + 5 sin 2𝑥𝑥 8

3𝑥𝑥+4
8. (i) Find the set of real values of 𝑥𝑥 for which � � < 1.
2𝑥𝑥−3

𝑥𝑥+2
(ii) Sketch the curve of 𝑦𝑦 = , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −1, showing clearly the intercepts with the
𝑥𝑥+1
coordinate axes and the behaviour of the curve as it approaches its asymptotes.

9. (i) The functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 are defined by

6(𝑥𝑥−3)
𝑔𝑔: 𝑥𝑥 ⟼ 𝑥𝑥 + 5 , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ ; 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓: 𝑥𝑥 ⟼ , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 4,
𝑥𝑥−4

Find 𝑓𝑓 and show that 𝑓𝑓 is injective.

(ii) If 𝑝𝑝 is the statement : 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 and
𝑞𝑞 is the statement : 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡.
Write down the statement represented by each of the following:
a) 𝑝𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞𝑞
b) −𝑞𝑞 ⟹ 𝑝𝑝
c) −(𝑝𝑝 ∨ 𝑞𝑞 )

1−𝑥𝑥
10. (i) The first three terms in the series expansion of � are 1, −2𝑥𝑥 and 4𝑥𝑥 2 respectively.
1+𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Determine the value of 𝑘𝑘 and state the range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which the expansion is
valid.

(ii) Five cards are to be dealt out to a player from a standard pack of 52 playing cards. How
many different possibilities are there if
a) There is no ace.
b) There are at least two aces.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 9

JUNE 2016
1. (i) Given that the roots of the equation 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0 are 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽, find the quadratic
1 1
equation whose roots are 2 and 2.
1+𝛼𝛼 1+𝛽𝛽

(ii) Given that the polynomial 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = (2𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥 ) + 12𝑥𝑥 − 8, of degree 3, is
exactly divisible by 𝑥𝑥 − 1 and that 𝑃𝑃(0) = 10, find 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥 ).

2. Given that matrices 𝑴𝑴 and 𝑵𝑵, where

2 1 0 −1 0 1
𝑴𝑴 = �1 −1 1� and 𝑵𝑵 = � 5 0 −2�.
5 1 0 6 3 −3
Find the matrix product 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 and 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵.
Hence, find 𝑴𝑴−𝟏𝟏 , inverse of 𝑴𝑴.
The transformation represented by the matrix 𝑴𝑴 maps the points 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 to the
points (3, 0, 6), (0, 5, 3) and (1, 0, 1) respectively.
Find the coordinates of 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶.

3. (i) Given that the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 is differentiable in the interval (−2, 2), use the mean
value theorem to find the value of 𝑥𝑥 for which the tangent to the curve is parallel to the
chord through the pints (−2, 8) and (2, 8).

(ii) Express in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ), the general solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 (1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

4. (i) Use De moivre’s theorem to express cos 4𝜃𝜃 in terms of cos 𝜃𝜃.
1 1 1
(ii) Given that 𝑧𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧2 = −2 + 4𝑖𝑖 and = + , find 𝑧𝑧3 .
𝑧𝑧3 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2

5. The position vectors of the points 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 are 𝒂𝒂, 𝒃𝒃 and 𝒄𝒄 respectively, where
𝒂𝒂 = 3𝐢𝐢 + 6𝐤𝐤, 𝒃𝒃 = 5𝐣𝐣 + 3𝐤𝐤 and 𝒄𝒄 = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝐤𝐤.
Find
(i) The vector product 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴�����⃗ × �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,
(ii) The vector equation of the plane 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.

6. Express 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = 8 cos 4𝜃𝜃 − 15 sin 𝜃𝜃 in the form 𝑟𝑟 cos(𝜃𝜃 + 𝛼𝛼 ), where 𝑟𝑟 is positive and 𝛼𝛼
an acute angle.
Hence, find
(i) The general solution of the equation 80 cos 4𝜃𝜃 − 150 sin 𝜃𝜃 = 13,
5
(ii) The maximum and minimum value of .
𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃)+3

5𝑥𝑥−3
7. (i) Express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = (𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥+3), in partial fractions.
5
Hence, evaluate ∫3 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
(ii) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 4√𝑥𝑥 − 6 , 𝑥𝑥 > 0 and taking 1.5 as a first approximation to the
root of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0, use the Newton-Raphson procedure to obtain, to three decimal places,
a second approximation to the root of the equation.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 10

𝑥𝑥+2
8. (i) Find the set of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which < 3.
𝑥𝑥−1

3𝑥𝑥−4
(ii) Given the function 𝑓𝑓, where 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −2,
𝑥𝑥+2
a) Find the range of 𝑓𝑓.
b) Sketch the graph of 𝑓𝑓.

9. (In this question, you are required to work throughout with two decimal places).

The table below shows the values of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 obtained in a certain laboratory work.

𝑥𝑥 2.659 4.801 6.248 9.708 17.595 20.96

𝑦𝑦 10.317 6.569 5.63 4.512 3.585 3.38

The variables 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 are connected by the equation 𝑦𝑦 − 2 = 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥 − 1)𝛼𝛼 .

By drawing a suitable graph of log10 (𝑦𝑦 − 2) against log10 (𝑥𝑥 − 1), estimate the values of
the constant 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.

1 6
10. (i) Find the term independent of 𝑥𝑥 in the expansion of �𝑥𝑥 2 + � .
2𝑥𝑥

20
(ii) A geometric progression with positive terms has the sum of its first two terms as and
3
its sum to infinity is 12,
Find
c) The first term and the common ratio of the progression.
d) The sum of the first three terms.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 11

JUNE 2017
1. (i) Find the set of values of 𝑘𝑘 for which the roots of the quadratic equation
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 − 2 = 0
are real and different.
log 3
(ii) Given that 2𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑦𝑦 and that 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 1, show that 𝑥𝑥 = .
log 6

2. (i) The first term of an arithmetic progression is 𝑎𝑎, and the common difference −1. If the
sum of the first 𝑛𝑛 terms is equal to the sum of the first 3𝑛𝑛 terms of the progression,
express 𝑎𝑎 in terms of 𝑛𝑛.
1 24
(ii) Find the position of the term in 𝑥𝑥 −12 in the expansion of �𝑥𝑥 3 − � .
𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5
3. (i) Find if 𝑦𝑦 = �√1 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 � .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1+𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4𝑥𝑥
(b) Given that 𝑦𝑦 = ln � �, show that = .
1−𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1−𝑥𝑥 4

(ii) The parametric equations of a curve are given by

𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝑦𝑦 = , where 𝑡𝑡 is a parameter and 𝑐𝑐 is a constant.
𝑡𝑡
Show that an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point 𝑝𝑝 with parameter 𝑡𝑡 is
given by
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.

4. (i) The table shows corresponding values of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 which approximately satisfies a
relation of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 , where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑛𝑛 are constants.

𝑥𝑥 2 3 4 5 6
𝑦𝑦 13.6 27.2 54.4 108.8 217.6
By drawing a suitable linear graph, determine the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑛𝑛, correct to one
decimal place.

(ii) Given that 𝑥𝑥 = 0.2 is a first approximation to the root of the equation 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0, where
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 1,
use one iteration of the Newton-Raphson procedure to obtain a second approximation
to the root of the equation, giving your answer to two decimal places.

5. (i) Given that (𝑥𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥𝑥 − 2) are both factors of the expression 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎, find
the values of the constant 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.
Hence, find also the remainder when the expression is divided by (𝑥𝑥 − 4).

5 7
(ii) Express as a single fraction − , simplifying the numerator.
𝑥𝑥+2 2𝑥𝑥+3

3
6. (i) The functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are defined by 𝑓𝑓: 𝑥𝑥 ↦ , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 2
𝑥𝑥−2
𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑔𝑔: 𝑥𝑥 ↦ , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −2
𝑥𝑥 + 2
a) Find 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) and 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (𝑥𝑥 ), stating their domains.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 12
b) Show that 𝑔𝑔 is not surjective.

(ii) A relation 𝑅𝑅 is defined on the set 𝐴𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by

𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅 𝑏𝑏 ⟺ 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 2𝑛𝑛 , 𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
List all the equivalence classes of 𝐴𝐴 under 𝑅𝑅.

7. (i) Find all the values of 𝜃𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋, for which

sin 2𝜃𝜃 = sec 𝜃𝜃
(ii) Show that the matrix 𝑴𝑴 is invertible, where
3 −2 5
𝑴𝑴 = �7 4 −8�.
5 −3 −4
Hence, find 𝑴𝑴−𝟏𝟏 , the inverse of matrix 𝑴𝑴.

4−3𝑖𝑖
8. (i) Given that � � 𝑧𝑧 − (1 + 3𝑖𝑖 ) = 1 − 2𝑖𝑖, express the complex number 𝑧𝑧 in the form
2−𝑖𝑖
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are real constants.

(ii) The vector equations of two lines 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 are given by
𝐿𝐿1 : 𝐫𝐫 = 13𝐢𝐢 + 4𝐣𝐣 + 11𝐤𝐤 + 𝜆𝜆(3𝐢𝐢 − 8𝐣𝐣 − 6𝐤𝐤)
𝐿𝐿2 : 𝐫𝐫 = 5𝐢𝐢 + 22𝐣𝐣 + 9𝐤𝐤 + 𝜇𝜇(7𝐢𝐢 − 17𝐣𝐣 − 5𝐤𝐤)
Find
a) The position vector of the point of intersection of 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .
b) The cosine of the acute angle between 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .

9. (i) The equations of two circles 𝑆𝑆1 and 𝑆𝑆2 are given by
𝑆𝑆1 : 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑆𝑆2 : 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 0
Show that 𝑆𝑆1 and 𝑆𝑆2 touch each other externally and obtain the equation of the common
tangent 𝑇𝑇 at the point of contact.

(ii) A father and a mother have 5 children. This family is to occupy a particular front-line
bench in church on a special thanksgiving service.
Given that this bench has a capacity of 7 persons. In how many ways can this family be
seated on the bench
a) if the parents must sit adjacent to each other.
b) if the parents must sit adjacent to each other at one end of the bench.
2
10. (i) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = , express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) in partial fractions.
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥+2)
4 27
Hence, show that ∫2 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln � �.
25

(ii) Sketch the graph of the curve whose equation is given by

2𝑥𝑥−7
𝑦𝑦 = ,
𝑥𝑥−4
showing clearly the points where the curve meets the coordinate axes and the behavior
of the curve near its asymptotes.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 13

JUNE 2018
3 2
1. 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 6.
When 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) is divided by (𝑥𝑥 − 1), the remainder is −6. Given that (𝑥𝑥 + 2) is a factor of
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ), find the values of the constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏. Hence, solve the equation 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0.

2. (i) Given that one root of the quadratic equation 𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 = 0 is three times the other,
find the value of the constant 𝑘𝑘.
Hence, solve the equation
𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 = 0
(ii) A relation 𝑅𝑅 is defined on the set of integers ℤ by 𝑎𝑎𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 if 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑏 is a multiple of 3. Show
that 𝑅𝑅 is an equivalence relation.

3. (i) Differentiate with respect to 𝑥𝑥

ln�1+𝑥𝑥 2 �
a)
𝑥𝑥 5
b) sin2 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)
(ii) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 5
Find the set of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) is increasing.

1
4. (i) Find the first four terms in the expansion (1 − 2𝑥𝑥 )2 in ascending powers of 𝑥𝑥, stating the
range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which the expansion is valid.
(ii) Find the value of 𝑥𝑥 for which
𝑦𝑦 = 2 log 2 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 + 4 = log 2 2𝑥𝑥

3−𝑖𝑖
5. (i) The complex number 𝑧𝑧 is given by 𝑧𝑧 = .
2+𝑖𝑖
Express 𝑧𝑧 in the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
(ii) Given that 𝑧𝑧 = cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃, show that 𝑧𝑧 3 + 𝑧𝑧 −3 = 2 cos 3𝜃𝜃.
Hence, find the general solution of the equation 𝑧𝑧 3 + 𝑧𝑧 −3 = √3.

𝑥𝑥
6. Express in partial fractions.
(𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥+2)
Hence, solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦 + 1), given that 𝑦𝑦 = when 𝑥𝑥 = 1, expressing the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
solution in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).

7. (i) Find the coordinates of the centre and the length of the radius of the circle
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 0
Show that the line 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 17 = 0 is a tangent to the circle.

(ii) 𝑴𝑴 is a 3 × 3 matrix given by

3 4 0
𝑴𝑴 = � 1 𝑥𝑥 + 2 1 �
2𝑥𝑥 − 4 4 𝑥𝑥 − 4
Given that 𝑴𝑴 is a singular matrix, show that

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 14
3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 36 = 0

8. (i) Find the general solution of the equation

𝜋𝜋
sin �𝑥𝑥 + � = 2 cos 𝑥𝑥.
6
(ii) The vector equations of two lines 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 are
𝐿𝐿1 : 𝒓𝒓 = 𝒊𝒊 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝝀𝝀(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑)
𝐿𝐿2 : 𝒓𝒓 = −𝒋𝒋 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝝁𝝁(𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓)
Find
a) The point of intersection of 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .
b) The vector parametric equation of the plane containing 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .

9. (i) Show that the equation

𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0 has a root between 1 and 2.
3
Given that 𝑥𝑥 = is a first approximate root, use the iteration of the Newton-Raphson
2
procedure to obtain a second approximate root of this equation.
(ii) A class is made up of 5 boys and 8 girls. Find the number of ways in which a mixed
delegation of 4 students can be chosen from the class if it must include at least 2 boys.
(iii) Two statements 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are defined as follows:
𝑝𝑝: 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠.
𝑞𝑞: 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠.
Write the following in correct English.
a) 𝑞𝑞 ⟹ 𝑝𝑝
b) ~𝑞𝑞 ⟹ ~𝑝𝑝
c) 𝑝𝑝 ∧ 𝑞𝑞

10. (i)
𝑥𝑥 2 6 10 14 16
𝑦𝑦 62 270 580 994 1248

The table above gives the values of a continuous variable 𝑦𝑦 for some observed values of
𝑥𝑥. It is known that 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑥𝑥 are connected by a law of the form
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
By drawing a suitable linear graph, estimate the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏, giving the answers
correct to two decimal places.
(ii) The first and last terms of an arithmetic progression are 7 and 51 respectively. Given
that the sum of the terms of the progression is 348, find the number of terms and
common difference of this progression.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 15

JUNE 2019
1. (i) The polynomial 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) is such that 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) ≡ 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 6. Given that (𝑥𝑥 + 2) is a
factor of 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) and that when 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) is divided by (𝑥𝑥 − 1) the remainder is −6.
a) Find, the values of the constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.
b) Hence, solve the equation 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0.
(ii) Two statements 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are given by
𝑝𝑝: 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.
𝑞𝑞: 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒.
Write out the following propositions in simple English.
c) 𝑝𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞𝑞
d) ~𝑝𝑝 ⟹ ~𝑞𝑞
e) ~(𝑝𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞𝑞)

2. Two variables 𝑋𝑋 and 𝑌𝑌 are related by an equation of the form 𝑌𝑌 = log10 ( 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐).
The table below gives the corresponding values of 𝑋𝑋 and 𝑌𝑌.

𝑋𝑋 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑌𝑌 0.857 0.924 0.982 1.033 1.079 1.121

a) Draw a linear graph by plotting values of 10𝑌𝑌 against 𝑋𝑋.

b) Use your graph to estimate to the nearest whole number the values of 𝑚𝑚 and
𝑐𝑐.

3. (i) A function 𝑓𝑓 is defined by

2𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑓𝑓: 𝑥𝑥 ⟼ , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 4
𝑥𝑥 − 4
a) Show that 𝑓𝑓 is injective.
b) Find the inverse function 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥), stating its domain.
(ii) A relation 𝑅𝑅 is defined on the set of integers by:
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⟺ 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 2𝑚𝑚 + 1, where 𝑚𝑚 is an integer.
Show that 𝑅𝑅 is not an equivalence relation.

4. (i) Given that (𝑘𝑘 + 5)𝑥𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 9𝑘𝑘 is a quadratic equation.
Find the value(s) of the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which the roots are equal.
(ii) There are 6 girls and 4 boys in a class. 3 students are to be chosen at random so as to be
awarded a scholarship. In how many ways can this be done if at least 1 boy and 1 girl
must be in the selection.

5. (i) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 12. Verify that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0 has a root in the interval
4 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5.
Taking 𝑥𝑥 = 4.5 as the first approximation root of the equation 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0, use the Newton-
Raphson procedure to find a second approximation to the root of the equation, giving the
answer to two decimal places.
(ii) The sum of the first 𝑛𝑛 terms of a sequence is given by 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 2𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑛𝑛.
Find,
a) The tenth term of the sequence.
b) The 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term of the sequence.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 16

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6. (i) Solve the differential equation (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1) + 2𝑦𝑦 = 0, given that 𝑦𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Express the answer in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).
2𝑥𝑥+1
(ii) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = . Sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), showing clearly all its intercepts
𝑥𝑥−4
and the behavior of the curve as it approaches its asymptotes.

7. The vector equations of two lines 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 are given by
𝐿𝐿1 : 𝐫𝐫 = 𝐢𝐢 − 𝐣𝐣 + 3𝐤𝐤 + 𝜆𝜆(𝐢𝐢 − 𝐣𝐣 + 𝐤𝐤)
𝐿𝐿2 : 𝐫𝐫 = 2𝐢𝐢 + 𝑎𝑎𝒋𝒋 + 6𝐤𝐤 + 𝜇𝜇(2𝐢𝐢 + 𝐣𝐣 + 3𝐤𝐤)
Where 𝑎𝑎, 𝜆𝜆 and 𝜇𝜇 are real constants. Given that 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 intersect, find
a) The value of the constant 𝑎𝑎.
b) The position vector of the point of intersection of 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .
c) The cosine of the acute angle between 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .

2
8. (i) The function 𝑓𝑓 is defined by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 2 ,
𝑥𝑥 −1
a) Express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) in partial fractions.
5 4
b) Hence, show that ∫3 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln � �.
3
(ii) Find ∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑥 sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

9. (i) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 ,

𝜋𝜋
c) Express 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) in the form 𝑟𝑟 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜆𝜆), where 𝑟𝑟 > 0 and 0 < 𝜆𝜆 < .
2
1
d) Hence, find the maximum and minimum values of .
𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃)+3
(ii) Find the intervals for which the function ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 is strictly
a) Increasing
b) Decreasing

10. (i) Given that 𝑧𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖𝑖√3 , express 𝑧𝑧 in the form 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃).
Hence, write down 𝑧𝑧 7 in the form 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 .
1 −1 1 3 3 −1
(ii) Given that 𝑨𝑨 = �0 2 −1� and 𝑩𝑩 = �−2 −2 1 � are two matrices,
2 3 0 −4 −5 2
e) Find the matrix product 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 and 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩.
f) State the relationship between 𝑨𝑨 and 𝑩𝑩.
8
g) Find also the matrix product 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩, where 𝑴𝑴 = �−7�.
1
h) Hence, solve the system of equations
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 8
2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = −7
2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 = 1

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 17

JUNE 2020
1. (i) Given that (𝑥𝑥 + 1) is a factor of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), where 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑥 + 6, factorise 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
completely.
(ii) Let 𝜆𝜆 be a real constant. Show that the roots of the quadratic equation
3𝑥𝑥 2 + (−4 − 2𝜆𝜆)𝑥𝑥 + 2𝜆𝜆 = 0 are always real.

2. (i) Given that 𝑦𝑦 = ln(4 + 𝑥𝑥 2 ), find

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
a)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
b) The equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve 𝑦𝑦 = ln(4 + 𝑥𝑥 2 ) at the
point where 𝑥𝑥 = 1.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(ii) Solve the differential equation = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥, given that 𝑦𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥𝑥 = 0, expressing 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
in terms of 𝑥𝑥.

3. (i) Draw the truth table for each of the propositions 𝑝𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞𝑞 and ~𝑝𝑝 ∨ 𝑞𝑞 and show that they
are identical.

(ii) Given that sin−1 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝛼𝛼 and cos −1 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝛽𝛽, show that sin(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = 1.

𝑥𝑥+1
4. (i) The function 𝑓𝑓 is given by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = (𝑥𝑥−1)(𝑥𝑥 2
+1)
Express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) in partial fractions
Hence, find ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

cos 𝑥𝑥
(ii) By using the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥, find ∫ � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1+sin2 𝑥𝑥
3𝑥𝑥
(iii) Find ∫(𝑥𝑥 + 2)𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

5. Given the circles 𝐶𝐶1 : 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 𝐶𝐶2 : 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑦𝑦 + 9 = 0, find,
a) The equation of the circle 𝐶𝐶3 which passes through the centre of 𝐶𝐶1 and through
the point of intersection of 𝐶𝐶1 and 𝐶𝐶2 .
b) The equations of the two tangents from the origin to 𝐶𝐶1 and the length of each
tangent.

𝑥𝑥+1
6. (i) Determine whether the function 𝑓𝑓: ℝ ⟶ ℝ , 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 3 is surjective.
𝑥𝑥−3
(ii) A periodic function 𝑓𝑓: ℝ ⟶ ℝ , of period 4 is defined in the interval −2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2 by
𝑥𝑥 2 + 4 , 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2,
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = � 2
−𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 , −2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 0
a) Find the value of 𝑘𝑘 for which 𝑓𝑓 is continuous and the value of 𝑓𝑓(−5).

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 18
b) Sketch the curve of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) for which −2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10.

7. (i) Find the image of the line 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 under the transformation with matrix operator
0 −1
� �.
−1 0

1 −1 1
(ii) Find the inverse of the matrix 𝑨𝑨, where 𝑨𝑨 = �2 1 −3�.
1 1 1
Hence, solve the equations
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 7
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑧𝑧 = −6
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 4

1 𝑟𝑟
8. (i) Evaluate ∑∞
𝑟𝑟=1 3 � �
4

(ii) The sum of the first 𝑛𝑛 terms of a series is given by 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 2𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑛𝑛.
a) Find an expression for the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term of the series.
b) Show that the series is an arithmetic progression.

9. (i) Prove by mathematical induction that for 𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℕ,

𝑛𝑛
1 𝑛𝑛
� 2 =
4𝑟𝑟 − 1 2𝑛𝑛 + 1
𝑟𝑟=1

(ii) A relation 𝑅𝑅, is defined on ℤ, the set of integers by 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⟺ 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏 is even.

Show that 𝑅𝑅 is transitive.

10. (i) Find the range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which

2𝑥𝑥−1
a) < −1
𝑥𝑥+2
b) |2𝑥𝑥 − 4| < 𝑥𝑥 + 1

(ii) The complex numbers 𝑧𝑧1 and 𝑧𝑧2 are such that 𝑧𝑧1 = −2 + 2𝑖𝑖 and 𝑧𝑧2 = −2 − 2𝑖𝑖. Find,
a) arg 𝑧𝑧1
b) |𝑧𝑧2 |6

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 19

JUNE 2021
1. (i) The polynomial 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is defined by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 3 . When 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) is divided by
(𝑥𝑥 + 2), the remainder is 45. Given that (3 − 𝑥𝑥 ) is a factor of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ), find the values of the
constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.

5𝑥𝑥
(ii) Express (𝑥𝑥+3)(𝑥𝑥−2) into partial fractions.

2. (i) Given that the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥𝑥 2 + (2𝑘𝑘 + 2)𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑘 + 5 = 0 are 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽.
a) Find the values of the constant 𝑘𝑘, for which 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽.
b) For 𝑘𝑘 > 0, find the quadratic equation with integral coefficients, whose roots are
2𝛼𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 and 2𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼.

2−𝑥𝑥
(ii) Find the range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which ≥ 0.
𝑥𝑥+1

sin 3𝐴𝐴−sin 𝐴𝐴
3. (i) Show that = tan 2𝐴𝐴.
cos 3𝐴𝐴+cos 𝐴𝐴

(ii) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃, express 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) in the form 𝑅𝑅 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜆𝜆), where 𝑅𝑅 is a
positive constant and 𝜆𝜆 is an acute angle.
Hence, find the general solution of the equation sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = √2.

4𝑥𝑥
4. (i) The real valued function 𝑓𝑓 is defined as 𝑓𝑓: 𝑥𝑥 ⟼ , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 1.
𝑥𝑥−1
a) Show that 𝑓𝑓 is injective.
b) Find (𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑓𝑓)(𝑥𝑥 ), stating its domain.
(ii) Two statements 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are given by
𝑝𝑝: 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
𝑞𝑞: 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
Write out the following propositions in ordinary English.
f) 𝑝𝑝 ∧ 𝑞𝑞
g) ~𝑝𝑝 ∨ ~𝑞𝑞
h) ~𝑝𝑝 ⟹ ~𝑞𝑞

5. The equations of two lines are given by

𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝑎𝑎𝐣𝐣 − 𝐤𝐤 + λ(𝐢𝐢 + 2𝐣𝐣 + 2𝐤𝐤)
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = 𝑎𝑎𝐢𝐢 + 2𝐤𝐤 + 𝜇𝜇(−𝐣𝐣 + 3𝐤𝐤)
Where 𝜆𝜆 and 𝜇𝜇 are scalar parameters. Given that 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 and 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 intersect,
Find
d) The value of the constant 𝑎𝑎.
e) The position vector of the point of intersection of 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 .
f) The cosine of the acute angle between 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 and 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 .
𝜋𝜋
6. (i) Evaluate ∫03 cos 4 3𝑥𝑥 sin 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(b) Find the volume of the solid generated when the curve 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 is rotated completely
about the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 between the ordinates 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 3.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 20
7. (i) Show that the equation 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0, where 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 1 has a root between 0
and 1.
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
(ii) Given that the parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥𝑥 = sin 2𝜃𝜃, 𝑦𝑦 = cos 2𝜃𝜃. Find 2 in
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
terms of the parameter 𝜃𝜃.
(iii) Show that the function 𝑓𝑓: ℝ ⟶ ℝ, where 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = (2𝑥𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝑥𝑥, is an increasing
function.

8. (i) The sum of the first and second terms of a geometric progression is −5 while the sum of
the fourth and the fifth terms of the same progression is 40. Find the first term and the
common ratio of the progression.
2 15
(ii) Find the term independent of 𝑥𝑥 in the expansion of �𝑥𝑥 + � .
𝑥𝑥 2

9. (i) Given the complex numbers 𝑧𝑧1 = 4 − 5𝑖𝑖 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑝𝑝 + 4𝑖𝑖, where 𝑝𝑝 ∈ ℝ.
Find the value of 𝑝𝑝 for which 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧�2 is purely imaginary, where 𝑧𝑧�2 is the complex
conjugate of 𝑧𝑧2 .
Hence, find |𝑧𝑧1 | and arg(𝑧𝑧2 )2 .

(ii) Given that 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 ∈ ℝ, find the locus of the point 𝑧𝑧 such that |𝑧𝑧| = |𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖|.

10. (i) Find the value of the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which the matrix 𝑨𝑨 is singular,
2 3 4
where 𝑨𝑨 = �1 −1 2�.
5 0 𝑘𝑘
2 3 4
(b) Find the inverse of the matrix 𝑩𝑩 if 𝑩𝑩 = �1 −1 2�.
5 0 2
Hence, solve the system of equations
2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑧 = 1
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 2
5𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 5

−2
(c) Find the image of the point � 3 � under the transformation matrix defined by 𝑩𝑩.
1

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 21
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2012
1. (i) Roots of the equation x2 − bx + c = 0 are α and β. Lets find the equation with roots
1 1
α+ β and β + α

−b c
SOR = α + β = − = b P OR = αβ = = c
1   1
1 1 α+β
SON R = α + + β + = (α + β) +
β α αβ
b b(1 + c)
= b+ =
 c c 
1 1 1
P ON R = α+ β+ = αβ + 1 + 1 +
β α αβ
1 (c + 1)2
= c+2+ =
c c
b(1 + c) (c + 1)2
Equation : x2 − x+ =0
c c
ANS cx2 − b(c + 1)x + (c + 1)2 = 0

(ii) Find k for which the roots of the equation x2 − 2(1 + 3k)x + 7(2k + 3) = 0 are equal.
For equal roots (which are real), b2 − 4ac = 0

⇒ (−2(1 + 3k))2 − 4 (7(2k + 3)) = 0

⇒ 4(1 + 6k + 9k 2 ) − 28(2k + 3) = 36k 2 − 32x − 80 = 0
⇒ 9k 2 − 8k − 20 = 0 ⇒ 9k 2 − 18k + 10k − 20 = 0
⇒ (9k + 10)(k − 2) = 0
10
⇒ k=− or k = 2
9
x+1
2. The function f and g are defined by f : x −→ 2x+3 , x  <, x 6= − 32 and g : x −→ 3x + 2, x<

(a) Express in a similar manner (gf )−1

 
x+1 3x + 3 + 4x + 6 7x + 9
gof (x) = g(f (x)) = 3 +2 =
2x + 3 2x + 3 2x + 3
7x + 9
Let y =
2x + 3
⇒ 2xy + 3y = 7x + 9
9 − 3y
⇒ x=
2y − 7
9 − 3x 7
⇒ (gf )−1 : x ←→ , x<, x 6=
2x − 7 2

(b) Lets obtain an element in the domain of g which is invariant under g

i.e g(x) = x
⇒ 3x + 2 = x ⇒ x = −1 is invariant

3x−10
3. (i) The range of x for which x−4 <2

3x − 10 3x − 10 − 2(x − 4) x−2
<2⇒ <0 ⇒ <0
x−4 x−4 x−4

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Innovative Brain 22
The critical values are 2 and 4
x<2 2<x<4 x>4
+++ --- +++

Hence the required reqgion gives 0 < x < 4

dy
(ii) Solve the DE (1 + x2 ) dx = xy given that y=1 when x=0

dy 1 x
(1 + x2 ) = xy ⇒ dy = dx
dx y 1 + x2
Z Z
1 1 2x
⇒ dy = dx
y 2 1 + x2
1
⇒ lny = ln(1 + x2 ) + k
2
At y = 1 and x = 0 we have
1
ln1 = ln1 + k ⇒ k = 0
2
1 p
⇒ lny = ln(1 + x2 ) ⇒ y = 1 + x2
2

(iii) Show that if x is so small that x3 and higher powers of x can be neglected, then
 1 2
1+x 2
1−x = 1 + x + x2

 1  1
1+x 2 1 2
= (1 + x). · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
1−x 1−x
n(n − 1)a2
But (1 + a)n = 1 + na + + · · · an , · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
2!
1
F rom (2), F or n = −1, a = −x, = 1 + x + x2 + · · ·
1−x
1
⇒ (1 + x). = (1 + x)(1 + x + x2 )
1−x
= 1 + x + x2 + x + x2 = 1 + 2x + 2x2
1
F rom (2), F or n = , a = 2x + 2x2 ,
2
1
2x + 2x2 (2x + 2x2 )2

1+x 2
(1) ⇒ =1+ − + ···
1−x 2 8
x2
= 1 + x + x2 −
2
x2
=1+x+ QED
2

4. The equation y = ax2 + b is a straight line equation of y against x2 with gradient a and
y-intercept b

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 74 126 162 172 175 144
x2 1 4 9 16 25 36

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Innovative Brain 23

The question has a problem, because we excepted a straight line. In such a situation, draw the
graph the way it is and get to the next question. If we had a straight line as expected, then
we check where it cts the y axis, and that gives the value of b. To the value of a, we find the
gradient of the straight line.
x+1
5. Given the function f (x) = (x+2)(x+3)

(a) Expressing f(x) in partial fraction

x+1 a b
= + · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
(x + 2)(x + 3) x+2 x+3
⇒ x + 1 = a(x + 3) + b(x + 2)
Set x = −3, ⇒ −2 = −b
⇒b=2
Set x = −2, ⇒ a = −1
−1 2
(1) ⇒ f (x) = +
x+2 x+3
R5
(b) Let’s determine 3 f (x)dx leaving our answer in terms of natural log

5 5 5
−1
Z Z Z
2
f (x)dx = dx + dx
3 3 x+2 3 x+3
= − [ln(x + 2)]53 + 2 [ln(x + 3)]53
= ln5− ln7 
+ ln8 −ln6 
5×8 20
= ln = ln
7×6 21
R
(c) Find xsin2xdx Lets proceed by parts

let u = x ⇒ u0 = 1
1
let v 0 = sin2x ⇒ v = − cos2x
Z 2 Z
x 1
By parts, xsin2xdx = − cos2x + cos2xdx
2 2
Z
x 1
⇒ xsin2xdx = − cos2x + sin2x + k
2 4

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Innovative Brain 24
dy √ −a
(i) Given that y = cos−1 a


6. bx show that dx = b2 −a2 x2
a  ax
y = cos−1 x ⇒ cosy =
b b
dy a
⇒ −siny = (i.e af ter dif f erentiation)
dx b
dy a
⇒ =−
dx bsiny
p
But siny = 1 − cos2 y
dy a −a
⇒ =− q = q
dx 2 b2 −a2 x2
b 1 − ax


b
b b2
dy −a
⇒ =√ QED
dx b − a2 x2
2

m
(ii) y = xm (1 − x)2 has a stationary point when x = n+m Let’s show that when m=n=2, the

stationary point is a minimum point

d2 y
It suffices for us to show that dx2
> 0 when m=n=2

y = x2 (1 − x)2
dy
⇒ = x2 [−2(1 − x)] + 2x(1 − x)2
dx
= −2x2 + 2x3 + 2x − 4x2 + 2x3
= 4x3 − 6x2 + 2x
m 1 dy
Lets verify that x = n+m = 2 is a turning point, i.e dx =0
 3  2  
dy 1 1 1
= 4 −6 +2 =0
dx 2 2 2
⇒ T he x given to us is actually a turning point.
d2 y
⇒ = 12x2 − 12x + 2
dx2
m d2 y
When x = m+n = 12 , then we substitude in dx2
and get the sign
 2
d2 y
 
1 1
⇒ 2 = 12 − 12 + 2 = −1 < 0
dx 2 2
m
Thus at m = n = 2 the graph admits a minimum turning point at x = m+n

7. (i) General solution of sin2θ = sinθ

sin2θ = sinθ
T he sine general solution is of the f orm, θ = πn + (−1)n α, where θ = 2θ and α = θ
⇒ 2θ = πn + (−1)n θ
⇒ θ (2 − (−1)n ) = πn
πn
⇒θ=
(2 − (−1)n )

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Innovative Brain 25
(ii) (a) f(x)= cosx + 2sinx in the form Rcos(x − λ)

Rcos(x − λ) = Rcosxcosλ + Rsinxsinλ

Comparing coef f icients, we get
Rcosλ = 1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Rsinλ = 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
(2)
⇒ tanλ = 2 ⇒ λ = 63.430
(1)
√
(1)2 + (2)2 ⇒ R2 = 1 + 4 ⇒ R = 5
√
⇒ f (x) = 5cos(x − 63.43)

(b) Set of values of x which satisfy cosx + 2sinx = 1

cosx + 2sinx = 1
√
⇒ 5cos(x − 63.43) = 1
1
⇒ cos(x − 63.43) = √
5
 
1
But cos−1 √ = 63.43
5
⇒ cos(x − 63.43) = cos63.43
⇒ x − 63.43 = 360n ± 63.43
⇒ x = 360n ± 63.43 + 63.43
W hen n = 0, x = 0 and x = 126.86
W hen n = 1, x = 360
W hen n = 2, out of range
⇒ x = (0, 126.86, 360)

(c) Let’s show the inequality

√
cosx + 2sinx = 5cos(x − 63.43)
But − 1 ≤ cos(x − 63.43) ≤ 1
√ √ √
⇒ − 5 ≤ 5cos(x − 63.43) ≤ 5
√ √
⇒ − 5 ≤ cosx + 2sinx ≤ 5 QED

8. (i) In the form a+ib the complex number z given that

(2 − i)z
− (3 − 4i) = 0
1 + 2i
(2 − i)z
⇒ = 3 − 4i
1 + 2i
(3 − 4i)(1 + 2i)
⇒ z=
2−i
(11 + 2i)(2 + i)
⇒ z=
(2 − i)(2 + i)
20 + 15i
⇒ z= = 4 + 3i
5

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Innovative Brain 26
(ii) The locus of the point z in the Argand diagram, for which

1
im(z + ) = 0
 z 
(x + yi)(x + yi) + 1
⇒ im =0
x + yi
 2
(x − y 2 + 1 + 2xyi)(x − yi)

⇒ im =0
x2 + y 2
(x2 − y 2 + 1)(−y) + 2x2 y
⇒ =0
x2 + y 2
⇒ −x2 y + y 3 − y + 2x2 y = 0
⇒ y 3 + x2 y − y = 0
⇒ y(y 2 + x2 − 1) =
⇒ y = 0 or y 2 + x2 = 1

Straight line y = 0 and circle with center (0,0) and radius 1

9. (i) A jury of 8 members are to be chosen from 5 men and 7 women. Find
(a) Number of ways the jury can be chosen
Different possibilities (5M,3W), (4M,4W), (3M,5W), (2M,6W), (1M,7W)
n =5 C5 ×7 C3 +5 C4 ×7 C4 +5 C3 ×7 C5 +5 C2 ×7 C6 +5 C1 ×7 C7
= (1 × 35) + (5 × 35) + (10 × 21) + (10 × 7) + (5 × 1)
n=495ways
(b) Women are in majority
Different possibilities (3M,5W), (2M,6W), (1M,7W)
n=5 C3 ×7 C5 +5 C2 ×7 C6 +5 C1 ×7 C7
= (10 × 21) + (10 × 7) + (5 × 1)
n=285ways
n
r(r − 1) = n3 (n + 1)(n + 2)
P
(ii) Proof by induction that
n−1

n
X n
Let Pn : r(r + 1) = (n + 1)(n + 2)
3
r=1
1
X 1
F or n = 1 LHS ⇒ r(r + 1) = 2 while RHS ⇒ ×2×3=2
3
r=1
LHS = RHS ⇒ P1 is true
k
X k
Assume Pk is true ⇒ Pk : r(r + 1) = (k + 1)(k + 2)
3
r=1
k+1
X k
X
Show that Pk+1 is true.Pk+1 : r(r + 1) = r(r + 1) + Uk+1
r=1 r=1
k
X
= r(r + 1) + (k + 1)(k + 2)
r=1
k
= (k + 1)(k + 2) + (k + 1)(k + 2)
3
(k + 1)
= (k(k + 2) + 3(k + 2))
3
(k + 1) 2
= (k + 5k + 6)
3

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Innovative Brain 27
(k + 1)
= (k + 2)(k + 3) ⇒ Pk+1 true
3
T hus as Pn is true f or n = 1...k, k + 1, it0 s true f or all nN

10. Given the lines

x − 10 y−1 z−9
l1 : = = ,
3 1 4
l2 : r = (−9~j + 13~k) + µ(~i + 2~j − 3~k) where µ is a parameter
x+3 y+5 z+4
l3 : = =
4 3 1
(a) Let’s show that the point P(4,-1,1) is common to the lines L1 and L2 Let’s deter-
mine the point of intersection of both line

l1 : r1 = 10~i + ~j + 9~k + t(3~i + ~j + 4~k) and l2 : r2 = −9~j + 13~k + µ(~i + 2~j − 3~k)

 10 + 3t = µ ⇒ µ − 3t = 10 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
l1 = l2 ⇒ 1 + t = −9 + 2µ ⇒ 2µ − t = 10 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
9 + 4t = 13 − 3µ ⇒ 3µ + 4t = 4 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)


(2) − 2(1) ⇒ t = −2
(1) ⇒ µ = 4

Testing in (3) ⇒ 12 − 8 = 4, Thus OK Substituting in l2 , we get r = (−9~j + 13~k) + 4(~i +

2~j − 3~k) = 4~i − ~j − ~k, Which corresponds to the point (4, −1, −1) QED
(b) The point of intersection of L1 and L3 Let’s determine the point of intersection of
these line

l1 : r1 = 10~i + ~j + 9~k + t(3~i + ~j + 4~k) and l3 : r3 = −3~i − 5~j − 4~k + s(4~i + 3~j + ~k)

l1 = l3 ⇒ 10 + 3t = −3 + 4s ⇒ 4s − 3t = 13 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
1 + t = −5 + 3s ⇒ 3s − t = 6 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
9 + 4t = −4 + s ⇒ s − 4t = 13 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)
(3) − 4(2) ⇒s=1
(2) ⇒ t = −3

When we test in (1), it works, meaning these two lines intersect at the point with position
vector
−3~i − 5~j − 4~k + (1)((4~i + 3~j + ~k) = ~i − 2~j − 3~k
(c) The vector parametric equation of the plane containing the lines L2 and L3 That
equation has a normal which is perpendicular to the direction vectors of both lines

⇒ ~n = (~i + 2~j − 3~k) × (4~i + 3~j + ~k)

~i ~j ~k
= 1 2 −3 = 11~i − 13~j − 5~k
4 3 1
Let’s determine the point of intersection of these lines

l2 : r2 = (−9~j + 13~k) + µ(~i + 2~j − 3~k) and l3 : r3 = −3~i − 5~j − 4~k + s(4~i + 3~j + ~k)
l2 = l3 ⇒ µ = −3 + 4s ⇒ 4s − µ = 3 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
−9 + 2µ = −5 + 3s ⇒ 3s − 2µ = −4 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
13 − 3µ = −4 + s ⇒ s + 3µ = 17 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)
(2) − 3(3) ⇒ µ = 5
(3) ⇒ s = 2

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Innovative Brain 28
Testing in (1), we get 4(2) − 5 = 3. Thus these lines intersect at the point with position
vector
−3~i − 5~j − 4~k + 2(4~i + 3~j + ~k) = 5~i + ~j − 2~k

⇒ d = (5~i + ~j − 2~k).(11~i − 13~j − 5~k) = 52

Equation : ~r.(11~i − 13~j − 5~k) = 52

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Innovative Brain 29

SOLUTION TO JUNE 2013

1. Given the relation y = λxn , λ and n being constants. Draw a suitable straight line
and find their values
We shall perform the following transformations to get a linear a relation.
y = λxn ⇒ log y = log(λxn )
⇒ log y = log xn + log λ
⇒ log y = n log x + log λ
Thus a graph of log y against log x is a straight line with gradient n and intercept log λ

x 1.59 2.39 4.16 6.31 8.70 12.01

y 3.63 6.91 16.59 31.70 52.48 87.10
log x 0.20 0.38 0.62 0.80 0.94 1.08
log y 0.56 0.84 1.22 1.50 1.72 1.94

From the graph,

2 − 0.3
gradient = = 1.52 ⇒ n = 1.52
1.16 − 0.04
intercept = 0.25 ⇒ log λ = 0.25 ⇒ λ = 100.25
Thus, λ = 1.78
2. (i) Given that P (x) has remainder 5 when divided by (x − 3) and remainder −5 when
divided by (x + 2), find a and b

P (x) = (x2 − x − 6)Q(x) + ax + b

P (3) = 5 and P (−2) = −5
P (3) = (9 − 3 − 6)Q(3) + 3a + b ⇒ 3a + b = 5 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
P (−2) = (4 + 2 − 6)Q(−2) − 2a + b ⇒ −2a + b = −5 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
(1) − (2) ⇒ 5a = 10 ⇒ a = 2
Substituting a = 2 in (2), we have
b = −1

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Innovative Brain 30
(ii) Range of x for which x + 5 < |2x + 1|

x + 5 < |2x + 1| ⇒ (x + 5)2 < (2x + 1)2

⇒ x2 + 10x + 25 < 4x2 + 4x + 1
⇒ −3x2 + 6x + 24 < 0
⇒ x2 − 2x − 8 > 0
⇒ (x − 4)(x + 2) > 0

Critical values are x = −2 and x = 4

x < −2 −2 < x < 4 x > 4
+++ --- +++
Hence Set of values={x : x < −2 U x > 4}
(iii) Mixed delegation of 5 persons from 5 women and 4 men. There must be more men than women
Possibilities: (4 men and 1 woman), (3 men and 2 women)
Thus number of ways,
n =4 C4 ×5 C1 +4 C3 ×5 C2
⇒ n = 45
√
3. (i) f (x) = 3 cos x + sin x in the form R cos(x − λ)

R cos(x − λ) = R cos x cos λ + R sin x sin λ

Comparing coefficients, we get
√
R cos λ = 3 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
R sin λ = 1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
(2) 1
⇒ tan λ = √ ⇒ λ = 300
(1) 3
2 2 2
(1) + (2) ⇒ R = 1 + 3 ⇒ R = 2
⇒ f (x) = 2 cos(x − 30)
√
√ 3
Thus, f (x) = 3 ⇒ cos(x − 30) = = cos 30
2
⇒ x − 30 = 360n ± 30
⇒ x = 360n ± 30 + 30

sin 2x+sin 4x
(ii) Proof that 1+cos 2x+cos 4x = tan 2x

sin 2x + sin 4x sin 2x + 2 sin 2x cos 2x

=
1 + cos 2x + cos 4x cos2 2x+ sin2 2x + cos 2x + cos2 2x − sin2 2x
sin 2x(1 + 2 cos 2x)
=
2 cos2 2x + cos 2x
sin 2x(1 + 2 cos 2x)
=
cos 2x(1 + 2 cos 2x
= tan 2x QED

Hence general solution of

1 + cos 2x + cos 4x 1
1− =0 ⇒ 1− =0
sin 2x + sin 4x tan 2x
⇒ tan 2x = 1
But tan−1 (1) = 45 ⇒ tan 2x = tan 45
⇒ 2x = 180n + 45 ⇒ x = 90n + 22.5

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Innovative Brain 31
4. (i) Range of values of k for which x2 + x + k = 0 has real and distinct roots
For real and distinct roots,
b2 − 4ac > 0
1
Hence, 1 − 4k > 0 ⇒ k< 4

2−3x
(ii) Given f (x) = (1−x)(2−x) . Express f (x) in ascending powers of x up to the term in x3

2 − 3x
f (x) =
(1 − x)(2 − x)
  
1 1
= (2 − 3x)
1−x 2−x
= (2 − 3x) (1 − x)−1 (2 − x)−1
n(n − 1)an−2 b2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)an−3 b3
But (a+b)n = an +nan−1 b+ +
2! 3!

For n = −1, a=1 and b = −x, we have

(1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 , valid for |x| < 1, i.e −1 < x < 1

For n = −1, a = 2 and b = −x, we have

(2 − x)−1 = 2−1 + 2−2 x + 2−3 x2 + 2−4 x3
1 x x2 x3
= + + + valid for |x| < 2, i.e −2 < x < 2
2 4 8 16
1 x x2 x3
Hence, f (x) = (2 − 3x)(1 + x + x2 + x3 )( + + + )
2 4 8 16
1 x x2 x3
= (2 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 − 3x − 3x2 − 3x3 )( + + + )
2 4 8 16
1 x x 2 x 3
= (2 − x − x2 − x3 )( + + + )
2 4 8 16
x x2 x3 x x2 x3 x2 x3 x3
= 1+ + + − − − − − −
2 4 8 2 4 8 2 4 2
x2 3x3
= 1− − + · · · valid for |x| < 1, i.e −1 < x < 1
2 4

5. (i) Given f (x) = x − 7 + x2 . To show that f(x) has a root in the given interval , we have to show that
f (2).f (3) < 0

f (2) = 2 − 7 + 4 = −1
f (3) = 3−7+9=4
⇒ f (2).f (3) = −4 < 0
Thus a root exists in the interval 2 < x < 3
Given that x1 = 2 is the first approximation of the root of the equation x − 7 + x2 = 0,
find the second approximation x2
f (x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f 0 (x1 )
But, f 0 (x) = 1 + 2x ⇒ f 0 (2) = 1 + 2(2) = 5
Also, f (2) = −1
−1
Hence, x2 = 2 − = 2.20
5

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Innovative Brain 32
3 49
(ii) Given that h(x) = ax2 + bx − 5 has turning point


4, − 8 Find a and b

At turning point, h0 (x) = 0

But, h0 (x) = 2ax + b
−b
So, h0 (x) = 0 ⇒ 2ax + b = 0 ⇒ x =
    2a
−b 3
Hence, h =h
2a 4
 2
b2 b2 b2
   
−b −b −b
But, h =a +b −5= − −5=− −5
2a 2a 2a 4a 2a 4a
 
3 −49
And, h =
4 8
49 b2
⇒ − = − − 5 ⇒ 49a = 2b2 + 40a
8 4a
⇒ 2b2 = 9a
⇒ 2b2 = 3(−2b)
⇒ b(b + 3) = 0 ⇒ b = −3 and hence a = 2

x
6. (i) Given f (x) = x−1 and g(x) = 2x − 3

2x − 3 2x − 3
f og(x) = f (g(x)) = =
2x − 3 − 1 2(x − 2)
Domain of defintion of fog is x : x 6= 2
(ii) A binary relation R defined as xRy ⇔ x − y = 3c. Let’s show that R is an equivalence relation

• Ref lexivity : xRx ⇔ x − x = 0 = 3(0), thus relexive

• Symmetry : xRy ⇔ x − y = 3c ⇒ y − x = 3(−c) = 3k,
⇒ yRx thus symmetric
• T ransitivity : xRy ⇔ x − y = 3c, yRz ⇔ y − z = 3d
Adding both equations, ⇒ x − z = 3(c + d) = 3k, ⇒ xRz thus transitive

Thus R is am equivalence relation

7. (i) Given that T1 + T3 + T7 = 25 and T6 = 3T4 find a and d

T1 + T3 + T7 = 25 ⇒ a + (a + 2d) + (a + 6d) = 25
⇒ 3a + 8d = 25 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Also, T8 = 3T4 ⇒ a + 7d = 3(a + 3d)
⇒ 2a + 2d = 0 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
2(1) − 3(2) ⇒ 10d = 50
⇒ d=5
⇒ a = −5
n
(2 + 3r) = n2 (3n + 7)
P
(ii) Proof by mathematical induction, the statement Pn :
r=1
For n=1,
1
X
LHS : (2 + 3r) = 5
r=1
1
RHS : (3 + 7) = 5, P is true for n=1
2

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Innovative Brain 33
Assume P is true for n = k and that it is true for n = k + 1
k
P k
Pk : (2 + 3r) = (3k + 7) true
r=1 2
k+1 k
X
P
Pk+1 : (2 + 3r) = (2 + 3r) + (2 + 3(k + 1))
r=1 r=1
k
=
(3k + 7) + 2 + 3k + 3
2
k(3k + 7) + 2(3k + 5) 3k 2 + 13k + 10
= =
2 2
3k 2 + 3k + 10k + 10 (k + 1)(3k + 10
= =
2 2
(k + 1) (3(k + 1) + 7)
= ⇒ Pk+1 true
2
Thus P is true for all n belonging to the set on natuaral numbers
8. Given A(5, −1, 2) belong to a plane with vector equation r.(2i + 6j + 9k) = 11. Find
(a) The perpendicular distance form plane to O
−11 11
Distance = √ = = 1unit
4 + 36 + 81 11
(b) Vector equation of the line passing via A and parallel to the plane
→
−
n = 2i + 6j + 9k Which is the direction vector of the line
⇒ equation : r = 5i − j + 2k + λ(2i + 6j + 9k)

(c) When the line meets the plane

   
x 5 + 2λ
Line :  y  =  −1 + 6λ 
z 2 + 9λ
P lane : 2x + 6y + 9k = 11
Substituting gives : 2(5 + 2λ) + 6(−1 + 6λ) + 9(2 + 9λ) = 11
1
⇒ 121λ = −11 ⇒ λ = −
11
1
⇒ position vector : r = 5i − j + 2k − (2i + 6j + 9k)
11
53 17 13
r = i− j+ k
11 11 11
 
53 17 13
⇒ coordinates , , k
11 11 11
(4+3i)(3+4i)
9. (i) Given z = 3+i . Express z in the form a+ib

(4 + 3i)(3 + 4i)
z =
3+i
25i
=
3+i
25i(3 − i)
=
(3 + i)(3 − i)
25 + 75i
=
10
5 15
⇒z = + i
2 2

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Innovative Brain 34
(ii) Given z1 = √1+i
3+i

√
1+i |1 + i| 2
z1 = √ ⇒ |z1 | = √ =
3+i | 3 + i| 2
4
arg(z1 ) = 4argz1
 
1+i
= 4 arg √
3+i
√ 4π 4π
= 4arg(1 + i) − 4arg( 3 + i) = −
4 6
4 π
⇒ arg(z1 ) =
3
√ dy 3(x+1)
10. (i) Given y = 2(x − 5) x + 4.Lets’s show that dx = √
x+4

√ √
 
dy 1
y = 2(x − 5) x + 4 ⇒ = 2(x − 5) √ +2 x+4
dx 2 x+4
2x − 10 + 4(x + 4) 2(x + 3)
= √ = √
2 x+4 2 x+4
dy 3(x + 1)
⇒ = √ QED
dx x+4
Z 12
1 12 3(x + 1)
Z
(x + 1)
⇒ √ dx = √ dx
5 x+4 3 5 x+4
W hen x=5 y=0
W hen x = 12 y = 56
1 12 3(x + 1) 1 56
Z Z
⇒ √ dx = dy
3 5 x+4 3 0
1 56
= [y]56
0 =
3 3

(ii) Express in the form y=f(x), the particular solution of the DE

dy
− x = 2xy given y = 0 when x = 0
dx
dy
⇒ = x(2y + 1)
dx Z Z
dy dy
⇒ = xdx ⇒ = xdx
2y + 1 2y + 1
1 x2
⇒ ln(2y + 1) = +k
2 2
1
P oint (0, 0) ⇒ ln1 = 0 + k, ⇒ k = 0
2
1 x2
⇒ ln(2y + 1) = ⇒ ln(2y + 1) = x2
2 2
2
2 ex − 1
⇒ 2y + 1 = ex ⇒ y =
2

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Innovative Brain 35

SOLUTION TO JUNE 2014

1. Find the Partial fraction and hence integral below

6x + 1 a b
= +
(2x − 3)(3x − 2) 2x − 3 3x − 2
⇒ 6x + 1 = a(3x − 2) + b(2x − 3)
2 −5b
Set x = ⇒ 5 = ⇒ b = −3
3 3
3 5a
Set x = ⇒ 10 = ⇒a=4
2 2
6x + 1 4 −3
⇒ = +
(2x − 3)(3x − 2) 2x − 3 3x − 2
Z 4 Z 4 Z 4
6x + 1 4 −3
dx = dx + dx
2 (2x − 3)(3x − 2) 2 2x − 3 2 3x −2
= 2 [ln(2x − 3)]42 − [ln(3x − 2)]42
=  − 2ln1− ln10 + ln4
2ln5
25 × 4
= ln = ln10 QED
10
√ π
2. Express f (x) = cosx + 3sinx in the form Rcos(x − λ) where R>0 and 0 < λ < 2
√
cosx + 3sinx = Rcos(x − λ)
= R[cosxcosλ + sinxsinλ] = (Rcosλ)cosx + (Rsinλ)sinx
⇒1 = Rcosλ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
√
3Rsinλ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
=
√
(1) + (2) ⇒ 1 + 3 = R2 (cos2 λ + sin2 λ) ⇒ R = 4 = 2
2 2

(2) 1
⇒ tanλ = √
(1) 3
 
∗1 1 π
⇒ λ = tan √ =
3 6
 π
⇒ f (x) = 2cos x −
6
√
(i) Hence the find the general solution of f (x) = 3
 π √
⇒ 2cos x − = 3
6 √
 π 3
⇒ cos x − =
6 2!
√
−1 3 π
But cos =
2 6
 π   π
⇒ cos x − = cos
6 6
π π
⇒ x − = 2πn ±
6 6
π π
⇒ x = 2πn ± +
6 6
π
⇒ x = 2πn + and x = 2πn
3

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Innovative Brain 36
(ii) Find the minimum and maximum of f (x) + 2
We know that the inequality below is always true
 π
−1 ≤ cos x − ≤1
 6π 
⇒ −2 ≤ 2cos x − ≤2
6
 π 
⇒ 0 ≤ 2cos x − +2≤4
√ 6
⇒ 0 ≤ cosx + 3sinx + 2 ≤ 4
The inequality appears as such, thus
Minimin value 0 and Maximum value 4
3. (i) Roots of x2 − x + 2 = 0 are α and β. Find the values of α + β and αβ
−b −(−1)
SOR : α + β = = =1
a 1
c 2
P OR : αβ = = =2
a 1

1 1 −1
(a) Prooving that 1+α2
+ 1+β 2
= 2

1 1 1 + β 2 + 1 + α2
2
+ =
1+α 1 + β2 (1 + α2 )(1 + β 2 )
2 + α2 + β 2
=
1 + β 2 + α2 + (αβ)2
2 + (α + β)2 − 2αβ
=
1 + (α + β)2 − 2αβ + (αβ)2
2 + (1)2 − 2(2)
=
1 + (1)2 − 2(2) + (2)2
−1
= QED
2
1 1 1
(b) Prooving that 1+α2
× 1+β 2
= 2

1 1 1
× =
1 + α2 1 + β 2 (1 + α2 )(1 + β 2 )
1
= QED (since denominator is same as that above)
2
⇒ equation : x2 − (SON R)x + P ON R = 0
 
2 −1 1
equation : x − x+ =0
2 2
Ans : 2x2 + x + 1 = 0
x2 −12
(ii) Range of values of x for which x >1

x2 − 12 x2 − 12
>1 ⇒ −1>0
x x
x2 − 12 − x
⇒ >0
x
(x − 4)(x + 3)
⇒ >0
x
Critical values 4, -3 and 0
x < −3 −3 < x < 0 0 < x < 4 x>4
--- +++ --- +++
⇒ −3 < x < 0 and x > 4

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Innovative Brain 37
4. (i) Given a = i + 4j + 2k, b = −2i + 2j + 6k, c = 3i − 3j − 2k. Find

(a) v=a+b+c = (i + 4j + 2k) + (−2i + 2j + 6k) + (3i − 3j − 2k)

⇒ v = 2i + 3j + 6k
(b) The unit vector in the direction of ~v
−
→
v
vb = |−
→
v|
⇒ vb = 2i+3j+6k
7
⇒ vb = 27 i + 37 j + 67 k
(c) The angle between vector ~v and the y − axis
To find this angle, we use the dot product of v and j. we have
→
− →
−
v.j = |→
−
v |cosθ
3
⇒ cosθ =
7
⇒ θ = 64.6230

(ii) Find
(d) Equation of the line passing through the point (4,-5,1) and parallel to the straight lin
x−2 y+3 1−z
equation 3 = 4 = 2
x−2 y+3 1−z
We have to look for the direction vector of 3 = 4 = 2 which is generally the
denominators when expressed i.e.
x−2 y+3 1−z x−2 y+3 z−1
= = = = =
3 4 2 3 4 −2
⇒ direction ratio→
−
u = 3i + 4j − 2k
we thus have the position vector of the line and its direction vector
EQU AT ION : → −r = 4i − 5j + k + λ(3i + 4j − 2k)

(e) Equation of the plane passing through (5,4,3) and containing the vectors −3i + 3k and
The normal to the plane is given by

i j k
−3 0 3
4 −4 −6
n = 12i − 6j + 12k
knowing that r.n = d with d = n.(5i + 4j + 3k) = 60 − 24 + 3 = 72
⇒ (xi + yj + zk).(12i − 6j + 12k) = 72
⇒ 2x − y + 2z = 12

5. (i) Given that

dy
(a) y = ln 3+x
3−x . Show that dx = 6
9−x2

dy (3 − x)(1) − (3 + x)(−1) 3 + x
= ÷
dx (3 − x)2 3−x
6 3−x
= ×
(3 − x)2 3 + x
6 6
= = QED
(3 − x)(3 + x) 9 − x2

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Innovative Brain 38
dy
(b) xy 2 + cos2y = 7x. Find dx
dy
To find we’ll do implicite differentiation
dx
   
dy 2 dx dy
⇒ x 2y +y − 2sin2y =7
dx dx dx
dy
⇒ (2xy − 2sin2y) = 7 − y 2
dx
dy 7 − y2
⇒ =
dx 2xy − 2sin2y

(ii) Given y = xe−x . Find the turning point(s)

dy
x −e−x + e−x


=
dx
dy
At turning point, dx =0
−x −x


⇒ x −e +e =0
⇒ e−x (1 − x) = 0
⇒ x = 1 or e−x = 0(impossible)
when x=1 y = e−1 ⇒ point(1, e−1 )

(1+2i)(2+i)
6. (i) Given that z = 1+3i . Express z in the form a+ib

(1 + 2i)(2 + i) 2 + 5i − 2
z = =
1 + 3i 1 + 3i
5i(1 − 3i) 15 5
= = + i
1+9 10 10
3 1
⇒z = + i
2 2
Hence
(a) Find z 2 − 1 + 21 i

3 1 2
     
2 1 1
z − 1+ i = + i − 1+ i
2 2 2 2
9 6 1 1
= + i− −1− i
4 4 4 2
= 1−i

(b) arg z 2 − 1 + 12 i



  
2 1
arg z − 1 + i = arg(1 − i)
2
 
−1 1 π
= −tan =−
1 4

(ii) Locus of w = [x + (y − 6)i] [(x + 8) − yi]

[x + (y − 6)i] [(x + 8) − yi] = x(x + 8) − xyi + (x + 8)(y − 6)i + y(y − 6)

= (x2 + 8x + y 2 − 6y) + i(8y − 6x − 48 + xy − xy)
= (x2 + 8x + (4)2 − (4)2 + y 2 − 6y + (−3)2 − (−3)2 ) + i(8y − 6x − 48)
⇒ z = (x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 − 25 + i(8y − 6x − 48)

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Innovative Brain 39
(c) Locus for which z is purely real
If z is purely real, then im(z)=0
⇒ 8y − 6x − 48 = 0
Thus straight line on equation 4y − 3x = 24

(d) Locus for which z is purely imaginary

If z is purely imaginary, then re(z)=0
⇒ (x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 − 25 = 0
⇒ (x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 = 52
Thus equation of a circle, with center (-4,3) and raduis 5
3x
7. (i) Given f (x) = 2x+1 , x 6= 12 . Lets determine whether or not the function is surjective.
To do that, we first find the range(domain of f inverse
3x
Let y =
2x + 1
⇒ 2xy + y = 3x ⇒ x(2y − 3) = −y
−y
⇒ x=
2y − 3
−x
⇒ f −1 (x) =
2x − 3
Thus range is x : x 6= 32 . Since an element in exempted from the range, it means that f isn’t
surjective.
(ii) Proof that 32n + 7 is divisible by 8 for all n

Let Pn : 32n + 7 = 8a(being divisible by 8, means it can be written as 8a)

Showing that P1 is true ⇒ 32 + 7 = 9 + 7 = 16 = 8(2)
Since 16 can be written as 8 times something, then the statement is true for n=1
Assume Pk is true ⇒ 32k + 7 = 8a
lets show that Pk+1 is true. i.e, that PK+1 can be written as 8 times something
Pk+1 = 32(k+1) + 7
= 9 × 32k + 7
= 8.32k + 32k + 7
= 8.32k + 8a
= 8(32k + a)

Thus Pk+1 is true since it can be written as 8 time something.

Hence as Pn is true for n=1,k and k+1, so is it true for all n.
8. (i) Given that x1 = 0.2 is the first approximation of the root of the equation x3 + 3x2 − 1 = 0,
second approximation x2

f (x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f 0 (x1 )
But f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 6x
⇒ f 0 (x1 ) = 3(0.2)2 + 6(0.2) = 1.32
f (x1 ) = (0.2)3 + 3(0.2)2 − 1 = −0.872
−0.872
⇒ x2 = 0.2 − = 0.861
1.32

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Innovative Brain 40
(ii) 4men and 3women are to be seated on a circular table, find the number of arrangements
women must be seated together.
If we group all the women as 1, we therefore have 5 individuals to sit
This gives n’= (5 − 1)!
Now, the woman have a way of n”= 3! of sitting amongst them.
Thus n= 4! × 3! = 144ways

8
9. (i) Given that 1 + 31 x = 1 + 23 ax − 49 bx2 + ... Find a and b

n(n − 1)a2
F rom (1 + a)n = 1 + na + + ...
2!
For n=8 and a= 31 x, we get

2
1 8 8x 8 × 7 × 31 x2
 
1+ x = 1+ + + ...
3 3 2!
8x 28x2
= 1+ + + ...
3 9
Hence, 8 = 2a ⇒ a = 4, 28 = −4b ⇒ b = −7

(ii) Given Sn = n2 (3n + 1) Find the sum from the 10th to the 30th term.
NB: To sum from 5 to 10 for example, do as follows

(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10) − (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)

Thus, the sum we’re looking for in question is S30 − S9

30 9
S30 − S9 = (90 + 1) − (27 + 1)
2 2
= (15 × 91) − (9 × 14) = 1239

(iii) A g.p has as first term sin 2θ and common ratio cos 2θ. Show that the sum to infinity
of the GP is cot θ

We have that
a sin2θ
S∞ = =
1−r 1 − cos2θ
2sinθcosθ
=
sin2 θ+ cos2 θ − cos2 θ + sin2 θ
2sinθcosθ
=
2sin2 θ
cosθ
= = cotθ QED
sinθ

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Innovative Brain 41
dy
10. Solve the DE x(1 − y) dx = −2y Given that y=2 when x=e

dy y−1 1
x(1 − y) = −2y ⇒ dy = dx
dx 2y x
Z  
y−1 1 −1
Z Z Z
1 1
dy = dx ⇒ + dy = dx
2y x 2 2y x
y 1
⇒ − ln(y) = lnx + k
2 2
But y=2 when x=e
2 1
⇒ − ln(2) = lne + k
2 2
1
⇒ k = − ln2
2
y 1 1
⇒ − ln(y) = lnx − ln2
2 2 2
⇒ y = lny + 2lnx − ln2
 2 
x y
⇒ y = ln QED
2

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Innovative Brain 42
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2015
1. (i) Given f (x) = ax4 + x3 − 12x2 − x + 2 has factor (x − 1). Find a and show that (x + 1)
is a factor

f (1) = 0 ⇒ f (1) = a + 1 − 12 − 1 + 2 = 0 ⇒ a = 10
4 3 2
f (−1) = 10(−1) + (−1) − 12(−1) − (−1) + 2 = 10 − 3 − 12 + 2 + 1 + 2 = 0 QED

(ii) Roots of x2 + (k + 1)x + k = 0 are α and 2α. Find the value of k

−b −(k + 1)
SOR : ⇒α=
α + 2α = · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
a 3
c k
P OR : α × 2α = ⇒ 2α2 =
a 1
−(k + 1) 2 k
 
(1) ⇒ 2 =
3 1
2
k + 2k + 1 k
⇒ =
9 2
⇒ 2k 2 − 5k + 2 = 0
⇒ (2k − 1)(k − 2) = 0
1
⇒ k = 2 or k =
2

sinθ+cos2θ
2. (i) Show that 1+cosθ+cos2θ = tanθ

sinθ + cos2θ sinθ + 2sinθcosθ

=
1 + cosθ + cos2θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ + cosθ + cos2 θ − sin2 θ
sinθ(1 + 2cosθ)
=
2cos2 θ + cosθ
sinθ(1 + 2cosθ)
=
cosθ(1 + 2cosθ)
sinθ
= = tanθ QED
cosθ

(ii) Find the general solution of sin4x + cos2x = 0

sin4x + cos2x = 0 ⇒ −sin4x = cos2x

⇒ sin(−4x) = cos2x
⇒ cos(90 − (−4x)) = cos2x
⇒ 90 + 4x = 360n ± 2x
⇒ 4x ± 2x = 360n − 90
⇒ x = 60n − 15 and x = 180n − 45

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Innovative Brain 43
(iii) Solve for x, where 0 < x < 180 the equation sin3x + cosx = 0

sin3x + cosx = 0 ⇒ cosx = −sin3x = sin(−3x)

⇒ cosx = cos(90 − (−3x))
⇒ cos(90 + 3x) = cosx
⇒ 90 + 3x = 360n ± x
⇒ 3x ± x = 360n − 90
⇒ x = 90n − 22.5 and x = 180n − 45
for n=0: (out of range, since x is negative)
for n=1: x = 67.5 and x = 135
for n=2: x = 157.5 and x = 315 out of range
for n=3: (out of range)
⇒ x = {67.7, 135, 157.5}

x3
3. Given f (x) = x − 3

(ii) Determine the monotonicity of f (x)

By monotony, we mean: ”is the function (strictly) increasing” or ”is the funtion (strictly)
decreasing”

f 0 (x) = 1 − x2 = 12 − x2
= (1 − x)(1 + x) Critical values, -1 and 1
if x < −1, f 0 (x) < 0 thus decreasing
if − 1 < x < 1, f 0 (x) > 0 thus increasing
if x > 1, f 0 (x) < 0 thus decreasing
(−1)3
if x = −1, f 0 (x) = 0 thus turning point at f (−1) = −1 − 3 = −2
3
(1)3
if x = 1, f 0 (x) = 0 thus turning point at f (1) = 1 − 3
2
=3

dy
(ii) Solve the DE x dx = y(1 + 2x2 )

1 (1 + 2x2 )dx
dy =
y x
Z Z Z
1 dx
dy = + 2xdx
y x
⇒ lny = lnx + x2 + k
2 +k
⇒ y = elnx+x
2
⇒ y = Axex where A=ek

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Innovative Brain 44
4. (i) Given z = eiθ . Show that z n + z −n = 2cosn and hence find cos5 n
z n = einθ z −n = e−inθ
⇒ z n + z −n = cosnθ + isinnθ + cosnθ − isinnθ
= 2cosnθ QED
For n=1, we have
1
z1 + = = 2cosθ
z
1 5
 
⇒ z+ = (2cosθ)5
z
1 5
 
1 1 1 1 1
But z + = z 5 + 5z 4 + 10z 3 2 + 10z 2 3 + 5z 4 + 5
z z z z z z
   
1 1 1
= z 5 + 5 + 5 z 3 + 3 + 10 z +
z z z
= 2cos5θ + 5 (2cos3θ) + 10 (2cosθ)
⇒ 32 (cosθ)5 = 2cos5θ + 5 (2cos3θ) + 10 (2cosθ)
1
⇒ cos5 θ = (2cos5θ + 10cos3θ + 20cosθ)
32
√
(ii) Given z1 = 1 + i 3 and z2 = −1 + i. Evaluate
(a) |z1 z2 |2
√
|z1 z2 | = |(1 + i 3)(−1 + i)|
√ √
= |(−1 − 3) + i(1 − 3)|
q √ √ √
= (−1 − 3)2 + (1 − 3)2 = 8
⇒ |z1 z2 |2 = 8
(b) argz14

argz14 = 4argz1
 
−1 1 2π
= 4 tan √ =
3 3

5. Given a = j + 3k b = −i + k c = i − j + 2k
~ × BC
(i) Find AB ~
−−→
AB = b − a
= −i + k − (j + 3k) = −i − j − 2k
−−→
BC = c−b
= i − j + 2k − (−i + k) = 2i − j + k
i j k
−−→ −−→
⇒ AB × BC = −1 −1 −2 = −3i − 3j + 3k
2 −1 1
−−→ −−→
(ii) Find the sine of the angle between AB and BC
We know from cross product that
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
\ −−→
|AB × BC| = |AB|BC|sinθ, where θ = (AB, BC)
√ √ √
⇒ 9 + 9 + 9 = 1 + 1 + 4 . 4 + 1 + 1sinθ
√
3
⇒ sinθ =
2

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Innovative Brain 45
(iii) Given that the line r = i + 2j − k + λ(3µi − j + 5k) is parallel to the plane ABC, find µ

Line r = i + 2j − k + λ(3µi − j + 5k) parallel to plane ABC implies the line is perpendicular
to the normal vector to the plane. Hence,
−−→ −−→
(AB × BC).(3µi − j + 5k) = 0
⇒ (−3i − 3j + 3k).(3µi − j + 5k) = −9µ + 3 + 15 = 0
⇒ µ=2
 
2 1 2
6. Given A =  3 1 2 
2 2 1

(a) Find the determinant of A

detA=2(1 − 4) − (3 − 4) + 2(6 − 2)=3

 2x + y + 2z = 3
(b) Solve the system of linear equations 3x + y + 2z = 3
2x + 2y + z = 2

 
2 3 2
AT =  1 1 2 
2 2 1
   
−3 3 0 −3 3 0
1
adjA =  1 −2 2  ⇒ A−1 =  1 −2 2 
3
4 −2 −1 4 −2 −1

We can extract from the equation the following relation

    
2 1 2 x 3
 3 1 2  y  =  3 
2 2 1 z 2

Multiplying both sides by A−1 we get

         
1 0 0 x −3 3 0 3 x 0
1 1
 0 1 0  y  =  1 −2 2   3  ⇒  y  =  1 
3 3
0 0 1 z 4 −2 −1 2 z 4
   
x 0
⇒  y  =  13 
4
z 3

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Innovative Brain 46
1
7. Express in partial fraction (3t+1)(t+1)

1 a b
= +
(3t + 1)(t + 1) 3t + 1 t + 1
a(t + 1) + b(3t + 1)
=
(3t + 1)(t + 1)
⇒1 = a(t + 1) + b(3t + 1)
1 2a 3
Set t = − ⇒ 1 = ⇒a=
3 3 2
1
Set t = −1 ⇒ 1 = −2b ⇒ b = −
2
1 3 1
⇒ = −
(3t + 1)(t + 1) 2(3t + 1) 2(t + 1)
Z π
4 dx 1
Using the substitution t = tanx find = ln2
0 3 + 5sin2x 8
t = tanx ⇒ dt = sec2 xdx = (1 + tan2 x)dx
dt
⇒ dx =
1 + t2
1 10t
3 + 5sin2x = 3 + 10sinxcosx = 3 + 10tanxcos2 x = 3 + 10t × 2
=3+
sec x 1 + t2
3 + 3t2 + 10t
=
1 + t2
x = 0 ⇒ t = tan0 = 0
π
x= ⇒ t=1
4
Z π Z 1
4 dx (1 + t2 )dt
⇒ = 2 2
0 3 + 5sin2x 0 (1 + t )(3 + 3t + 10t)
Z 1
dt
= 2 + 10t + 3)
0 (3t
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
dt 3dt dt
= = −
0 (3t + 1)(t + 3) 0 8(3t + 1) 0 8(t + 3)
1 1
= |ln(3t + 1)|10 − |ln(t + 3)|10
8 8
1 1 1
= ln 4 − ln 1 − ln 4 + ln 3
8 8 8
1
= ln 3
8
You must have noticed that I changed the question for the part on partial fraction, sothat the
proof should work using it. This is STRICTLY FORBIDDEN in the GCE. If a question is
wrongly set, use the wrongly set question as far as you can. Marks will be granted to those who
1
attempt the question. For example, in this question, after obtaining 3t2 +10t+3 and noticing that
after factorisation, it doesn’t give the above partial fraction, you are supposed to do another
1
partial fraction for this new function 3t2 +10t+3

3x+4
8. (i) Set of values of x for which 2x−3 <1
We begin by squaring both sides

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Innovative Brain 47

3x + 4 2
<1
2x − 3
9x2 + 24x + 16
⇒ <1
4x2 − 12x + 9
NB: Don’t cross multiply in inequalities. Instead bring 1 on the left-hand-side and find the LCM
9x2 + 24x + 16
⇒ −1<0
4x2 − 12x + 9
9x2 + 24x + 16 − (4x2 − 12x + 9)
⇒ <0
4x2 − 12x + 9
5x2 + 36x + 7
⇒ <0
4x2 − 12x + 9
(x + 7)(5x + 1)
⇒ <0
(2x − 3)2

since (2x − 3)2 > 0 we don’t need to include it amongst the criticl values. If not, we had to
add it amongst the critical roots and get the corresponding critical value of x = 32 However,
if we insert it, it wont affect a=our answer
Critical values are x = −7 and x = −1 5

−1
x < −7 −7 < x < 5 x > −1
5
+++ --- +++
−1
Hence Set of values={x : −7 < x < 5 }
x+2
(ii) Sketch the curve of y = x+1 , x<, x 6= −1
• Domain of Definition: x<, x 6= −1 i.e. ] − ∞, −1[ U ] − 1, +∞[
• Limits at bounds:
1+ x2
∗ lim y = lim 1+ 1 =1
x→−∞ x→−∞ x
1
∗ lim y = −0 = −∞
x→−1−
The question which may arrive can be, how did the −0 come about. It is gotten by
putting as x, a value VERY VERY close but less than -1 (e.g. -1.0000000001)
1
∗ lim y = +0 = +∞ Similarly, it is gotten by putting as x, a value VERY VERY close
x→−1+
but greater than -1 (e.g. -0.99999999)
1+ x2
∗ lim y = lim 1 =1
x→+∞ x→+∞ 1+ x
• Intercepts:
x − intercept(wheny = 0)x = −2 pt(−2, 0)
y − intercept(whenx = 0)y = 2 pt(0, 2)
• Assymptotes:
Vertical assymptote(The point(s) exempted from the domain of definition): x=−1
Horrizontal assymptote(Limit of y as x tends to infinity): y=1
SKETCH:

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Innovative Brain 48

6(x−3)
9. The functions f and g defined as follows g : x 7→ x+5, x <, g◦f : x 7→ x−4 , x<, x 6=
4

(i) Show that f (x) is injective

6(x − 3)
g ◦ f (x) = g (f (x)) = f (x) + 5 = i.e. replace x in g(x) by f(x)
x−4
6(x − 3)
⇒ f (x) = −5
x−4
6x − 18 − 5(x − 4)
=
x−4
x+2
=
x−4
To show that f(x) is injective, we assume that f (x) = f (y) and we show that x = y
x+2 y+2
Assume f (x) = f (y) ⇒ =
x−4 y−4
⇒ (x + 2)(y − 4) = (y + 2)(x − 4)
⇒ xy − 4x + 2y − 8 = xy − 4y + 2x − 8
⇒ −6x = −6y ⇒ x = y
Thus f(x) is injective

(ii) Given the below statements, write the expressions for the following propositions
p: Eric plays golf
q:Oscar plays tennis
(a) p ⇒ q: If Eric plays golf, then Oscar plays tennis
(b) −q ⇒ p: If Oscar doesn’t play tennis, then Eric plays golf
(c) -(p ∨ q): The fact that Eric plays golf or Oscar plays tennis isn’t true OR Eric doesn’t
play golf and Oscar doesn’t play tennis (Since -(p ∨ q) ≡ −p ∧ −q )
q
1−x
10. (i) The first three terms in the series expansion of 1+kx are 1, −2x and 4x2 . Find the

value of k and give the range of validity of the expansion

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Innovative Brain 49
1−x 1
= (1 − x) ×
1 + kx 1 + kx
n(n − 1)a2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)a3
But (1 + a)n = 1 + na + + + ···
2! 3!
1
For a = kx and n = −1, we get × = 1 − kx + k 2 x2 + · · ·
1 + kx
1
⇒ (1 − x) × = (1 − x)(1 − kx + k 2 x2 + · · · ) = 1 − x(k + 1) + (k 2 + k)x2
1 + kx
For a = −x(k + 1) + (k 2 + k)x2 and n = 21 we get
r
1 −x(k + 1) + (k 2 + k)x2 −(−x(k + 1) + (k 2 + k)x2 )2
(1 − x) × = 1+ + + ···
1 + kx 2 8
kx x k 2 x2 kx2 x2 k 2 kx2 x2
= 1− − + + − − − + ···
2 2  2  2 8 4 8
k2 k k2 k 1

k 1
= 1+ − − x+ + − − − x2 ≡ 1 − 2x + 4x2
2 2 2 2 8 4 8
k 1
⇒ − − = −2 ⇒ k = 3
2 2
32 3 32 3 1
Verifying with x2 , we get + − − − = 4 Thus verified
2 2 8 4 8

(ii) 5cards out of 52cards.

(a) There are 4 aces in cards. If there are no aces, then we are selecting from 48 cards
n=48 C5 = 48×47×46×45×44
5×4×3×2×1 = 1712305
(b) If there are atleast two aces, n=Total possibilities - (Possibility of having no ace +
having one ace)
n(One ace)=Selecting first the one ace and selecting 4other cards from the 48= 1 ×48
C4 = 48×47×46×45
4×3×2×1 = 194580
total number= C5 = 52×51×50×49×48
52
5×4×3×2×1 = 2598960
⇒ at least 2 aces = 2598960 − 194580 − 1712305 = 692075

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Innovative Brain 50
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2016
1 1
1. (i) Roots of x2 − x + 2 = 0 are α and β Find the equation with roots 1+α2
and 1+β 2

−b −(−1)
SOR : α+β == =1
a 1
c 2
P OR : αβ = = = 2
a 1
1 1 1 + β 2 + 1 + α2
SON R : + =
1 + α2 1 + β 2 (1 + α2 )(1 + β 2 )
2 + α2 + β 2 2 + (α + β)2 − 2αβ
= =
1 + β 2 + α2 + (αβ)2 1 + (α + β)2 − 2αβ + (αβ)2
2 + (1)2 − 2(2) −1
= =
1 + (1)2 − 2(2) + (2)2 2
1 1 1 1
P ON R : × = =
1 + α2 1 + β 2 (1 + α2 )(1 + β 2 ) 2
equation : x2 − (SON R)x + P ON R = 0
 
2 −1 1
: x − x+ =0
2 2
Ans : 2x2 + x + 1 = 0

(ii) Given P (x) = (2x − 1)(x − 3)Q(x) + 12x − 8 has degree 3 and is exactly divisible by (x − 1)
and P (0) = 10. Find Q(x)

NB: If deg B(x)=n and deg A(x)=m, then

.deg(A(x) × B(x)) = n + m
. degA(x) + B(x) = max(n, m) i.e. the bigger number between n and m

P (0) = (−1)(−3)Q(0) − 8
⇒ 3Q(0) − 8 = 10
⇒ Q(0) = 6 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
P (1) = 0 ⇒ (2 − 1)(1 − 3)Q(1) + 12 − 8 = 0
⇒ −2Q(1) + 4 = 0
⇒ Q(1) = 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)

Since P (x) is of degree 3, and (2x − 1)(x − 3) is of degree 2, then (2x − 1)(x − 3)Q(x) being
of degree 3, implies that Q(x) is of degree 1. i.e Q(x) can be written as Q(x) = ax + b

⇒ Q(0) = a(0) + b = 6
(1) ⇒b =6
(2) ⇒ Q(1) = a(1) + b = 2
⇒ a + 6 = 2, i.e a = −4
⇒ Q(x) = −4x + 6

2. Given M and N below, find MN and NM and conclude

   
2 1 0 −1 0 1
M =  1 −1 1  and N =  5 0 −2 
5 1 0 6 3 −3

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Innovative Brain 51
  
2 1 0 −1 0 1
MN =  1 −1 1   5 0 −2 
5 1 0 6 3 −3
 
(2(−1) + 1(5)) 0 (2 − 2)
=  (−1 − 5) + 6 3 (1 + 2 − 3) 
(−5 + 5) 0 (5 − 2)
   
3 0 0 1 0 0
=  0 3 0  = 3 0 1 0 
0 0 3 0 0 1
  
−1 0 1 2 1 0
NM =  5 0 −2   1 −1 1 
6 3 −3 5 1 0
 
(−2 + 5) 0 (2 − 2)
=  (−1 − 5) + 6 3 (1 + 2 − 3) 
(−5 + 5) 0 (5 − 2)
   
3 0 0 1 0 0
=  0 3 0  = 3 0 1 0 
0 0 3 0 0 1

Since M N = N M = 3I ⇒ M ( 13 N ) = I, and hence M −1 = 13 N

Given that the images of A,B and C under M are as shown on the matrix below, find
the points A,B and C
 
3 0 1
M (A, B, C) =  0 5 0 
6 3 1
 
3 0 1
⇒ (A, B, C) = M −1  0 5 0 
6 3 1
  
−1 0 1 3 0 1
1
= 5 0 −2   0 5 0 
3
6 3 −3 6 3 1
   
−3 + 6 3 −1 + 1 2 1 0
1
= 15 − 12 −6 5 − 2  =  1 −2 1 
3
18 − 18 15 − 9 6−3 0 2 1

Hence, A(2, 1, 0), B(1, −2, 2), C(0, 1, 1)

3. Given f (x) = x3 differentiable in the interval (-2,2)

(i) Using the mean value theorem, find c for which the function changes concavity in [−2, 2]
Mean Value Theorem: ∃c ∈]a, b[ : f (b) − f (a) = f 0 (c)(b − a)

i.e ∃c ∈] − 2, 2[: f (2) − f (−2) = f 0 (c)(2 − (−2))

⇒ 23 − (−2)3 = 4f 0 (c)
⇒ 16 = 4f 0 (c)i.ef 0 (c) = 4
But f 0 (x) = 3x2 , ⇒ f 0 (c) = 3c2 = 4
±2
Ans c = √
3

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Innovative Brain 52
dy
(ii) Express in the form y=f(x) the DE y dx = x(1 + y 2 )
Z Z
y y
dy = xdx ⇒ dy = xdx
1 + y2 1 + y2
Z Z
1 2y
⇒ dy = xdx
2 1 + y2
1 x2
⇒ ln(1 + y 2 ) = +k
2 2
⇒ ln(1 + y 2 ) = x2 + 2k since d(1 + y 2 ) = 2ydy
2 2
⇒ 1 + y 2 = ex +2k = ex e2k
p
⇒ y = Aex2 − 1 where A = e2k

4. (i) Using De Moivre’s theorem, express cos5θ as a function of powers of cosθ

De Moivre’s theorem: (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
For n = 4, we have

(cos θ + i sin θ)4 = cos 4θ + i sin 4θ

⇒ cos4θ = Re((cos θ + i sin θ)4 ) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Let cosθ = C and sinθ = S
4
(C + iS) = C 4 + 4C 3 (iS) + 6C 2 (iS)2 + 4C(iS)3 + S 4
= C 4 + 4C 3 (iS) − 6C 2 S 2 − 4iC(S)3 + S 4
= C 4 − 6C 2 S 2 + S 4 + i(4C 3 S − 4CS 3 )
(1) ⇒ cos4θ = cos4 θ − 6cos2 θsin2 θ + sin4 θ
= cos4 θ − 6cos2 θ(1 − cos2 θ) + (1 − cos2 θ)2
= cos4 θ − 6cos2 θ + 6cos4 θ + 1 − 2cos2 θ + cos4 θ
⇒ cos4θ = 8cos4 θ − 8cos2 θ + 1

1 1 1
(ii) Given z1 = 2 + i, z2 = −2 + 4i, z3 = z1 + z2 Find z3

z1 .z2 ((2 + i)(−2 + 4i)

z3 = =
z1 + z 2 2 + i − 2 + 4i
−4 + 8i − 2i + 4(−1) (−8 + 6i)(−5i)
= =
5i (5i)(−5i)
40i + 30
=
25
6 8
⇒ z3 = + i
5 5

5. Given a = 3i + 6k b = 5j + 3k c = i + k
−→ −−→
(i) Find AC × AB
−→
AC = c − a
= i + k − (3i + 6k) = −2i − 5k
−−→
AB = b − a
= 5j + 3k − (3i + 6k) = −3i + 5j − 3k
i j k
−→ −−→
AC × AB = −2 0 −5
−3 5 −3
−→ −−→
⇒ AC × AB = 25i + 9j − 10k

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Innovative Brain 53
(ii) Find the vector equation of the plane ABC
Vector equation of the plane if given by r.n=d
−→ −−→ −→
where n = AC × AB and d = → −
n .OA
→
− −→
n .OA = (25i + 9j − 10k).(3i + 6k)
= 75 − 60 = 15
⇒ r.(25i + 9j − 10k) = 15

6. f (θ) = 8cosθ − 15sinθ in the form rcos(θ + α)

NB: Our question is modified a little.

8cosθ − 15sinθ = rcos(θ + α)

= r[cosθcosα − sinθsinα]
= (rcosα)cosθ − (rsinα)sinθ
⇒ 8 = rcosα · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
⇒ 15 = rsin α · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
2 2
(1) + (2) ⇒ 64 + 225 = r2 (cos2 α + sin2 α)
√
⇒ r = 289 = 17
(2)
⇒ tanα = 15/8
(1)
 
15
⇒ α = tan−1 = 61.93
8
⇒ f (θ) = 17cos(θ + 61.93)

(i) Find the general solution of 80cosθ − 150sinθ = 13

80cosθ − 150sinθ = 13
⇒ 8cosθ − 15sinθ = 1.3 = f (θ)
⇒ 17cos(θ + 61.93) = 1.3
13
⇒ cos(θ + 61.93) =
 170
13
But cos−1 = 85.61
170
⇒ cos(θ + 61.93) = cos85.61
⇒ θ + 61.93 = 2πn ± 85.61 ⇒ θ = 2πn ± 85.61 − 61.93
⇒ θ = 2πn + 23.68 and θ = 2πn − 147.54

5
(ii) Find the minimum and maximum of f (θ)+30
We know that the inequality below is always true

−1 ≤ cos(θ + 61.93) ≤ 1
⇒ −17 ≤ 17cos(θ + 61.93) ≤ 17
⇒ −17 + 30 ≤ 17cos(θ + 61.93) + 30 ≤ 17 + 30
⇒ 13 ≤ f (θ) + 30 ≤ 47
1 1 1
⇒ ≤ ≤
47 f (θ) + 30 13
5 5 5
⇒ ≤ ≤
47 f (θ) + 3 13
5 5
Minimin value 47 and Maximum value 13

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Innovative Brain 54
5x−3
7. (i) Given the function f (x) = (x+1)(x+3) . Express f (x) as a partial fraction

5x − 3 a b
= +
(x + 1)(x + 3) x+1 x+3
a(x + 3) + b(x + 1)
=
(x + 1)(x + 3)
⇒ 5x − 3 = a(x + 3) + b(x + 1)
Set x = −3 ⇒ −18 = −2b ⇒ b = 6
Set x = −1 ⇒ −8 = 2a ⇒ a = −4
5x − 3 −4 6
⇒ = +
(x + 1)(x + 3) x+1 x+3
R5
Find 3 f (x)dx
5 5
5x − 3
Z Z
f (x)dx = dx
3 3 (x + 1)(x + 3)
5 Z 5
−4
Z
6
= dx + dx
3 x+1 3 x+3
= −4 [ln(x + 1)]53 + 6 [ln(x + 3)]53
44 .86
 
= −4ln6 + 4ln4 + 6ln8 − 6ln6 = ln
64 .66
 
65536
= ln
59049
√
(ii) Given f (x) = 5x2 − 4 x − 6 having a first approximation of x1 = 1.5. Find the 2nd
approximation using Newton-Raphson method
f (xn )
Newton-Raphson: xn+1 = xn − f 0 (xn )
√
f (x) = 5x2 − 4 x − 6, x1 = 1.5
√
f (1.5) = 5(1.5)2 − 4 1.5 − 6 = 0.351
2
f 0 (x) = 10x − √
x
2
f 0 (1.5) = 10(1.5) − √ = 13.367
1.5
f (x1 )
⇒ x2 = x1 − 0
f (x1 )
0.351
= 1.5 −
13.367
⇒ x2 = 1.474

8. (i) Set of values of x for which x+2x−1 < 3

NB: Don’t cross multiply in inequalities. Instead bring 3 on the left-hand-side and find the
LCM.
x+2
−3<0
x−1
x + 2 − 3(x − 1)
<0
x−1
−2x + 5
<0
x−1
5
Critical values are x = 1 and x = 2

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Innovative Brain 55
5 5
x<1 1<x< 2 x> 2
— +++ —
Hence Set of values={x : x < 1 U x > 52 }
3x−4
(ii) Given the function f (x) = x+2 , x 6= −2
(a) Find the range of f
The range is the domain of the inverse of f
3x − 4
y = ⇒ y(x + 2) = 3x − 4
x+2
⇒ yx − 3x = −4 − 2y
−4 − 2y
⇒ x=
y−3
−4 − 2x
⇒ f −1 (x) =
x−3
⇒ Range {x< : x 6= 3}

(b) Sketch y = 3x−4

x+2
• Domain of Definition: x<, x 6= −2 i.e. ] − ∞, −2[ U ] − 2, +∞[
• Limits at bounds:
3− x4
∗ lim y = lim 2 = 3
x→−∞ x→−∞ 1+ x
∗ lim y = −10
−0 = +∞
x→−2−
The question which may arrive can be, how did the −0 come about. It is gotten
by putting as x, a value VERY VERY close but less than -2 (e.g. -2.0000000001)
∗ lim y = −10
+0 = −∞ Similarly, it is gotten by putting as x, a value VERY VERY
x→−2+
close but greater than -2 (e.g. -1.99999999)
3− x4
∗ lim y = lim 2 =3
x→+∞ x→+∞ 1+ x
• Intercepts:
x-intercept(when y=0)x= 43 pt( 43 , 0)
y-intercept(when x=0)y = −2 pt(0, −2)
• Assymptotes:
Vertical assymptote(The point(s) exempted from the domain of definition): x=-2
Horrizontal assymptote(Limit of y as x tends to infinity): y=3
SKETCH:

9. Linearize the equation y − 2 = b(x − 1)a and plot the graph to determine a and b based

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Innovative Brain 56
on the below data

y − 2 = b(x − 1)a
⇒ log(y − 2) = log(b(x − 1)a )
⇒ log(y − 2) = logb + log(x − 1)a
⇒ log(y − 2) = alog(x − 1) + logb

x 2.659 4.801 6.248 9.708 17.595 20.96

y 10.317 6.569 5.63 4.512 3.585 3.38
log(x-1) 0.22 0.58 0.72 0.94 1.22 1.3
log(y-2) 0.92 0.66 0.56 0.40 0.20 0.14

From graph, intercept=1.2. ⇒ logb = 1.2

⇒ b = 101.2 = 15.85
y2 − y1
gradient =
x2 − x1
0.8 − 0.15
= = −0.76
0.4 − 1.25
⇒ a = −0.76

1 6
(i) Find the term independent of x in the expansion x2 +


10. 2x

1 r
 
6 2 6−r
General term = Cr (x )
2x
1 1
= 6 Cr x12−2r r
= 6 Cr x12−2r r r
(2x) 2 x
1 1
= 6 Cr x12−2r−r r = 6 Cr x12−3r r
2 2
For the term independent of x, the power of x equals zero

12 − 3r = 0 ⇒ r = 4
i.e :
1 6×5×4×3 1
⇒ term = 6 C4 4 = ×
2 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 16
15
term =
16
20
(ii) Given a GP where the sum of first and second term equals 3 and sum to infinity equals
T1 + T2 = 20
(
3 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
P∞
Un = 12 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)

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Innovative Brain 57
(a) Find the first term
20
(1) ⇒ a + (ar2−1 ) =
3
20
⇒ a + ar = ⇒ 3a(1 + r) = 20 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)
3
a
(2) ⇒ = 12 ⇒ a = 4(3 − 3r)
1−r
(3) ⇒ 9(1 − r)(1 + r) = 5 ⇒ 9(1 − r2 ) = 5
5 4
⇒ r2 = 1 − =
9 9
2
⇒ r=
3
(3) ⇒ a = 4

(b) Find the third term and the sum of the first three terms
 3−1  2
2 2
T3 = 4 =4
3 3
4 16
= 4× =
9 9
20 16 76
⇒ S3 = T1 + T2 + T3 = + = ‘
3 9 9

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Innovative Brain 58
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2017
1. (i) For the roots of the equation to be real and distinct, then the discriminant b2 − 4ac > 0,
so we have x2 − kx + 2x + k = 0

x2 + (2 − k)x + k − 2 = 0
⇒ b2 − 4ac = (2 − k)2 − 4(k − 2)
= 4 − 4k + k 2 − 4k + 8
= k 2 − 8k + 12
⇒ F or k 2 − 8k + 12 > 0,
(k − 2)(k − 6) > 0 af ter f actortizing.

⇒ Critical values are k = 2, k = 6. So we need to draw the inequality table to see which
range of values satisfy the inequality.
k < 2 2<k<6 k>6
(k-2) - + +
(k-6) - - +
(k-2)(k-6) + - +
Hence the solution set for the product to be positive is x < 2 or x > 6.
log3
(ii) Given 2x = 3y · · · · · · (1) and x + y = 1 · · · · · · (2). Let’s show that x = log6 .

From (1), taking log of both sides, we get

log2x = log3y
xlog2
⇒ xlog2 = ylog3 ⇒y=
log3
From (2),
 
log2 log2
⇒ x+x =1 ⇒x 1+ =1
log3 log3
 
log3 + log2
⇒ x =1
log3
⇒ xlog6 = log3 since log2 + log3 = log6
log3
⇒ x= as required
log6

2. (i) Given a and d where d = −1, Sn = S3n . Let’s express a in terms of n

n 3n
Sn = (2a + (n − 1)d) and S3n = (2a + (3n − 1)d)
2 2
⇒ 2a + (−1)(n − 1) = 3(2a − 1(3n − 1)) since d = −1
⇒ 2a − n + 1 = 6a − 9n + 3
⇒ −4a = −8n + 2
1
⇒ a = 2n −
2
1 39
W hen n = 10, a = 20 − =
2 2
30
S30 = (20 + (30 − 1) − 1)
2
= 15(20 − 29) = 15(−9) = −135

(ii) From the general binomial term formulae, Tr =n Cr an−r br in the expansion of (a + b)n
where r is the position of the (r − 1)th term.

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Innovative Brain 59

r
We have Tr =24 Cr (x3 )24−r − x1
So for the position of x−12 , we simplify Tr , and have in terms of x−12

i.e. Tr =24 Cr (x3 )24−r x−r (−1)r

⇒ x27−3r − x−r = x72−4r
For x−12 , we have 72 − 4r = −12 ⇒ r = 21

Hence it is at the 22nd position.

√
3. (i) (a) If y = ( 1 + 2x2 )5
√
Let 1 + 2x2 = u ⇒ y = ( u)5
dy dy
From the chain rule, dx = du × du
 dx 
du dy √ 1 −1 5 √ 1
But = 4x and = 5( 5)4 u 2 = ( u)4 × √
dx du 2 2 u
dy 5 √ √ 5 √
⇒ = ( u)4 ( u)−1 = ( u)3
dx u 2
dy 5 √ 3
⇒ = ( u) × 4x but u = 1 + 2x2
dx 2 √
dy
Hence, we have dx = 10x( 1 + 2x2 )3
 
1+x2 dy 4x
(b) Given y = ln 1−x 2 . Let us show that dx = 1−x4

1 + x2
Let = u ⇒ y = lnu
1 − x2
dy dy du
From the chain rule, dx = du × dx , and also, let u = ab , where a = 1 + x2 and b = 1 − x
From the quotient rule,
dy bd(a) − ad(b)
=
dx b2
du 2c(1 − x2 ) − (1 + x2 )(−2x)
⇒ =
dx (1 − x2 )2
du 2x(1 − x2 + 1 + x2 ) 4x
⇒ = = also
dx (1 − x2 )2 (1 − x2 )2
dy dy du 1 4x
⇒ = × = ×
dx du dx u (1 − x2 )2
1 + x2
But u=
1 − x2
1 1 − x2
⇒ =
u 1 + x2
dy 1 − x2 4x 4x
⇒ = 2
× 2 2
=
du 1+x (1 − x ) (1 + x )(1 − x2 )
2

Simplifying this using the notion of the difference of two squares, we get
dy 4x
= as required
dx 1 − x4

(ii) We have x = cy and y = ct . Let’s show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at p
is given by x + t2 y = 2ct

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Innovative Brain 60
The tangent equation to a curve is given by
dy
y − y0 = (x − x0 ) where x0 = ct and y0 = ct since the parameter still remains
dx
dy dy dt −c 1 −1
= . = 2 × =
dx dt dx t c t
Hence the required equation is given by y − ct = −1


t (x − ct)
⇒ t2 y − ct = −x + ct
⇒ x + t2 y = 2ct QED

4. (i) Given the relation y = anx , where a and n are constants. For us to get a straight line
equation from where we can get the values for a and n from the table of values, we should
first linearise the equation to appear in the form of a straight line equation y = mx + c. So
we proceed as follows.

Taking log of both sides, we get

log y = log(anx ) = log a + log nx
⇒ log y = x log n + log a

We see that, the equation is in the form of a straight line equation y = mx + c. Thus, a
plot of logy against x gives a straight line, where m is the gradient of the line, and is given
by logn, and c is the y - intercept, and is given by loga
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 13.6 27.2 54.4 108.8 217.6
logy 1.13 1.44 1.74 2.04 2.34

From our graph, the slope is given by

∆logy (2.16 − 1.06)

Slope = =
∆x (5.5 − 1.75)
1.1
= = 0.3
3.75
So we have logn = 0.3
⇒ n = 100.3 = 2

From our graph, we see that the intercept is found rather in the −logy axis, so we use and
two arbitrary points to have one intercept; Say logy = 18 × 10−1 whose corresponding x

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Innovative Brain 61
value is 4.5
⇒ From our equation abovem 1.86 = loga + 4.5(0.3)
⇒ loga = 1.86 − 1.35 = 0.51
⇒ a = 100.51 = 3.2

(ii) Given that x = 0.2 is the first approximation, the to get the scond root, we use the Newton
- Raphson formula given by
f 0 (xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f (xn )
f 0 (x0 )
⇒ x1 = x0 − For n = 0 where x0 = 0.2
f (x0 )
f (x) = x3 + 3x − 1 ⇒ f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 3 and f 0 (0.2) = 3(0.2)2 + 3 = 0.12 + 3 = 3.12
Also, f (0.2) = (0.2)3 + 3(0.2) − 1 = 0.008 + 0.6 − 1 = −0.392
−0.392
⇒ x1 = 0.2 − = 0.2 + 0.13 = 0.33
3.12
Hence, the second approximation is x = 0.33
5. (i) Given that x + 1 and x − 2 are factors, then it means x = −1 and x = 2 are roots.
Let ax3 − x2 + bx − a = f (x)
⇒ f (−1) = −a − 1 − b − a = 0
⇒ 2a + b = −1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Also f (2) = 0 ⇒ 8a − 4 + 2b − a = 0
⇒ 7a + 2b = 4 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
2 × (1) − (2) ⇒ a = 2
Substituting in equation (1), we have b = −1 − 2a = −1 − 4 = −5
Hence a = 2, b = −5 ⇒ f (x) = 2x3 − x2 − 5x − 2
f (4) = 2(4)3 − (4)2 − 5(4) − 2
= 128 − 16 − 20 − 2 = 90 Hence, the remainder is 90
5 7
(ii) x+2 − 2x+3

5(2x + 3) − 7(x + 2) 10x + 15 − 7x − 14 3x + 1

= =
(x + 2)(2x + 3) (x + 2)(2x + 3) (x + 2)(2x + 3)

6. (i) Given f and g defined by

3 x−1
f : x 7→ , x ∈ <, x 6= 2 g : x 7→ , x ∈ <, x 6= −2
x−2 x+2
(a) f g(x) = f (g(x)) means we substitude g(x) where ever we find x in the function f (x).
So we have,
3 3 −3(x + 2)
f g(x) = x−1 = x−1−2x−4 =
x+2 − 2 x+2
x+5
The domain of f og(x) is x ∈ <, c 6= −5 since substituting x = −5 in the denominator
annuls the denominator, amking the function to be undefined.
In the dame way,
3
x−1 −1 5−x x−2 5−x
gof (x) = g(f (x)) = 3 = . =
x−2 +2 x − 2 2x − 1 2x − 1

Hence, the domain of gof (x) is given by x ∈ < x 6= 12 , since substituting x = 1

2 makes
the denominator to equal zero, and hence, makes the function undefined.

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Innovative Brain 62
(b) To show that f is not surjective, we have to use the definitiono f a surjective function
which says ”if the Range is not equal to the co-domain, then the function is not sur-
jective and surjective otherwise.”
The domain of g is x ∈ < x 6= −2 and the co-domain of g which is defined as the set
of images is given by x ∈ < and the range of g is denoted R(g) is the domain of g(y)
or the domain of the inverse of g
x−1
So, we let y = g(x) = x+2
x−1
⇒ y=
x+2
⇒ xy + 2y = x − 1
⇒ xy − x = −2y − 1
⇒ x(y − 1) = −2y − 1
−2y − 1
⇒ x=
y−1
Hence, R(g) ≡ x ∈ < n 6= 1. Hence, we see that R(g) 6=codomain of g and we conclude
that g is not surjective
(ii) Given the relation defined by aRb ⇔ a + b = 20 n ∈ N .
We note firstly that, to find the equivalent class of a set A under a relation R, the Rmt be
an equivalent relation, else that won’t be possible. An equivalent relation is one which is
reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Let us show that this relation is an equivalence relation
• Reflexivity: A relation is reflexive if every element x ∈ A under the relation <, xRx.
We see that
xRx ⇔ x + x = 2n (n = x)
Thus, R is reflexive
• Symmetry: A relation is said to be symmetric, if ∀x, y ∈ A, xRy ⇒ yRx. We thus
have
xRy ⇔ x + y = 2n ⇒ y + x = 2n since addition is commutative ⇒ yRx
Hence, R is symmetric.
• Transitivity: A relation R is said to be transitive if ∀x, y, z ∈ A, xRy and yRz ⇒
xRz
xRy ⇔ x + y = 2n · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1
yRz ⇔ y + z = 2m · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2
(1) + (2) ⇒ x + 2y + z = 2m + 2m
⇒ x + y = 2(m + n − y) ⇒ xRz since (m + n − y) ∈ N
Hence it is a transitive relation, and thus, am equivalent relation.
From the qustion. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Now the equivalent class of an element say xRA
denoted by [x] is given by
[x] = {y ∈ A /xRy}
• For 1, [1] = {y ∈ A /1Ry}
1Ry ⇒ 1 + y = 2n
⇒ y = 2n − 1 which is the set of odd numbers
⇒ [1] = {1, 3, 5}
• For 2, [2] = {y ∈ A /2Ry}
2Ry ⇒ 2 + y = 2n
⇒ y = 2(n − 1) which is the set of even numbers
⇒ [2] = {2, 4}

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Innovative Brain 63
From these two, we note that
[1] = [3] = [5] = {1, 3, 5} and [2] = [4] = {2, 4}

7. (i) Given sin2θ = secθ 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

1
For this question, we have 2sinθcosθ = cosθ ⇒ 2sinθ = cos12 θ
We see that the right hand side is positive for all θ and the left hand side is positive and
negative depending on the values of θ, but we wish to find the interval for which 2sinθ is
positive, which is the 1st and 2nd quadrants i.e. 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and here all the sets of values
are symmetrical about 900 i.e. we take one of the intervals say 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 and we say, on
this interval, sine is increasing
π 
⇒ sin0 ≤ sinθ ≤ sin ⇒ 0 ≤ sinθ ≤ 1
2
1
We see clearly that it is not possible for 2sinθ to be equal to cos2 θ
for any value of θ ∈ [0, 2θ]
and hence, the question has a problem.
(ii) To show that the matrix M is invertible (meaning it has an inverse), we need to show that
the determinant of the matrix exists and is different from 0. Note that if the determinant
of a matrix equals zero, then the inverse of the matrix does not exist.
i.e. M invertible ⇒ det(M ) 6= 0
3 −2 5
4 −8 7 −8 7 4
detM or |M | = 7 4 −8 = 3 − (−2) +5
−3 −4 5 −4 5 −3
5 −3 −4
= 3(−40) + 2(12) + 5(−41)
= −120 + 24 − 205 = −301 6= 0 Hence M is invertible
To find M −1 , we use the formula M −1 = AdjM
detM where AdjM is the adjugate or adjoint of
M. AdjM is the transpose of the matrix of co-factors.
The matrix of cofactor is gotten for each entry by putting a vertical line and a horizontal
line across the corresponding entry, and finding the determinant of the remaining 2 × 2
matrix i.e.
4 −8 7 −8 7 4
C3 = = −40; C−2 = = −12; C5 = = −41;
−3 −4 5 −4 5 −3
−2 5 3 5 3 −2
C7 = − = −23; C4 = = −37; C−8 = = −1;
−3 −4 5 −4 5 −3
−2 5 3 5 3 −2
C5 = = −4; C−3 = = 59; C−4 = = 26;
4 −8 −7 −8 7 4

Where Cx represents
  the cofactor of an element x and the sign entries are given by
+ − +
 − + − 
+ − +
 
−40 −12 −41
Hence our matrix of cofactor is given by CM  −23 −27 −1  and hence to find the
−4 59 26
adjoint of M, we simply transpose CM
 
−40 −23 −4
⇒ Adj(M ) =  −12 −37 59 
−41 −1 26
 
−40 −23 −4
−1 
⇒ M −1 = −12 −37 59 
301
−41 −1 26

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Innovative Brain 64
 
4−3i
8. (i) Let’s express z in the form a + bi, where 2−i z − (1 + 3i) = 1 − 2i
 
4 − 3i
= 1 − 2i + 1 + 3i = 2 + i
2−i
⇒ (4 − 3i)z = (2 − i)(2 + i) = 22 + 11 = 5
5
⇒ z=
4 − 3i
5(4 + 3i) 20 + 15i
⇒ z= =
(4 − 3i)(4 + 3i) 16 + 9
4 3
⇒ z= + i
5 5
(ii) We have the two lines given by the equation

l1 : r = 13i + 4j + 19k + γ(3i − 8j − 6k) l2 : r = 5i + 22j + 9k + µ(7i − 17j − 5k)

(a) When the two lnes intersect, then l1 = l2 . So we simply equate the components (i,j
and k) i.e.

 13 + 3γ = 5 + 7µ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
4 − 8γ = 22 − 17µ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
11 − 6γ = 9 − 5µ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)


Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously (by elimination or substitution method)
gives us µ = 2 and γ = 2. We then substitute these values in equation (3) ti make
sure that LHS equals RHS.
(3) ⇒ 11 − 6(2) = −1 and 9 − 5(2) = −1, thus the two lines intersect
We then find the intersection point by substituting either γ in l1 or µ in l2 and we get
   
13 + (2) 19
 4 − 8(2)  =  −12 
11 − 6(2) −1

(b) We have d1 .d2 = |d1 ||d2 |cosθ

Where d1 and d2 are the respective directions of the lines l1 and l2 and cosθ is the
cosine of the acute angle between them
d1 .d2 (3i − 8j − 6k).(7i − 17j − 5k)
⇒ cosθ = = p  p 
|d1 ||d2 | (3)2 + (−8)2 + (−6)2 (7)2 + (−17)2 + (−5)2
21 + 136 + 30 187
⇒ cosθ = √
√
=√ √
9 + 64 + 36 49 + 289 + 25 109 363
187
⇒ cosθ = √
39567

9. (i) Two circles touch each other externally if the distance between their centers is the sum of
their radii as shown below.

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Innovative Brain 65
We have S1 : x2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 and S2 : x2 + y 2 − 4x + 2y + 1 = 0. We are going
to proceed by completing the square for both circles to find their centers and radii

F or S1 : x2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 2x + (1)2 − (1)2 + y 2 + 2y + (1)2 − (1)2 + 1 = 0

⇒ (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 12
Circle of center O1 (−1, −1) and radius r1 = 1
F or S2 : x2 + y 2 − 4x + 2y + 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 − 4x + (−2)2 − (−2)2 + y 2 + 2y + (1)2 − (1)2 + 1 =
⇒ (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 22
Circle of center O2 (2, −1) and radius r2 = 2
p
dist(O1 O2 ) = (2 − −1)2 + (−1 − −1)2 = 3 and r1 + r2 = 1 + 2 = 3

Hence, both circles touch externally. To find the touching point of both circles, we equate
S1 to S2 and we have

⇒ x2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = x2 + y 2 − 4x + 2y + 1
⇒ 6x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 i.e. it intersects at the y-axis

(ii) (a) If the parent must sit adjacent or next to each other, then this means we have 2 × 6!
ways. This is because when they are adjacent to each other, they now represent 1
person, plus the 5 children, making a total of 6 persons. But we have to take into
account the 2 permutations when the mother is next to the father and when the father
is next to the mother, making a total of 2 ways, and hence the result obtained above.
(ii) If the parents must be adjacent to each other at the end of bench, so this gives 2×2×5!
ways. This is because, if we consider the 5 children to be in the middle, they can be
sited in 5! ways. Now, the parents sitting adjacent to each other, we can either have
mother - father or father - mother (2 ways thus), and finally, the parents can sit of the
right extreme or on the left extreme (2 ways). Hence the result obtained above.
2
10. (i) Given the function f (x) = x(x+1)(x+2) . We are required to express in partial fraction. We

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Innovative Brain 66
thus get
2 A B C
f (x) = = + +
x(x + 1)(x + 2) x x+1 x+2
2 A(x + 1)(x + 2) + Bx(x + 2) + Cx(x + 1)
⇒ =
x(x + 1)(x + 2) x(x + 1)(x + 2)
⇒ 2 = A(x + 3x + 2) + B(x + 2x) + C(x2 + x) since they have thesame denominator
2 2

Equating coefficients gives us the system of equation below


 0 = A + B + C · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
0 = 3A + 2B + C · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
2 = 2A · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)


(3) ⇒ A = 1
(2) − (1) ⇒ 0 = 2A + B ⇒ 0 = 2(1) + B ⇒ B = −2
(1) ⇒ 0 = (1) + (−2) + C ⇒ C = 1
1 2 1
⇒ f (x) = − +
x x+1 x+2
Z 4  
27
Let us show that f (x)dx = ln
2 25
Z 4 Z 4 
1 2 1
f (x)dx = − + dx
2 2 x x + 1 x + 2
Z 4 Z 4 Z 4
1 2 1
= dx − dx + dx
2 x 2 x+1 2 x+2
= |lnx|42 − 2|ln(x + 1)|42 + |ln(x + 2)|42
= lny − ln2 − 2(ln5 − ln3) + ln6 − ln4
= −ln2
 − 2ln5  = ln9 + ln6 − ln25 − ln2
 + ln3+ ln6
9×6 27
= ln = ln QED
25 × 2 25

2x−7
(ii) Given y = x−4 . Let us sketch the graph of y. We are going to follow the following steps:
∗ Domain of definition of function:
As for the domain of definition of a rational function like the one we have, the denom-
inator should not be equal to zero. Thus, the domain is given by

x ∈ < : x 6= 4 ≡ ] − ∞, 4[ U ]4, +∞[

p
As concerns domain of definition, if we have a function of the form f (x), then the
domain of definition is gotten when f (x) ≥ 0, since the square root of negative num-
bers donot exist; and for a function of the form log(f (x) or ln(f (x)), the domain of
definition is gotten when f (x) > 0 since the logarithm of all numbers less than or equal
to zero donot exist.

∗ Limits at bounds:
We note that the bounds of our domain of definition are {−∞, 4− , 4+ , +∞}. Thus

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Innovative Brain 67
we find the limits at these bounds.

2x − 7 2 − x7 2
lim f (x) = lim = lim = =2
n−→−∞ n−→−∞ x − 4 n−→−∞ 1 − 4 1
x
2x − 7 1
lim f (x) = lim = = −∞
n−→4− n−→4− x − 4 −0.000000000 · · · 1
2x − 7 1
lim f (x) = lim = = +∞
n−→4+ n−→4+ x − 4 +0.000000000 · · · 1
2x − 7 2 − x7 2
lim f (x) = lim = lim = =2
n−→+∞ n−→+∞ x − 4 n−→+∞ 1 − 4 1
x

∗ Asymptotes:
We have 3 types of asymptotes:
◦ Vertical asymptote: The vertical asymptote of a rational function is the value
of x for which the denominator equals 0. Thus, in our case, the vertical asymptote
is x = 4
◦ Horizontal asymptote: If the limit as x tends to infinity of the function gives us
a real number, then the horizontal asymotote is gotten when y equals that value.
In our case, the limit as z tends to infinity +∞ and − ∞ gives us 2. Thus, the
horizontal asymptote is y = 2
◦ Oblique Asymptote: If limx−→+∞ f (x) x = a a 6= 0 and a 6= ±∞ and limx−→+∞ (f (x)−
ax) = b, then the function has an oblique asymptote of y = ax + b. In our case,
the first condition is not verified, as limx−→+∞ f (x)
x = 0. Thus there is no oblique
asymptote.
NB: A curve can cut across a horizontal asymptote before leveling up further, but a
curve will never cut through a vertical asymptote.

∗ Intercepts:
We basically have two intercepts; the x − intercept which is gotten when y = 0, and
the y − intercept which is gotten when x = 0
 
2x − 7 7 7
x − intercept : when y = 0, we have = 0 ⇒ 2x − 7 = 0 ⇒ x = P oint ,0
x−4 2 2
 
2(0) − 7 7 7
y − intercept : when x = 0, we have y = = P oint 0,
(0) − 4 4 4

∗ Table of Variation:
This has to do with the turning points of the function, and thus, the regions where
the curve is increasing and decreasing. We note that the turning point of a function
f (x) is gotten when f 0 (x) = 0 and as concerns the monotonocity, the function f (x) is
increasing when f 0 (x) > 0 and decreasing when f 0 (x) < 0

2x − 7 (x − 4)(2) − (2x − 7)(1) −1

f (x) = ⇒ f 0 (x) = 2
=
x−4 (x − 4) (x − 4)2

Remark that, they is no value of x for which f 0 (x) = 0, and thus, the function has no
turning points. Also, we notice that, f 0 (x) < 0 ∀x ∈ Df , and thus, the function f (x)
is strictly decreasing on its domain of definition.
We can then draw the table of variation using the information on the limits at bounds
and the information on monotonicity and turning point (To be done by reader)

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∗ Sketch:

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Innovative Brain 69
SOLUTION TO JUNE 2018
1. Given P (x) = ax3 − 3x2 − bx + 6
If the remainder when P (x) is divided by (x − 1) is −6, then this means that P (1) = −6. We
thus have
P (1) = a − 3 − b + 6 = −6 ⇒ a − b = −9 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Also, if (x + 2) is a factor, then P (−2) = 0. We thus have
P (−2) = −8a − 12 + 2b + 6 = 0 ⇒ −8a + 2b = 6 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
2(1) + (2) ⇒ −6a = −12 ⇒ a = 2
(1) ⇒ b = 2 + 9 = 11
Thus, the function is given by f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 11x + 6.
To find the other roots, we must factorize f (x) completely, and thus we must go by long division
of the function f (x) by its factor i.e. (x + 2)

⇒ f (x) = (x + 2)(2x2 − 7x + 3)
= (x + 2)(2x2 − 6x − x + 3) = (x + 2)[2x(x − 3) − (x − 3)] = (x + 2)(2x − 1)(x − 3)
 
1
⇒ Roots : −2, , 3
2

2. (i) If one of the roots of the equation x2 − 8x + k = 0 is 3 times the other, then it means that
if one of the roots is α, then the other root should be 3α
b
SOR = α + 3α = − = 8 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
a
c
P OR = α(3α) = = k · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
a
SOR means sum of roots and POR means product of roots
(1) ⇒ 4α = 8 ⇒ α = 2
(2) ⇒ k = 3α2 = 3(2)2 = 12 ⇒ k = 12
We thus have the equation x2 − 8x + 12 = 0
⇒ (x − 6)(x − 2) = 0
⇒ x = 6 or x = 2

(ii) Given the relation defined on the set of integers, Z by aRb ↔ a + 2b is a multiple of 3.
Let us show that R is an equivalence relation. We note that a relation is said to be an
equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Also, we note that a number
is said to be a multiple of 3 if it can be written as 3k with k ∈ Z.
◦ Reflexivity: A relation defined in Z is said to be reflexive if ∀a ∈ Z, aRa. We have
aRa ↔ a + 2a = 3a Thus it is a multiple of 3, since it can be written as 3k with k = a
Thus the relation is reflexive

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Innovative Brain 70
◦ Symmetry: A relation defined in Z is said to be symmetrical if ∀a, b ∈ Z, aRb ⇒ bRa.
We thus have

aRb ↔ a + 2b = 3k · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
a + 2b = 3k ⇒ 3a + 6b = 9k ⇒ b + 2a = 9k − (5b + a) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
From (1) above, if we add 3b on both sides, we get a + 5b = 3k + 3b
(2) ⇒ b + 2a = 9k − (3k + 3b) = 3(2k − b) where 2k − b ∈ Z ⇒ bRa

Thus, R is symmetric
◦ Transitivity: A relation defined in Z is said to be transitive if ∀a, b, c ∈ Z, aRb and bRc ⇒
aRc. We thus have

aRb ↔ a + 2b = 3k · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
bRc ↔ b + 2c = 3m · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ a + 3b + 2c = 3(k + m) ⇒ a + 2c = 3(k + m − b) ⇒ aRc

Thus, R is a transitive relation and hence, R is an equivalence relation.

ln(1+x2 ) dy
3. (i) (a) Let y = x5
. We can use quotient rule to find dx and we have

dy bottom(d(top)) − top(d(bottom))
=
dx (bottom)2
 
2x
x5 1+x 2 − 5x4 ln(1 + x2 ) 2 5ln(1 + x2 )
= = −
x10 x4 (1 + x2 ) x6

(b) Let y = sin2 (x + 1)

dy
⇒ = 2d(x + 1)cos(x + 1) × sin(x + 1) = 2sin(x + 1)cos(x + 1)
dx
dy
⇒ = sin(2x + 2)
dx

(a) The set of values of x for which f (x) is increasing are the values of x for which f 0 (x) ≥ 0

W e have f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 5
⇒ f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 2x − 1 = (x − 1)(3x + 1)
1
⇒ Critical values are 1 and −
3
We want to find when f 0 (x) ≥ 0

x ≤ − 13 − 13 ≤ x ≤ 1 x≥1
x−1 − − +
3x + 1 − + +
(3x + 1)(x + 1) + − +
Hence, the set of values of x for which f 0 (x) ≥ 0 (i.e. the function is increasing) is given by
x ≤ − 13 or x ≥ 1
1
4. (i) The first 4 terms in the expression of (1 − 2x) 2
We know from the binomial expansion that (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + n(n−1) 2
2! x + · · ·

1 1 1
− 12 − 32




1 1 −1 2
⇒ (1 − 2x) 2 = 1 + (−2x) + 2 2
(−2x) + 2
(−2x)3 + · · ·
2 2! 3!
x2 x3
= 1−x+ −
2 2

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Innovative Brain 71
We know that the general formula for the expansion of (a ± bx)n is valid if ± bx
a < 1.
1
Hence the expansion of (1 − 2x) 2 is valid for
|2x| < 1 ⇒ −1 < 2x < 1
1 1
⇒ − <x<
2 2

y = 2log2 x · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
(ii) We have the equations
y + 4 = log2 2x · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
We wish to find the value(s) of x which satisfy the above equations
Substituting (1) in (2) gives
2log2 x + 4 = log2 2x
⇒ 2log2 x + 4 = log2 2 + log2 x
⇒ log2 x = 1 − 4 = −3
1
⇒ x = 2−3 =
8
3−i
5. (i) Given z = 2+i . Let us express z in the form a + bi, where z, b ∈ Z.
We begin by rationalizing the denominator, and we get
(3 − i)(2 − i) 6 − 3i − 2i − 1
z = =
(2 + i)(2 − i) 4+1
5 − 5i
= =1−i
5
(ii) Given that z = cosθ + isinθ. Let us show that z 3 + z −3 = 2cos3θ
1 3
       
3 2 1 1 1
W e have z+ = z + 3z + 3z 2
+
z z z z3
 3    
1 1 1
⇒ z+ = z3 + 3 + 3 z +
z z z
1
NB: z + z = 2cosθ
1
⇒ (2cosθ)3 = z 3 + 3 + 6cosθ
  z
1
⇒ z + 3 = z + z −3 = 8cos3 θ − 6cosθ
3 3
z
But 2cos3θ = 2cos(2θ + θ)
= 2[cos2θcosθ − sin2θsinθ]
= 2cosθ(2cos2 θ − 1) − 4sin2 θcosθ
= 4cos3 θ − 2cosθ − 4cosθ(1 − cos2 θ)
= 8cos3 θ − 6cosθ
⇒ z 3 + z −3 = 2cos3θ
√
Now, let us determine the general solution of z 3 + z −3 = 3
√
3 −3
√ 3
F rom above, z + z = 2cos3θ ⇒ 2cos3θ = 3 ⇒ cos3θ =
√ 2
3 π
But = cos
2 6
π
⇒ cos3θ = cos
6
π
So we have, 3θ = 2πn ±
6
2πn π
⇒ θ= ±
3 18

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Innovative Brain 72
x
6. Let us express (x+1)(x+2) in partial fraction

x A B
= +
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x+2
⇒ x = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)
W hen x = −1 ⇒ −1 = A(−1 + 2) ⇒ A = −1
W hen x = −2 ⇒ −2 = B(−2 + 1) ⇒ B = 2
x 2 1
⇒ = −
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+2 x+1

So we apply this in solving the differential equation, we have

dy
(x + 1)(x + 2) = x(y + 1)
dx
1 x
⇒ dy = dx
y+1 (x + 1)(x + 2)
Z Z Z
1 2 1
⇒ dy = dx − dx
1+y x+2 x+1
⇒ ln |1 + y| = 2 ln |x + 2| − ln |x + 1| + c where c is a constant
(x + 2)2
 
⇒ ln |1 + y| = ln +c
x+1
 
(x+2)2
(x + 2)2
 
ln
c x+1
⇒ y + 1 = e .e =A where A is a constant
x+1
(x + 2)2
 
⇒ y=A −1
x+1
But when x = 1, we have y = 12 . Thus, we have
 2
1 (3) 1
=A −1 ⇒A=
2 2 3
2 2
 
1 (x + 2) x + 4x + 4 − 3x − 3
⇒ y= . −1=
3 x+1 3(x + 1)
2
x +x+1
⇒ y=
3(x + 1)

7. (i) Given that x2 + y 2 − 3x − 4 = 0. Completing the square, we get

x2 − 3x + y 2 = 4
 2  2
2 3 2 3
x − 3x + − +y =4+ −
2 2
 2  2
3 9 5
⇒ x− + y2 = 4 + =
2 4 2

Hence, we have the equation of a circle with center 23 , 0 and radius r = 52

To show that the line 3x + 4y − 17 = 0 is a tangent to the circle, we find the intersection
between the line and the circle and show that it touches the circle at one and only one

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Innovative Brain 73
point. We thus have,
17 − 3x
Line ⇒ y = We will then substitute it in the equation of the circle and we have
4
17 − 3x 2
 
2
x + − 3x − 4 = 0
4
289 + 9x2 − 102x
⇒ x2 + − 3x − 4 = 0
16
⇒ 16x2 + 289 + 9x2 − 102x − 48x − 64 = 0
⇒ 25x2 − 150x + 225 = 0
⇒ x2 − 6x + 9 = 0 ⇒ (x − 3)2 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 (unique)

We thus can conclude that the line is tangent to the circle since they all have just a unique
point of intersection at the point when x = 3
 
3 4 0
(ii) Given  1 x+2 1 . If M is singular, then let us show that 3x2 − 2x − 36 = 0
2x − 4 4 x−4
M being singular implies that detM = 0

x+2 1 1 1
detM = 3 −4
4 x−4 2x − 4 x − 4
⇒ 3 ((x + 2)(x − 4) − 4) − 4(−x) = 0
⇒ 3(x2 − 2x − 12) + 4x = 0
⇒ 3x2 − 6x − 36 + 4x = 0
⇒ 3x2 − 2x − 36 = 0 QED

π


8. (i) Let us determine the general solution of the equation sin x + 6 = 2 cos x.
Expanding, we get
π π
sinxcos + sin cosx = 2cosx
√ 6 6
3 1
⇒ sinx + cosx = 2cosx
√2 2
3 3
⇒ sinx − cosx = 0
√2 2
3 3 √
⇒ sinx = cosx ⇒ 3sinx = 3cosx
2 2
Dividing all through by cosx, we get
√ 3 √
3tanx = 3 ⇒ tanx = √ = 3
3
√ π π
But 3 = tan ⇒ tanx = tan
3 3
π
Hence x = + πn
3
(ii) Given the two lines

l1 : r = i + 2j + λ(2i + j + 3k) and l2 : r = −i − 4k + µ(3i + 2j + 5k)

(a) Let us find the point of intersection of the two lines. We do that by equating both lines
(i.e. equating each component to each other. We thus get

 1 + 2λ = 3µ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
l1 = l2 ⇒ 2 + λ = −1 + 2µ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
3λ = −4 + 5µ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)


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Innovative Brain 74
The idea is to solve any two of the equations simultaneously to find λ and µ and
substitute in the other equation. If is satisfies the other equation, then the two lines
intersect. In case it does not satisfy the other equation, then the two lines donot meet
We can choose to work with equations (1) and (2). We have
(1) − 2(2) ⇒ −5 = −µ ⇒ µ = 5
Substituting in (1) gives
2λ = 3µ − 1 = 15 − 1 = 14 ⇒ λ = 7
Now we test if these values of λ and µ satisfy (3). We have
3(7) = −4 + 5(5) = 21 (satisf ied). We can thus conclude that both lines meet.
To find the position vector of the point of intersection, we substitute λ = 7 and µ = 5
in either l1 or l2 we will get thesame answer. Using l1 for example (reader should also
try l2 ), we have
r0 = i + 2j + 7(2i + j + 3k) ⇒ r0 = 15i + 9j + 21k
(b) The vector parametric equation of the plane containing l1 and l2 is given in the form
r = a + tb + σc, where
a is a point where both lines meet i.e a = r0
b is the direction vector of l1 and c is the direction vector of l2 . We thus have the plane
parametric equation given by
~r : 15i + 9j + 21k + t(2i + 5j + 3k) + σ(3i + 2j + 5k) where t and σ are parameters

9. (i) Let is show that the equation xlnx + x − 3 = 0 has a root between 1 and 2.
Let f (x) = xlnx + x − 3
If a root exists between 1 and 2, then it means f (1).f (2) < 0. Let us thus verify that
f (1).f (2) < 0

f (1) = ln1 + 1 − 3 = −2 and f (2) = 2ln2 + 2 − 3 = 2ln2 − 1 = ln4 − lne =
We have
ln 4e > 0
We thus see that f (1).f (2) = −2ln 4e < 0 and thus, we can conclude that there exist a

root between 1 and 2 i.e, ∃p ∈ [1, 2] : f (p) = 0

We can thus approximate the root between 1 and 2 to be 1.5 (we shall call it a first
approximation). We can then use Newton - Raphson method to find a second and better
approximation, by using the formula
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 0 (xn )
3 3 3 3 3 3
W e have f (1.5) = ln + − 3 = ln − = −0.89
  2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1
f (x) = x + lnx + 1
x
3
⇒ f 0 (1.5) = 2 + ln = 2.41
2
0.89
⇒ x2 = 1.5 − = 1.86
2.41
(ii) To form this delegation, then we have (2B and 2G0 or (3B and 1G) or (4G and 0G), since
the conditions is that we must have atleast 2 boys and the total number of students will be
4 students. (B:Boys and G:Girls).
We thus obtain
5
C2 ×8 C2 +5 C3 ×8 C1 +5 C4 ×8 C0
Remark that we use ”+” for ”or” and we use ”×” for ”and”
5×4 8×7 5×4
= × + ×8+5
2 2 2
= 10 × 28 + 10 × 8 + 5 = 365 ways

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Innovative Brain 75
(iii) We have the statements below
p: The workers will go on strike
q: There will be no salary
(a) q ⇒ p is translated in English as ”If there is no salary, then the workers will go one
strike”
(b) ∼ q ⇒∼ p is translated in English as ” If there will be salary, then the workers won’t
go on strike
(c) p ∧ q: is translated in English as ”The workers will go on strike and there will be no
salary”

10. (i) Looking at the equation y = ax2 + bx, a, b ∈ <, we notice that this is the equation of a
curve and so we cannot determine the values of a and b if we draw a curve graph. What is
suitable to be is to linearize the curve equation into a line equation of the form y = mx + c.
If we divide through out by x, we get
y
= ax + b ≡ y = mx + c
x
Thus, a plot of xy against x gives a straight line of gradient m = a and a y - intercept of
c = b. We thus complete the table, adding another section for xy as shown below

x 2 6 10 14 16
y 62 270 580 994 1248
y
x 31 45 58 71 78

From the graph, the slope is given by

Slope = xy22 −y1 74−34 40
−x1 = 15−3 = 12 ⇒ a = 3.33
Also, by extending the graph, sothat it cuts the y - axis, we get the intercept to be 24.37.
Hence b = 24.37
(ii) We have a = 7 and L = 51. Given that Sn = 248, find n
We know that Sn = n2 (a + L) = n2 (7 + 51) = n2 (58) = 29n
But, Sn = 348. We thus have 29n = 248 ⇒ n = 12
Also, Tn = a + (n − 1)d ⇒ 51 = 7 + (12 − 1)d

⇒d=4

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 Innovative Brain 76

SOLUTION TO JUNE 2019

3 2
1. (i) 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 6
Given that (𝑥𝑥 + 2) is a factor of 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) and when 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) is divided by (𝑥𝑥 − 1), the remainder is
−6.
a) Find the value of the constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏
(𝑥𝑥 + 2) is a factor of 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) ⟹ 𝑃𝑃(−2) = 0
⟹ 𝑃𝑃(−2) = 𝑎𝑎(−2)3 − 3(−2)2 + 𝑏𝑏(−2) + 6 = 0
⟹ −8𝑎𝑎 − 12 − 2𝑏𝑏 + 6 = 0
⟹ 4𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = −3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
We also have that when 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) is divided by (𝑥𝑥 − 1), the remainder is −6.
This means that
𝑃𝑃(1) = −6 ⟹ 𝑃𝑃(1) = 𝑎𝑎(1)3 − 3(1)2 + 𝑏𝑏(1) + 6 = −6
⟹ 𝑎𝑎 − 3 + 𝑏𝑏 + 6 = −6
⟹ 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = −9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
(1) − (2) ⟹ 3𝑎𝑎 = 6

⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 2
Substituting 𝑎𝑎 = 2 in (2), implies

2 + 𝑏𝑏 = −9 ⟹ 𝑏𝑏 = −11
b) Hence, solve the equation 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0
Given 𝑎𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏𝑏 = −11, we have that 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 11𝑥𝑥 + 6.
So, 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0 ⟹ 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 11𝑥𝑥 + 6 = 0
To solve the above equation, we need to completely factorise 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ).
But (𝑥𝑥 + 2) is a factor of 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ). So, dividing 𝑃𝑃 (𝑥𝑥 ) by (𝑥𝑥 + 2) using long division, we
have

Therefore, 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 3)

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 77
= (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 3)
= (𝑥𝑥 + 2)[𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥 − 1) − 3(2𝑥𝑥 − 1)]
= (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥𝑥 − 1)
Hence, 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0 ⟹ (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 0

1
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = −2 ; 𝑥𝑥 = 3 ; 𝑥𝑥 =
2

(ii) 𝑝𝑝 ∶ Comfort studies hard

𝑞𝑞 ∶ She will pass the examination
Write down the following propositions in simple English
c) 𝑝𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞𝑞
“If Comfort studies hard, she will pass the examination.”
d) ~𝑝𝑝 ⟹ ~𝑞𝑞
“If Comfort does not study hard, she will not pass the examination.”
e) ~(𝑝𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞𝑞 )
We have that ~(𝑝𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞𝑞 ) ⟺ 𝑝𝑝 ∧ ~𝑞𝑞
“Comfort studies hard but she will not pass the examination.”

2. We have 𝑌𝑌 = log10 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐 ) ⟹ 10𝑌𝑌 = 10log10 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚+𝑐𝑐)

⟹ 10𝑌𝑌 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐
Also,
𝑋𝑋 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑌𝑌 0.857 0.924 0.982 1.033 1.079 1.121
10𝑌𝑌 7.194 8.395 9.594 10.789 11.995 13.213

a) Draw a linear graph by plotting values of 10𝑌𝑌 against 𝑋𝑋

Drawing a linear graph by plotting values 10𝑌𝑌 against 𝑋𝑋, we have that 𝑚𝑚 is the
gradient and 𝑐𝑐 is the 10𝑌𝑌 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 78

X-axis
14

12

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

b) Use your graph to estimate to the nearest whole number the values 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑐𝑐
∆�10𝑌𝑌 � 12.80−6.80
Gradient, 𝑚𝑚 = =
∆(𝑋𝑋) 5.70−0.60

⟹ 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 1

From the graph above, the 10𝑌𝑌 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖, 𝑐𝑐 ≈ 6

2𝑥𝑥+1
3. (i) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 4
𝑥𝑥−4

a) Show that 𝑓𝑓 is injective

𝑓𝑓 is said to be injective if ∀𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 , 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑏𝑏) ⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏

So, let’s suppose 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) and verify if 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏.

2𝑎𝑎 + 1 2𝑏𝑏 + 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) ⟹ =
𝑎𝑎 − 4 𝑏𝑏 − 4
⟹ (2𝑎𝑎 + 1)(𝑏𝑏 − 4) = (2𝑏𝑏 + 1)(𝑎𝑎 − 4)
⟹ 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 8𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 − 4 = 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 8𝑏𝑏 + 𝑎𝑎 − 4
⟹ −9𝑎𝑎 = −9𝑏𝑏
⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 hence, 𝑓𝑓 is injective.
b) Find the inverse function 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 ), stating its domain
Let 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )
So, we have
2𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑦𝑦 = ⟹ 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 − 4) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 − 4

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 79
⟹ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
⟹ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑦𝑦 + 1
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 (𝑦𝑦 − 2) = 4𝑦𝑦 + 1
4𝑦𝑦 + 1
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑦𝑦 − 2
4𝑥𝑥+1
Hence, 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 ) = and its domain is {𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 2}.
𝑥𝑥−2

(ii) Show that 𝑅𝑅 is not an equivalent relation

To show that 𝑅𝑅 is not an equivalent relation, it suffices to show that 𝑅𝑅 does not satisfy at
least one of the three conditions for a relation to be equivalent which are
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡.
− Let’s verify if 𝑅𝑅 is reflexive
The relation 𝑅𝑅 is said to be reflexive if ∀𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℤ, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.
From our relation, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 means ∃𝑚𝑚 ∈ ℤ such that 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 = 2𝑚𝑚 + 1.
But,
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 = 2𝑚𝑚 + 1 ⟹ 2𝑎𝑎 = 2𝑚𝑚 + 1
2𝑎𝑎−1
⟹ 𝑚𝑚 = ∉ ℤ, since ∀𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℤ , (2𝑎𝑎 − 1) is always odd
2
2𝑎𝑎−1
and can never give a whole number (integer).
2

Hence, there is no 𝑚𝑚 in ℤ such that 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. So, the relation 𝑅𝑅 is not reflexive and thus
not an equivalent relation.

4. (i) Find the value(s) of the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which the roots are equal
We have that
(𝑘𝑘 + 5)𝑥𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 9𝑘𝑘 ⟹ (𝑘𝑘 + 5)𝑥𝑥 2 + (2𝑘𝑘 − 10)𝑥𝑥 − 9𝑘𝑘 = 0
Considering the general form of a quadratic equation, 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, we have that for
this equation to have equal roots, then
𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0
Hence, comparing 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 to our quadratic equation, we have 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑘𝑘 + 5;
𝑏𝑏 = (2𝑘𝑘 − 10) and 𝑐𝑐 = −9𝑘𝑘.
Therefore, for our equation to have equal roots, then
(2𝑘𝑘 − 10)2 − 4(𝑘𝑘 + 5)(−9𝑘𝑘) = 0 ⟹ 4𝑘𝑘 2 − 40𝑘𝑘 + 100 + 36𝑘𝑘 2 + 180𝑘𝑘 = 0
⟹ 40𝑘𝑘 2 + 140𝑘𝑘 + 100 = 0

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 80
⟹ 40𝑘𝑘 2 + 40𝑘𝑘 + 100𝑘𝑘 + 100 = 0
⟹ 40𝑘𝑘 (𝑘𝑘 + 1) + 100(𝑘𝑘 + 1) = 0
⟹ (40𝑘𝑘 + 100)(𝑘𝑘 + 1) = 0
⟹ 40𝑘𝑘 + 100 = 0 OR 𝑘𝑘 + 1 = 0
5
⟹ 𝑘𝑘 = − OR 𝑘𝑘 = −1
2

(ii) Find the number of ways 3 students can be chosen if at least 1 boy and 1 girl must be in the
selection
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 4
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 6
If 3 students are to be selected given that at least 1 boy and 1 girl must be in the selection,
then we have two cases.
− First case: 1 boy and 2 girls
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝐶𝐶14 × 𝐶𝐶26
4! 6!
= ×
1! (4 − 1)! 2! (6 − 2)!
= 4 × 15 = 60 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
− Second case: 2 boys and 1 girl
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝐶𝐶24 × 𝐶𝐶16
4! 6!
= ×
2! (4 − 2)! 1! (6 − 1)!
= 6 × 6 = 36 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Therefore, total number of ways of performing the selection is

60 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠 + 36 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 96 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

5. We have 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 12

• Verify that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0 has a root in the interval 4 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5
We have that
𝑓𝑓(4) = 43 − 4(4)2 − 4 − 12
= −16 which is less than zero
Also,
𝑓𝑓(5) = 53 − 4(5)2 − 5 − 12

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 81
=8 which is greater than zero.
We also have that 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) is continuous in the interval 4 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5.
Conclusion:
Since 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) is continuous in the interval 4 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5, and 𝑓𝑓(4) < 0 and 𝑓𝑓(5) > 0,
therefore, there exist a value 𝑎𝑎 ∈ ]4, 5[ such that 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 0.
Hence, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) has a root in the interval 4 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5 which is equal to that value 𝑎𝑎.
• Use the Newton-Raphson procedure to find a second approximation to the root of
the equation, giving your answer to two decimal places
By the Newton-Raphson procedure, if 𝑥𝑥0 is a first approximate, then a better
approximation 𝑥𝑥1 is given by
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥0 )
𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑥0 −
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥0 )
Taking 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥0 = 4.5, we have
𝑓𝑓(4.5) = (4.5)3 − 4(4.5)2 − (4.5) − 12
= −6.375
Also,
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 − 1 ⟹ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (4.5) = 3(4.5)2 − 8(4.5) − 1
= 23.75
Therefore,
6.375
𝑥𝑥1 = 4.5 − �− �
23.75
= 4.5 + 0.2684

= 4.77 (to 2 d.p)

(ii) The sum of the first 𝑛𝑛 terms of a sequence is given by 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 2𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑛𝑛
a) Find the tenth term of the sequence
We know that 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 − 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛−1 .
So,
10𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆10 − 𝑆𝑆9
= [2(10)2 + 10] − [2(9)2 + 9]
= 200 + 10 − (162 + 9)

= 39

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 82
b) Find the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 of the sequence
𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 − 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛−1
= 2𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑛𝑛 − [2(𝑛𝑛 − 1)2 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)]
= 2𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑛𝑛 − (2𝑛𝑛2 − 4𝑛𝑛 + 2 + 𝑛𝑛 − 1)
= 2𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑛𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑛2 + 3𝑛𝑛 − 1

= 4𝑛𝑛 − 1

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6. (i) Solve the differential equation (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1) + 2𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

We have that
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑦𝑦
(𝑥𝑥 2 − 1) + 2𝑦𝑦 = 0 ⟹ + 2 =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑦𝑦
⟹ =− 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
⟹� = −2 � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
1
⟹ ln 𝑦𝑦 = −2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
1 1
⟹ ln 𝑦𝑦 = −2 � � − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2(𝑥𝑥 − 1) 2(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
1 1
⟹ ln 𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑥 − 1
⟹ ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln(𝑥𝑥 + 1) − ln(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + ln 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 + 1
⟹ ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln � � 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑥𝑥+1
ln�
⟹ 𝑒𝑒 ln 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥−1�𝑐𝑐

𝑥𝑥 + 1
⟹ 𝑦𝑦 = � � 𝑐𝑐 . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝑥𝑥 − 1
Substituting 𝑦𝑦 = 3 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2 in (1), we have
2+1
3=� � 𝑐𝑐 ⟹ 3 = 3𝑐𝑐
2−1
⟹ 𝑐𝑐 = 1
𝑥𝑥+1
So, substituting 𝑐𝑐 = 1 in (1), we have 𝑦𝑦 = � �
𝑥𝑥−1

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 83
(ii) Sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ), showing clearly all its intercepts and the behaviour of the
curve as it approaches its asymptotes
2𝑥𝑥+1
We have 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑥𝑥−4

− Domain of 𝑓𝑓
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 is 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 4

− Vertical asymptote
The value of 𝑥𝑥 for which 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) will not exist is 𝑥𝑥 = 4.
Hence, vertical asymptote is 𝑥𝑥 = 4
− Horizontal asymptote

𝑦𝑦 = lim
𝑥𝑥⟶±∞
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 )

1
2𝑥𝑥 + 1 2+
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥⟶+∞
lim 𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥𝑥⟶+∞
lim 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥⟶+∞ 4
1−
𝑥𝑥
And,
1
2+
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥⟶−∞
lim 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥⟶−∞ 4
1−
𝑥𝑥
Therefore, horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 2
− Turning point
At turning point, 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) = 0
2(𝑥𝑥 − 4) − (2𝑥𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥𝑥 − 8 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 9
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) = = =−
(𝑥𝑥 − 4) 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)2
So,
9
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) = 0 ⟹ − =0
(𝑥𝑥 − 4)2
⟹ −9 = 0 which is absurd!
Hence, there is no turning point.
Sketch

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 84

7. 𝐿𝐿1 : 𝑟𝑟⃗ = 𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜆𝜆�𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑘𝑘�⃗�

𝐿𝐿2 : 𝑟𝑟⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑎𝑎𝚥𝚥⃗ + 6𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜇𝜇�2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�

Given that 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2 intersect,
a) Find the value of the constant 𝑎𝑎
At point of intersection, 𝐿𝐿1 = 𝐿𝐿2

𝐿𝐿1 = 𝐿𝐿2 ⟹ 𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜆𝜆�𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑘𝑘�⃗� = 2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑎𝑎𝚥𝚥⃗ + 6𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜇𝜇�2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�

⟹ (1 + 𝜆𝜆)𝚤𝚤⃗ − (1 + 𝜆𝜆)𝚥𝚥⃗ + (3 + 𝜆𝜆)𝑘𝑘�⃗ = 2(1 + 𝜇𝜇)𝚤𝚤⃗ + (𝑎𝑎 + 𝜇𝜇)𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3(2 + 𝜇𝜇)𝑘𝑘�⃗

Comparing the coefficients of the 𝚤𝚤⃗, 𝚥𝚥⃗ and 𝑘𝑘�⃗ components on both sides of the
equation, we have that
1 + 𝜆𝜆 = 2 + 2𝜇𝜇 2𝜇𝜇 − 𝜆𝜆 = −1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
�−1 − 𝜆𝜆 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝜇𝜇 ⟹ �𝜇𝜇 + 𝜆𝜆 = −1 − 𝑎𝑎 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
3 + 𝜆𝜆 = 6 + 3𝜇𝜇 3𝜇𝜇 − 𝜆𝜆 = −3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
(3) − (1) ⟹ 𝜇𝜇 = −2
Substituting 𝜇𝜇 = −2 in (1), implies
2(−2) − 𝜆𝜆 = −1 ⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = −3
Hence, substituting 𝜇𝜇 = −2 and 𝜆𝜆 = −3 in (2), implies

−2 − 3 = −1 − 𝑎𝑎 ⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 4
b) Find the position vector of the point of intersection

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 85
To find the position vector of the point of intersection, we either substitute the value
of 𝜆𝜆 in 𝐿𝐿1 and simplify or we substitute the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝜇𝜇 in 𝐿𝐿2 and simplify.
So, substituting 𝜆𝜆 = −3 in 𝐿𝐿1 , we have that
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
, 𝑟𝑟��⃗ = 𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗ − 3�𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑘𝑘�⃗�
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

⟹ ��⃗
𝑟𝑟 = −2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗

c) Find the cosine of the acute angle between 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2
Let,

𝐿𝐿1 : 𝑟𝑟⃗ = ����⃗ ����⃗1 ,

𝑎𝑎1 + 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎1 = �𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗� and ����⃗
with ����⃗ 𝑑𝑑1 = �𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑘𝑘�⃗�
And, with 𝑎𝑎 = 4,

𝐿𝐿2 : 𝑟𝑟⃗ = ����⃗ ����⃗2 ,

𝑎𝑎2 + 𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎2 = �2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 4𝚥𝚥⃗ + 6𝑘𝑘�⃗� and ����⃗
with ����⃗ 𝑑𝑑2 = �2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�
So,
����⃗
𝑑𝑑1 ∙ ����⃗ ����⃗1 � ∙ �𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑2 = �𝑑𝑑 ����⃗2 � cos 𝜃𝜃 , where 𝜃𝜃 is the acute angle between 𝐿𝐿1 and 𝐿𝐿2
Therefore,
����⃗1 ∙ ����⃗
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 �𝚤𝚤⃗ − 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑘𝑘�⃗� ∙ �2𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�
cos 𝜃𝜃 = ⟹ cos 𝜃𝜃 =
����⃗1 � ∙ �𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑 ����⃗2 � ��12 + (−1)2 + 12 � �√22 + 12 + 32 �

4
⟹ cos 𝜃𝜃 =
�√3��√14�

4
⟹ cos 𝜃𝜃 =
√42

2
8. (i) 𝑓𝑓 is defined by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = .
𝑥𝑥 2 −1

a) Express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) in partial fractions

2 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = =
𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
Let,
2 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
≡ + . . . . . . . . . . . . (∗)
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1) (𝑥𝑥 + 1) (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
≡
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
So, we have

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 86
2 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
≡ ⟹ 2 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1) (𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
When 𝑥𝑥 = 1, we have
2 = 2𝑏𝑏 ⟹ 𝑏𝑏 = 1
When 𝑥𝑥 = −1, we have
2 = −2𝑎𝑎 ⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = −1
1 1
Substituting the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 in (∗), we have 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = −
𝑥𝑥−1 𝑥𝑥+1

5 4
b) Hence, show that ∫3 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln � �
3
5 5
1 1
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 3 𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑥𝑥 + 1
5 5
1 1
=� � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 𝑥𝑥 − 1 3 𝑥𝑥 + 1

= ln(𝑥𝑥 − 1)]53 − ln(𝑥𝑥 + 1)]53

= ln 4 − ln 2 − ln 6 + ln 4
= 2 ln 4 − ln 2 − ln(2 × 3)
= 2 ln 4 − ln 2 − ln 2 − ln 3
= 2 ln 4 − 2 ln 2 − ln 3
= 2 ln 4 − ln 22 − ln 3
= 2 ln 4 − ln 4 − ln 3
= ln 4 − ln 3

4
= ln � � 𝑄𝑄. 𝐸𝐸. 𝐷𝐷
3
(ii) Find ∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑥 sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⟹ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
cos 𝑥𝑥
So,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� cos 3 𝑥𝑥 sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑢𝑢3 cos 3 𝑥𝑥
cos 𝑥𝑥

= � 𝑢𝑢3 cos 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 87
But cos 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑢𝑢2
Therefore,

� cos 3 𝑥𝑥 sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑢𝑢3 (1 − 𝑢𝑢2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= �(𝑢𝑢3 − 𝑢𝑢5 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑢𝑢4 𝑢𝑢6
= − + 𝑘𝑘
4 6
sin4 𝑥𝑥 sin6 𝑥𝑥
= − + 𝑘𝑘
4 6

9. (i) Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃

a) Express 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) in the form 𝑟𝑟 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜆𝜆)
Let,

sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟𝑟 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜆𝜆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (∗)

(∗) ⟹ sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟𝑟(sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜆𝜆 − sin 𝜆𝜆 cos 𝜃𝜃 )

= (𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜆𝜆) sin 𝜃𝜃 − (𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜆𝜆) cos 𝜃𝜃
Comparing the coefficients of sin 𝜃𝜃 and cos 𝜃𝜃 on both sides of the equation, we have
that
𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜆𝜆 = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
�
𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜆𝜆 = √3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
(2) ÷ (1) ⟹ tan 𝜆𝜆 = √3 ⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = tan−1 �√3�
𝜋𝜋
⟹ 𝜆𝜆 =
3
𝜋𝜋
Substituting 𝜆𝜆 = in (1),
3

𝜋𝜋 1
𝑟𝑟 cos � � = 1 ⟹ � � 𝑟𝑟 = 1 ⟹ 𝑟𝑟 = 2
3 2
𝜋𝜋
Hence, 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 2 sin �𝜃𝜃 − �
3

1
b) Hence, find the maximum and minimum values of
𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃)+3

𝜋𝜋
We have that 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = 2 sin �𝜃𝜃 − �
3

We know that

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 88
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
−1 ≤ sin �𝜃𝜃 − � ≤ 1 ⟹ −2 ≤ 2 sin �𝜃𝜃 − � ≤ 2
3 3
𝜋𝜋
⟹ −2 + 3 ≤ 2 sin �𝜃𝜃 − � + 3 ≤ 2 + 3
3
𝜋𝜋
⟹ 1 ≤ 2 sin �𝜃𝜃 − � + 3 ≤ 5
3
1 1
⟹ ≤ ≤1
5 2 sin �𝜃𝜃 − 𝜋𝜋� + 3
3
1 1
⟹ ≤ ≤1
5 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) + 3
1 1 1
Hence, the 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 1 and the 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 =
𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃)+3 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃)+3 5

(ii) Find the intervals for which the function ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 is strictly
a) Increasing
For ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) to be strictly increasing, then ℎ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) > 0.
So,
ℎ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) > 0 ⟹ 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 > 0
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 > 0
⟹ (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) > 0
The critical values are 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1.

So, we see from our inequality line above that the intervals for which the function
ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) is strictly increasing is given by the set {𝑥𝑥: 𝑥𝑥 < −1 ∪ 𝑥𝑥 > 1} .

b) Decreasing
Similarly, for ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) to be strictly decreasing, ℎ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) < 0.
That is,
(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) < 0
But from our inequality line above, the interval for which ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) is strictly decreasing
is given by the set {𝑥𝑥: −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1} .

10. (i) Given that 𝑧𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖𝑖√3,

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 89
• Express 𝑧𝑧 in the form 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃 )
Given any complex number of the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖, then the modulus is given by
𝑏𝑏
𝑟𝑟 = √𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 and the argument is 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � �.
𝑎𝑎

So, for our complex number 𝑧𝑧, we have

2
𝑟𝑟 = �12 + �−√3� = √1 + 3 = 2

And,

√3 𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 �− �=−
1 3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
So, 𝑧𝑧 = 2 �cos �− � + 𝑖𝑖 sin �− ��
3 3

• Hence, express 𝑧𝑧 7 in the form 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

We have that
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜋𝜋 7
𝑧𝑧 = 2 �cos �− � + 𝑖𝑖 sin �− �� = 2𝑒𝑒 − 3 ⟹ 𝑧𝑧 7 = �2𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖 3 �
3 3
7𝜋𝜋
⟹ 𝑧𝑧 7 = 27 �𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖 3 �

7𝜋𝜋
⟹ 𝑧𝑧 7 = 128𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖 3
1 −1 1 3 3 −1
(ii) Given the matrices 𝐴𝐴 = �0 2 −1� and 𝐵𝐵 = �−2 −2 1�
2 3 0 −4 −5 2
• Find the matrix product 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
1 −1 1 3 3 −1 1 0 0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �0 2 −1� �−2 −2 1 � = �0 1 0�
2 3 0 −4 −5 2 0 0 1
3 3 −1 1 −1 1 1 0 0
𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = �−2 −2 1 � �0 2 −1� = �0 1 0�
−4 −5 2 2 3 0 0 0 1
• State the relationship between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵
Since 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, we can then conclude that 𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵 are
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒. That is 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐵𝐵 −1 = 𝐴𝐴.
8
• Find also the matrix product 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵, where 𝑀𝑀 = �−7�
1

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 90
3 3 −1 8 2
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = �−2 −2 1 � �−7� = �−1�
−4 −5 2 1 5
• Hence, solve the system of equations
We have
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 8
2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = −7
2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 = 1
Expressing this system of equations in matrix form, we have
1 −1 1 𝑥𝑥 8 𝑥𝑥
�0 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
2 −1� � � = �−7� ⟹ 𝐴𝐴 � � = 𝑀𝑀
2 3 0 𝑧𝑧 1 𝑧𝑧
𝑥𝑥
⟹ 𝐴𝐴−1 𝐴𝐴 �𝑦𝑦� = 𝐴𝐴−1 𝑀𝑀
𝑧𝑧
𝑥𝑥
⟹ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 �𝑦𝑦� = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑧𝑧
1 0 0 𝑥𝑥 2
⟹ �0 1 0� �𝑦𝑦� = �−1�
0 0 1 𝑧𝑧 5
𝑥𝑥 2
⟹ �𝑦𝑦� = �−1�
𝑧𝑧 5
⟹ {𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝑦𝑦 = −1; 𝑧𝑧 = 5}

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 91

SOLUTION TO JUNE 2020

1. (i) Factorize f (x) completely

f (x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 and (x + 1) is a factor of f (x).
Using the long division method, we have:

Since (x + 1) is a factor of f (x), dividing f (x) by (x + 1) should give us a remainder of 0.

From the long division above, the remainder (R) is 0; the quotient (Q(x)) is x2 + 5x + 6;
the divisor (D(x)) is (x + 1).
The general form of a polynomial is f (x) = Q(x).D(x) + R
So, we have that
f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 6) + 0 = (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 6) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Let us further factorize Q(x) = x2 + 5x + 6

Q(x) = x2 + 5x + 6
= x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) = (x + 2)(x + 3) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)

Substituting (2) in (1) implies f (x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3). Hence, f (x) is completely
factorized.
(ii) Let λ ∈ <. Show that the roots of m(x) = 3x2 + (−4 − 2λ)x + 2λ = 0 are always real
Given the general form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c, we have that for this equation
to have real roots, the discriminant ∆ = b2 − 4ac should be greater than or equal to zero.
That is,
b2 − 4ac ≥ 0

So to show that the roots of m(x) are always real, it suffices to show that

∆ = (−4 − 2λ)2 − 4(3)(2λ) ≥ 0

∆ = (−4 − 2λ)2 − 4(3)(2λ)

= 16 + 16λ + 4λ2 − 24λ = 4λ2 − 8λ + 16 = 4[λ2 − 2λ + 4]
= 4[λ2 − 2λ + (−1)2 − (−1)2 + 4]
= 4[(λ − 1)2 − 1 + 4] = 4(λ − 1)2 +12
| {z }
positive
⇒∆ > 0

Hence, since the discriminant is greater than zero, the roots of the equation are always real.

2. (i) Given that y = ln(4 + x2 )

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Innovative Brain 92
dy
(a) Find dx
dy 1
y = ln(4 + x2 ) ⇒ = 2x ·
dx 4 + x2

dy 2x
⇒ dx = 4+x2

(b) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y = ln(4 + x2 ) at
the point where x + 1

Equation of Tangent ET
Equation of tangent is given by y − y1 = m(x − x1 ).
dy
where x1 = 1, y1 = ln(4 + x21 ) = ln5 and m = dx (at x=1)

dy 2x 2
= 2
=
dx 4+x 5
Hence,
2
y − ln 5 = (x − 1)
5
⇒ 5y − 2x = 5 ln 5 − 2 is the equation of the tangent.
Equation of Normal EN
Equation of tangent is given by y − y1 = m(x − x1 ).
1
where x1 = 1, y1 = ln(4 + x21 ) = ln 5 and m = − dy
dx (at x=1)

1 5
m=−2 =−
5
2
Hence,
5
⇒ y − ln5 = − (x − 1)
2
⇒ 2y + 5x = 2 ln 5 + 5 is the equation of the normal.
dy
(ii) Solve the differential equation dx = xy − x
dy dy
= xy − x ⇒ = x(y − 1)
dx Zdx Z
dy
⇒ = xdx
y−1
x2 x2
⇒ ln(y − 1) = + k ⇒ y − 1 = e 2 +k
2
x2
⇒ y = Ae 2 + 1 where A = ek (constant)
When y = 2, x = 0. This implies that, 2 = Ae0 + 1 = A + 1 ⇒ A = 1
x2
⇒ y=e 2 +1

3. (i) Draw the truth table for each proposition, showing that they are identical

p q p⇒q p q ∼p ∼p∨q
1 1 1 1 1 0 1
For p ⇒ q, 1 0 0 For ∼ p ∨ q, 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Since the truth values of p ⇒ q and ∼ p ∨ q are the same, we can conclude that they are
equivalent propositions.

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Innovative Brain 93
(ii) Show that sin(α + β) = 1

sin−1 (x) = α and cos−1 (x) = β

α + β = sin−1 (x) + cos−1 (x) ⇒ sin(α + β) = sin sin−1 (x) + cos−1 (x)
 
We have
sin(α + β) = sin sin−1 (x) cos cos−1 (x) + sin cos−1 (x) cos sin−1 (x)





So,
  q 
p
2 2 −1


= x + 2 −1
1 − cos (cos (x)) 1 − sin sin (x)
p  p 
= x2 + 1 − x2 1 − x2
= x2 + 1 − x2
= 1 QED

NB:
− sin sin−1 (x) = x and cos cos−1 (x) = x
   

− But cos−1 (cos x) and sin−1 (sin x) are not always equal to x. They are equal only in
their respective fundamental domains.
√ p
− sin A = 1 − cos2 A and cos A = 1 − sin2 A
R
4. (i) Express f (x) in partial fraction and find f (x)dx

x+1 A Bx + C
We have f (x) = 2
= + 2 , A, B, C ∈ < · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (∗)
(x − 1)(x + 1) x−1 x +1
x+1 A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)
⇒ =
(x − 1)(x2 + 1) (x − 1)(x2 + 1)
⇒ x + 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
− When x = 1, (1) ⇒ 2 = 2A ⇒ A = 1
− When x = 0, (1) ⇒ 1 = A − C ⇒ 1 = 1 − C ⇒ C = 0
− When x = −1 (1) ⇒ 0 = 2A − 2(−B + C) ⇒ 0 = 2(1) − 2(−B + 0) ⇒ B = −1

Substituting A, B and C in (∗), gives

1 x
f (x) = x−1 − x2 +1

Hence, the integral will be calculated as thus;

Z Z   Z Z Z Z
1 x 1 x 1 1 2x
f (x)dx = − 2 dx = dx − 2
dx = dx − 2
dx
x−1 x +1 x−1 x +1 x−1 2 x +1
1
= ln|x − 1| − ln|x2 + 1| + k
2p
= ln|x − 1| − ln x2 + 1 + k
x−1
Z
⇒ f (x)dx = ln √ +k
x2 + 1
R  cos x 
(ii) Find 1+sin2 x
dx
 
cos x
R
Let I = 2
1+sin x
dx
du
Let u = sin x ⇒ du = cos x dx ⇒ dx = cos x
So, Z   Z
cos x du 1
I= 2
= du = tan−1 u + k k ∈ <
1+u cos x 1 + u2
R  cos x 
⇒ 1+sin2 x
dx = tan−1 (sin x) + k

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Innovative Brain 94
(iii) Find (x + 2)e3x dx
R

Let J = (x + 2)e3x dx
R

− Let u = x + 2 ⇒ du = dx
e3x
− Let dv = e3x dx ⇒ v = e3x dx =
R
3
Z Z
3x 1 3x 1
So, I = (x + 2)e dx = (x + 2)e − e3x dx
3 3
1 1
= (x + 2)e3x − e3x + k
3  9  
1 3x 1 1 5 3x 1
= e x+2− +k = x+ e + k = (3x + 5)e3x + k
3 3 3 3 9
Z
1
⇒ (x + 2)e3x dx = (3x + 5)e3x + k
9

5. (a) Find the equation of the circle C3

We have

C1 : x2 + y 2 − 6x − 4y + 9 = 0 and C2 : x2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 9 = 0
At the points of intersection, C1 and C2 are equal, i.e. C1 = C2 . Thus, we have
x2 + y 2 − 6x − 4y + 9 = x2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 9
⇒ 4x − 2y = 0 ⇒ y = 2x · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Substituting (1) in C1 , we have,
x2 + 4x2 − 6x − 8x + 9 = 0
⇒ 5x2 − 14x + 9 = 0
⇒ 5x2 − 5x − 9x + 9 = 0
9
⇒ (5x − 9)(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 or x = · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
5
Substituting (2) in (1), we have,
When x = 1, y = 2
9 18
When x= , y=
5 5
9 18


So the two pints of intersection of C1 and C2 are A(1, 2) and B 5, 5
Also, the center of the circle C1 is at C1 (3, 2) because

C1 : x2 + y 2 − 6x − 4y + 9 = 0 ⇒ x2 + y 2 + 2(−3)x + 2(−2)y + 9 = 0

Note: The general equation of a circle is x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0, and its center is at

the point (−g, −f )
We clearly identify that, our circle C3 passes through the points A(1, 2), B 95 , 18


5 and
C1 (3, 2), and so, we can easily come out with its equation.
Let C3 : x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0. It suffices for us to look for the constants a, b and c
− Using point A(1, 2) ,
C3 : (1)2 +(2)2 +a(1)+2b+c = 0 ⇒ a+2b+c = −5 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)

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Innovative Brain 95
− Using point B 95 , 18


5 ,
9 2 18 2 9a 18b



C3 : 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 +c = 0 ⇒ 9a+18b+5c = −81 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (4)
− Using point C1 (3, 2) ,
C3 : (3)2 +(2)2 +3a+2b+c = 0 ⇒ 3a+2b+c = −13 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (5)

(5) − (3) ⇒ 2a = −8 ⇒ a = −4
Substituting a = −4 in (3) and (4), we have
(3) ⇒ 2b + c = −1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (6)
(4) ⇒ 18b + 5c = −45 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (7)
(7) − 5 × (6) ⇒ 8b = −40 ⇒ b = −5
Substituting a = −4 and b = −5 in (5), we have
(5) ⇒ −12 − 10 + c = −12 ⇒ c = 9
Hence, substituting a = −4, b = −5 and c = 9 in C3 , we get

C3 : x2 + y 2 − 4x − 5y + 9 = 0

(b) Find the equation of the two tangents from the origin to C1 and the length of each
tangent
We know that two tangents equal in length can be drawn from the origin to any circle.
Any straight line through the origin (0, 0) has an equation

y − 0 = m(x − 0) or y = mx or y − mx = 0

If y − mx = 0 is a tangent, then its distance from the centre equals the radius of the circle.
For our circle above,
centre = (3, 2) and radius = 2
Also, we know that perpendicular distance from a point (x1 , y1 ) to a line ax + by + c = 0
is given by
a(x1 ) + b(y1 ) + c
d= √
a2 + b2
So, we have that the perpendicular distance from the centre of our circle (3, 2) to the
tangent line y − mx = 0 is given by

2 − m(3) p
√ = 2 ⇒ −3m + 2 = 4 + 4m2
12 + m 2
⇒ 9m2 − 12m + 4 = 4 + 4m2
⇒ 5m2 − 12m = 0 ⇒ m(5m − 12) = 0
12
⇒ m = 0 or m =
5
Hence, the tangents are
12
y1 = 0 and y2 = 5 x

The length of y1 is p
d1 = 12 + 02 = 1 unit
And the length of y2 is
s  2 r
12 169 13
d2 = 12 + = = units
5 25 5

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Innovative Brain 96
x+1
6. (i) Determine whether the function f : R −→ R, f (x) = x−3 x 6= 3 is surjective
The function f : R −→ R is said to be surjective if the range of f equals to its Co-domain,
<. In other words, a function is said to be surjective if its Co-domain equals the domain of
its inverse.
x+1
Let y = f (x) = , x 6= 3
x−3
x+1
y= ⇒ y(x − 3) = x + 1 ⇒ xy − 3y = x + 1
x−3
⇒ xy − x = 3y + 1 ⇒ x(y − 1) = 3y + 1
3y + 1 3x + 1
⇒ x= ⇒ f −1 (x) =
y−1 x−1

Thus, we see that the range of f (which is equal to the domain of f −1 ) is R − {1}.
But the Co-domain of f is R 6= R − {1}
Therefore, the function f (x) is not surjective.
(ii) (a) Find the value of k for which f is continuous and the value of f (−5)

Given that
x2 + 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2

f (x) =
−x2 + k, −2 ≤ x < 0
If f is continuous on the interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, then f is continuous on every point in the
interval. Our point of interest will be point ”0”, since we know that it is continuous on
the other points.

Continuity at 0 ⇒ lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (0) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)

x−→0+ x−→0−

So, limx−→0+ f (x) = f (0) using the function f (x) = x2 + 4. Thus, f (0+ ) = 4
So, limx−→0− f (x) = f (0) using the function f (x) = −x2 + k. Thus, f (0− ) = k
Hence, (1) ⇒ k = 4

x2 + 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2

⇒ f (x) =
−x2 + 4, −2 ≤ x < 0

To Calculate f (−5), we first need to observe that the period of the function is
2 − (−2) = 4.
Thus

f (x) = f (x + 4)
⇒ f (−5) = f (−5 + 4) = f (−1)
And f (−1) = −(−1)2 + 4 = 3
⇒ f (−5) = 3

(b) Sketch the curve of y = f (x) for −2 ≤ x ≤ 10

For the interval −2 ≤ x < 0, f (x) = −x2 + 4.
We remark here that the curve has a maximum turning point (since the coefficient of
b 0
x2 is negative) at x = − 2a = − 2(−1) =0
When x = 0, y = 4 and when x = −2, y = −(−2)2 + 4 = 0

For the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f (x) = x2 + 4.

We remark here that the curve has a minimum turning point (since the coefficient of
b 0
x2 is positive) at x = − 2a = − 2(1) =0
When x = 0, y = 4 and when x = 2, y = (2)2 + 4 = 8

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Innovative Brain 97
After having plotted the curve on the fundamental period, we then repeat it periodi-
cally (period 4)

7. (i) Find the image of the line 2y = x

 
0 −1
Let M = , which is the transformation matrix.
−1 0
A matrix of transformation transforms the point (x, y) to the point (x0 , y 0 ) such that,
    0 
0 −1 x x
M= =
−1 0 y y0
−y = x0 y = −x0
 
This thus gives us, 0 ⇒
−x = y x = −y 0
Replacing x = −y and y = −x in the line equation 2y = x, we get 2(−x0 ) = (−y 0 )
0 0

Thus, the image of the line 2y = x is 2x = y

(ii) Find the inverse of the matrix A
   
1 −1 1 1 2 1
We have  2 1 −3  ⇒ AT =  −1 1 1 
1 1 1 1 −3 1
Let us determine the determinant of A
1 −3 2 −3 2 1
det(A) = 1 +1 +1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1(1 − −3) + 1(2 − −3) + 1(2 − 1)
= 4 + 5 + 1 = 10

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Innovative Brain 98
Let us find the co-factor of the elements of AT
1 1
co-factor of 1 = = 1 − −3 = 4
−3 1
−1 1
co-factor of 2 = = −1 − 1 = −2
1 1
−1 1
co-factor of 1 = =3−1=2
1 −3
2 1
co-factor of − 1 = = 2 − −3 = 5
−3 1
1 1
co-factor of 1 = =1−1=0
1 1
1 2
co-factor of 1 = = −3 − 2 = −5
1 −3
2 1
co-factor of 1 = =2−1=1
1 1
1 1
co-factor of − 3 = = 1 − −1 = 2
−1 1
1 2
co-factor of 1 = = 1 − −2 = 3
−1 1
 
4 2 2
⇒ Adj(A) =  −5 0 5 
1 −2 3
 
4 2 2
1 1 
Hence A−1 = × Adj(A) = −5 0 5 
det(A) 10
1 −2 3

Hence, Solve the system of equation below

     
 x−y+z =7 1 −1 1 x 7
2x + y − 3z = −6 ⇒  2 1 −3   y  =  −6  · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (∗)
x+y+z =4 1 1 1 z 4


 
1 −1 1
We discover that  2 1 −3  is thesame as our matrix A above. So, premultiplying
1 1 1
both sides of (∗) by A−1 , we have
      
2 1 1 1 −1 1 x 2 1 1 7
1 1
(∗) ⇒ −1 0 1   2 1 −3   y  =  −1 0 1   −6 
5 5
1 −1 3 1 1 1 z 1 −1 3 4
     12 
1 0 0 x 5
⇒  0 1 0   y  =  − 32 
31
0 0 1 z 10
12
⇒ x= 5 ; y = − 32 ; z = 31
10

P∞ 1 r


8. (i) Evaluate r=1 3 4

r 1 r
Let S∞ = ∞ 3 41 =
3 ∞
P P

r=1P r=1 4 .
1 r
We realize that ∞ r=1 4 is the sum to infinity of a geometric series, with first term a = 1
4
and common ratio r = 41 .

Striving for Greater Achievements

Innovative Brain 99
P∞ 1 r a 1/4 1/4 1


So, r=1 4 = 1−r = 1−1/4 = 3/4 = 3

∞  r ∞  r  
X 1 X 1 1
Hence, 3 =3 =3 =1
4 4 3
r=1 r=1

(ii) (a) Find an expression of the nth term of the series

We have that, Sn = 2n2 + n, and we also know that, the nth term of a series is given
by Un = Sn − Sn−1

Un = Sn − Sn−1
2n2 + n − 2(n − 1)2 + n − 1
 
=
= 2n2 + n − [2(n2 − 2n + 1) + n − 1]
= 2n2 + n − 2n2 + 4n − 2 − n + 1
= 4n − 1
⇒ Un = 4n − 1

(b) Show that the series is an Arithmetic progression

For a series to be an Arithmetic progression, Un+1 − Un = d, where d is a constant
called the common difference of the A.P

So, Un+1 − Un = 4(n + 1) − 1 − (4n − 1) = 4n + 4 − 1 − 4n + 1 = 4 ∈ <

Hence, the series is an Arithmetic progression.

(i) Prove by mathematical induction that for n ∈ N, nr=1 4r21−1 = 2n+1 n

P
9.
Pn 1 n
Let Pn be the statement ”For n ∈ N, r=1 4r2 −1 = 2n+1 ”. We will prove by mathematical
induction that Pn is true as follows
1
X 1 1
Showing that P1 is true. We have, P1 : =
4r2 −1 2(1) + 1
r=1
1
X 1 1 1
LHS = = =
4r2 −1 2
4(1) − 1 3
r=1
1 1
RHS = = = LHS
2(1) + 1 3
⇒ P1 true

We assume that Pk is true (where k ∈ N − 1), that is

k
X 1 k
= is true.
4r2 −1 2k + 1
r=1
We show that Pk+1 is true
k+1 k k+1
X 1 X 1 X 1 k 1
Pk+1 = 2
= 2
+ 2
= + ;
4r − 1 4r − 1 4r − 1 2k + 1 4(k + 1)2 − 1
r=1 r=1 r=k+1
k 1 k 1
= + = +
2k + 1 4k 2 + 8k + 3 2k + 1 (2k + 1)(2k + 3)
k(2k + 3) + 1 2k 2 + 3k + 1 2k(k + 1) + 1(k + 1)
= = =
(2k + 1)(2k + 3) (2k + 1)(2k + 3) (2k + 1)(2k + 3)
k+1 (k + 1)
= = ⇒ Pk+1 is true.
2k + 3 2(k + 1) + 1
Since P1 is true, Pk is true, and Pk+1 is true ∀k ∈ N , hence, Pn is true ∀n ∈ N .

Striving for Greater Achievements

Innovative Brain 100
(ii) Show that R is transitive
The relation R is said to be transitive if ∀a, b, c ∈ Z, (aRb and bRc) ⇒ aRc
So, assuming aRb and bRc, let’s show that aRc
aRb ⇔ a − b is even · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
bRc ⇔ b − c is even · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
(1) and (2) ⇒ (a − b) + (b − c) is even
⇒ a − b + b − c is even
⇒ a − c is even
⇒ aRc
Hence, R is transitive
10. (i) Find the rang of values of x for which
2x−1
(a) x+2 < −1
2x − 1 2x − 1
< −1 ⇒ +1<0
x+2 x+2
2x − 1 + x + 2 3x + 1
⇒ <0⇒ < 0 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
x+2 x+2

3x+1
According to (1) and our table of of signs, the range of values of x for which x+2 <0
 
OR 2x−1
x+2 < −1 is −2 < x < − 13

(b) |2x − 4| < x + 1

The critical value for the absolute sign is 2
• For x < 2, |2x − 4| = −(2x − 4) and we thus have
−(2x − 4) < x + 1 ⇒ 3x > 3 ⇒x>1
(x < 2) ∩ (x > 1) ⇒ 1 < x < 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
• For x ≥ 2, |2x − 4| = (2x − 4) and we thus have
(2x − 4) < x + 1 ⇒ x < 5
(x ≥ 2) ∩ (x < 5) ⇒ 2 ≤ x < 5 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
(1) U (2) ⇒ 1 < x < 5
Remark: You could still solve this question by squaring both sides and proceeding
as usual, but if the above presented method is understood, it would be better, since
the squaring method does not work for some situations.
(ii) (a) Find arg z1
 
−1 2
z1 = −2 + 2i ⇒ arg(z1 ) = π − tan since Re(z1 ) < 0 and Im(z1 ) > 0
2
π 3π
⇒ arg(z1 ) = π − =
4 4
(b) Find |z2 | 6

p √ √
z2 = −2 − 2i ⇒ |z2 | = (−2)2 + (−2)2 = 8 = 2 2
√
⇒ |z2 |6 = (2 2)6 = 64 × 8 = 512

Striving for Greater Achievements

 Innovative Brain 101

SOLUTION TO JUNE 2021

1. (i) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 3
Find the values of the real constants 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏
When 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) is divided by (𝑥𝑥 + 2), the remainder is 45. So,
𝑓𝑓(−2) = 45 ⟹ 3 − 𝑎𝑎(−2) + 𝑏𝑏(−2)2 − (−2)3 = 45
⟹ 3 + 2𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑏𝑏 + 8 = 45
⟹ 2𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑏𝑏 = 34
⟹ 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑏 = 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Also, (3 − 𝑥𝑥 ) is a factor of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ). So,
𝑓𝑓(3) = 0 ⟹ 3 − 𝑎𝑎(3) + 𝑏𝑏(3)2 − (3)3 = 0
⟹ 3 − 3𝑎𝑎 + 9𝑏𝑏 − 27 = 0
⟹ −3𝑎𝑎 + 9𝑏𝑏 = 24
⟹ −𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑏 = 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
(1) + (2) ⟹ 5𝑏𝑏 = 25

⟹ 𝑏𝑏 = 5
Substituting 𝑏𝑏 = 5 in 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (1),

𝑎𝑎 + 2(5) = 17 ⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 10

5𝑥𝑥
(ii) Express (𝑥𝑥+3)(𝑥𝑥−2) into partial fractions

Let
5𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 2) + 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥 + 3)
≡ + = where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ
(𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) 𝑥𝑥 + 3 𝑥𝑥 − 2 (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
So,
5𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 2) + 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥 + 3)
≡ ⟹ 5𝑥𝑥 ≡ 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 2) + 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥 + 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . (∗)
(𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
When 𝑥𝑥 = 2, (∗) ⟹ 10 = 5𝑏𝑏 ⟹ 𝑏𝑏 = 2
When 𝑥𝑥 = −3, (∗) ⟹ −15 = −5𝑎𝑎 ⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 3
5𝑥𝑥 3 2
Hence, (𝑥𝑥+3)(𝑥𝑥−2) into partial fractions is +
𝑥𝑥+3 𝑥𝑥−2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 102
2. (i) 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 are roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥𝑥 2 + (2𝑘𝑘 + 2)𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑘 + 5 = 0.
a) Find the values of the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽
We know that the general form for of a quadratic equation is given by
𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0
So, 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 are roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥𝑥 2 + (2𝑘𝑘 + 2)𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑘 + 5 = 0 implies
2𝑘𝑘 + 2 = −(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 )
But, 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽 ⟹ 2𝑘𝑘 + 2 = −2𝛼𝛼
⟹ 𝛼𝛼 = −(𝑘𝑘 + 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
And,
2𝑘𝑘 + 5 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
But, 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽 ⟹ 2𝑘𝑘 + 5 = 𝛼𝛼 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
Substituting 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (1) in 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (2),
2𝑘𝑘 + 5 = [−(𝑘𝑘 + 1)]2 ⟹ 2𝑘𝑘 + 5 = 𝑘𝑘 2 + 2𝑘𝑘 + 1
⟹ 𝑘𝑘 2 − 4 = 0
⟹ (𝑘𝑘 + 2)(𝑘𝑘 − 2) = 0

⟹ 𝑘𝑘 = 2 OR 𝑘𝑘 = −2
b) For 𝑘𝑘 > 0, find the quadratic equation with integral coefficients, whose roots are
2𝛼𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 and 2𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
For 𝑘𝑘 > 0 implies 𝑘𝑘 = 2.
So, substituting 𝑘𝑘 = 2 in 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (1) above, implies
𝛼𝛼 = −(2 + 1) ⟹ 𝛼𝛼 = −3
And, since 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽, implies 𝛽𝛽 = −3.
So, we have that
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = (2𝛼𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 ) + (2𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 )
= 4𝛼𝛼 + 2𝛼𝛼 2 , since 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽
= 4(−3) + 2(−3)2
=6
And,
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = (2𝛼𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 )(2𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 )
= 2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 2𝛼𝛼 2 𝛽𝛽 + 2𝛼𝛼𝛽𝛽 2 + (𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 )2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 103
= 2𝛼𝛼 2 + 2𝛼𝛼 3 + 2𝛼𝛼 3 + 𝛼𝛼 4 , since 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽
= 2𝛼𝛼 2 + 4𝛼𝛼 3 + 𝛼𝛼 4
= 2(−3)2 + 4(−3)3 + (−3)4
= −9
Hence, our new quadratic equation which is in the form
𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0,
is given by

𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 9 = 0

2−𝑥𝑥
(ii) Find the range of values of 𝑥𝑥 for which ≥0
𝑥𝑥+1

• Critical values
2 − 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = −1
• Inequality table

2−𝑥𝑥
We clearly see that the values of 𝑥𝑥 for which ≥ 0 (positive) is −1 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥𝑥+1

Note: “At 𝑥𝑥 = −1 the function is undefined. Hence, the inequality is always strict at
𝑥𝑥 = −1.”

sin 3𝐴𝐴−sin 𝐴𝐴
3. (i) Show that = tan 2𝐴𝐴
cos 3𝐴𝐴+cos 𝐴𝐴

Using the identity

𝐴𝐴+𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴−𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴+𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴−𝐵𝐵
sin 𝐴𝐴 − sin 𝐵𝐵 = 2 cos � � sin � � and cos 𝐴𝐴 + cos 𝐵𝐵 = 2 cos � � cos � �
2 2 2 2

We have that
3𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐴 3𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴
sin 3𝐴𝐴 − sin 𝐴𝐴 2 cos � � sin � �
= 2 2
cos 3𝐴𝐴 + cos 𝐴𝐴 2 cos �3𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐴� cos �3𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴�
2 2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 104
2𝐴𝐴
sin � �
= 2
2𝐴𝐴
cos � �
2
sin 𝐴𝐴
=
cos 𝐴𝐴
= tan 𝐴𝐴 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄

(ii) 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃

• Express 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) in the form 𝑅𝑅 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜆𝜆)
Let,

sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑅𝑅 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜆𝜆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (∗)

(∗) ⟹ sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑅𝑅(sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜆𝜆 − sin 𝜆𝜆 cos 𝜃𝜃 )

= (𝑅𝑅 cos 𝜆𝜆) sin 𝜃𝜃 − (𝑅𝑅 sin 𝜆𝜆) cos 𝜃𝜃
Comparing the coefficients of sin 𝜃𝜃 and cos 𝜃𝜃 on both sides of the equation, we have
that
𝑅𝑅 cos 𝜆𝜆 = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
�
𝑅𝑅 sin 𝜆𝜆 = √3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
(2) ÷ (1) ⟹ tan 𝜆𝜆 = √3 ⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = tan−1 �√3�

⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = 60°
Substituting 𝜆𝜆 = 60° in (1),
1
𝑅𝑅 cos(60°) = 1 ⟹ � � 𝑅𝑅 = 1 ⟹ 𝑅𝑅 = 2
2
Hence, 𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 2 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 60°)

• Find the general solution of the equation sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = √2

We have that

𝑓𝑓(𝜃𝜃) = sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 2 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 60°)

So,

sin 𝜃𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃𝜃 = √2 ⟹ 2 sin(𝜃𝜃 − 60°) = √2

√2
⟹ sin(𝜃𝜃 − 60°) =
2
√2
⟹ (𝜃𝜃 − 60°) = sin−1 � � = 45°
2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 105
Using the general solution of the sine function,
(𝜃𝜃 − 60°) = 180°(𝑛𝑛) + (−1)𝑛𝑛 (45°) ⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = 180°(𝑛𝑛) + (−1)𝑛𝑛 (45°) + 60°

Hence, the general solution of 𝑓𝑓 (𝜃𝜃) = √2 is

𝜃𝜃 = 180°(𝑛𝑛) + (−1)𝑛𝑛 (45°) + 60° with 𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℤ

4𝑥𝑥
4. (i) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = ; 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 1
𝑥𝑥−1

a) Show that 𝑓𝑓 is injective

We have that
Domain of 𝑓𝑓, 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = ℝ − {1}

Let 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 such that 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), let’s show that 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏.

So,
4𝑎𝑎 4𝑏𝑏
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) ⟹ =
𝑎𝑎 − 1 𝑏𝑏 − 1
⟹ 𝑎𝑎(𝑏𝑏 − 1) = 𝑏𝑏(𝑎𝑎 − 1)
⟹ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏
⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏
Therefore, ∀ 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 such that 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), implies 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏. Hence, 𝑓𝑓 is injective.

b) Find (𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑓𝑓)(𝑥𝑥 ), stating its domain

(𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑓𝑓)(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑓𝑓 [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )]
4𝑥𝑥
4𝑥𝑥 4� �
= 𝑓𝑓 � �= 𝑥𝑥 −1
𝑥𝑥 − 1 4𝑥𝑥
−1
𝑥𝑥 − 1
16𝑥𝑥
� �
= 𝑥𝑥 −1
4𝑥𝑥 − (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
� �
𝑥𝑥 − 1
16𝑥𝑥
=
4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + 1
16𝑥𝑥
=
3𝑥𝑥 + 1
1
Hence, domain of (𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑓𝑓)(𝑥𝑥 ), 𝐷𝐷(𝑓𝑓∘𝑓𝑓) = ℝ − �− �
3

(ii) 𝑝𝑝: "𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚"

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 106
𝑞𝑞: "𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚"
Write out the following propositions in ordinary English.
a) 𝑝𝑝 ∧ 𝑞𝑞
“The principal goes to the ministry and will meet the minister.”
b) ~𝑝𝑝 ∨ ~𝑞𝑞
“The principal neither goes to the ministry nor meets the minister.”
c) ~𝑝𝑝 ⟹ ~𝑞𝑞
“If the principal does not go to the ministry, he will not meet the minister.”

5. 𝑟𝑟���⃗1 = 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑎𝑎𝚥𝚥⃗ − 𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜆𝜆�𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗�

𝑟𝑟���⃗2 = 𝑎𝑎𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜇𝜇�−𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�

Given that 𝑟𝑟���⃗1 and 𝑟𝑟���⃗2 intersect,

a) Find the value of the constant 𝑎𝑎
At point of intersection, 𝑟𝑟���⃗1 = 𝑟𝑟���⃗2
So,

𝑟𝑟���⃗1 = 𝑟𝑟���⃗2 ⟹ 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑎𝑎𝚥𝚥⃗ − 𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜆𝜆�𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗� = 𝑎𝑎𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 𝜇𝜇�−𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�

⟹ (1 + 𝜆𝜆)𝚤𝚤⃗ + (𝑎𝑎 + 2𝜆𝜆)𝚥𝚥⃗ + (−1 + 2𝜆𝜆)𝑘𝑘�⃗ = 𝑎𝑎𝚤𝚤⃗ + (−𝜇𝜇)𝚥𝚥⃗ + (2 + 3𝜇𝜇)𝑘𝑘�⃗

Comparing the coefficients of the 𝚤𝚤⃗, 𝚥𝚥⃗ and 𝑘𝑘�⃗ components on both sides of the
equation, we have that

1 + 𝜆𝜆 = 𝑎𝑎 1 + 𝜆𝜆 = 𝑎𝑎 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
� 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝜆𝜆 = −𝜇𝜇 ⟹ � 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝜆𝜆 = −𝜇𝜇 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
−1 + 2𝜆𝜆 = 2 + 3𝜇𝜇 2𝜆𝜆 − 3 = 3𝜇𝜇 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
Substituting 𝑎𝑎 = 1 + 𝜆𝜆 from (1) in (2),
1 + 𝜆𝜆 + 2𝜆𝜆 = −𝜇𝜇 ⟹ 1 + 3𝜆𝜆 = −𝜇𝜇 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
(3) + [3 × (4)] ⟹ 11𝜆𝜆 = 0
⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = 0

Substituting 𝜆𝜆 = 0 in (1), implies 𝑎𝑎 = 1

b) Find the position vector of the point of intersection
At point of intersection of 𝑟𝑟���⃗1 and 𝑟𝑟���⃗,
2 we have that 𝜆𝜆 = 0 and 𝑎𝑎 = 1.

So, substituting 𝜆𝜆 = 0 and 𝑎𝑎 = 1 in 𝑟𝑟���⃗,

1 we have that

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

, 𝑟𝑟��⃗ = 𝚤𝚤⃗ + (−1)𝚥𝚥⃗ − 𝑘𝑘�⃗ + 0�𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗�
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 107

𝑟𝑟 = 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝚥𝚥⃗ − 𝑘𝑘�⃗

⟹ ��⃗

c) Find the cosine of the acute angle between 𝑟𝑟���⃗1 and 𝑟𝑟���⃗2
With 𝑎𝑎 = 1, we have that,

𝑟𝑟���⃗1 = ����⃗ ����⃗1 ,

𝑎𝑎1 + 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎1 = �𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝚥𝚥⃗ − 𝑘𝑘�⃗� and ����⃗
with ����⃗ 𝑑𝑑1 = �𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗�
And,

𝑟𝑟���⃗2 = 𝑎𝑎 ����⃗2 ,
����⃗2 + 𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎2 = �𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗� and ����⃗
with ����⃗ 𝑑𝑑2 = �−𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�
So,
����⃗
𝑑𝑑1 ∙ ����⃗ ����⃗1 � ∙ �𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑2 = �𝑑𝑑 ����⃗2 � cos 𝜃𝜃 , where 𝜃𝜃 is the acute angle between 𝑟𝑟���⃗1 and 𝑟𝑟���⃗2
Therefore,
����⃗1 ∙ ����⃗
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 �𝚤𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘𝑘�⃗� ∙ �−𝚥𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘𝑘�⃗�
cos 𝜃𝜃 = ⟹ cos 𝜃𝜃 =
����⃗1 � ∙ �𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑 ����⃗2 � �√12 + 22 + 22 � ��(−1)2 + 32 �

4
⟹ cos 𝜃𝜃 =
�√9��√10�

4
⟹ cos 𝜃𝜃 =
3√10

𝜋𝜋
6. (a) Evaluate ∫03 cos 4 3𝑥𝑥 sin 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = cos 3𝑥𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −3 sin 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⟹ sin 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
−3
𝜋𝜋
When 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑢𝑢 = cos 0 = 1 and when 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑢𝑢 = cos 𝜋𝜋 = −1
3

So,
𝜋𝜋
−1
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� cos 4 3𝑥𝑥 sin 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑢𝑢4 �− �
0 1 3

1 −1 1 1
= − � 𝑢𝑢4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑢𝑢4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 1 3 −1
1
1 𝑢𝑢5 1 1 1 2
= � � = � + �=
3 5 −1 3 5 5 15

(b) Find the volume of the solid generated when the curve 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 is rotated completely about
the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 between the ordinates 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 3

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 108
We have that
𝑥𝑥2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉, 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥1

So,
3 3
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � (𝑥𝑥 3 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⟹ 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑥𝑥 6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 0
3
𝑥𝑥 7 37
⟹ 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � � = � � 𝜋𝜋
7 0 7

2187
⟹ 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋
7

7. (i) Show that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 1 has a root between 0 and 1
To show that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) has a root between 0 and 1, suffices to show that
𝑓𝑓(0) ∙ 𝑓𝑓(1) < 0
So,
𝑓𝑓(0) = 3(0)3 − 02 + 3(0) − 1 = −1
� ⟹ 𝑓𝑓(0) ∙ 𝑓𝑓(1) = −1 × 5 = −5 < 0
𝑓𝑓 (1) = 3(1)3 − 12 + 3(1) − 1 = 5
Hence, there exist a root between 0 and 1.
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
(ii) Find in terms of the parameter 𝜃𝜃
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2

We have that 𝑥𝑥 = sin 2𝜃𝜃 and 𝑦𝑦 = cos 2𝜃𝜃

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 = sin 2𝜃𝜃 ⟹ = 2 cos 2𝜃𝜃 = 2𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 = cos 2𝜃𝜃 ⟹ = −2 sin 2𝜃𝜃 = −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
But,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
= ÷ ⟹ =− =−
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
And,
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
2
= � � ⟹ 2
= �− �
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦 − (−𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 �− 𝑦𝑦�
⟹ 2= = =
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑦𝑦 2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 109
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )
⟹ = = −
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 𝑦𝑦 3
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 (sin2 2𝜃𝜃 + cos 2 2𝜃𝜃 )
⟹ = −
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 cos 3 2𝜃𝜃
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 1
⟹ 2
=−
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 cos 3 2𝜃𝜃
(iii) Show that the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = (2𝑥𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝑥𝑥 is an increasing function
This suffices to show that 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) ≥ 0 for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ (Domain of 𝑓𝑓).
So,
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = (2𝑥𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝑥𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) = 2[3(2𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 ] + 1
⟹ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) = 6(2𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 + 1
We have that for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ,
(2𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 ≥ 0 ⟹ 6(2𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 + 1 ≥ 0
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥 ) ≥ 0 , ∀ 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Hence, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) is increasing.

8. (i) Find the first term and the common ratio of the progression
Since the progression is geometric, then
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, where 𝑟𝑟 is the common ratio.
So,
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 = −5 ⟹ 𝑎𝑎(𝑟𝑟 + 1) = −5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Also,
4𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 3 and 5𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 4
So,
𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 4 + 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 3 = 40 ⟹ 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 3 (𝑟𝑟 + 1) = 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 3 (𝑟𝑟 + 1) 40
(2) ÷ (1) ⟹ =−
𝑎𝑎(𝑟𝑟 + 1) 5
⟹ 𝑟𝑟 3 = −8 = (−2)3

⟹ 𝑟𝑟 = −2
Substituting 𝑟𝑟 = −2 in (1), implies

𝑎𝑎(−2 + 1) = −5 ⟹ 𝑎𝑎 = 5

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 110
2 15
(ii) Find the term independent of 𝑥𝑥 in the expression of �𝑥𝑥 + �
𝑥𝑥 2

We have that the general term for every expansion of an expression in the form (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑛𝑛 is
given by 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛−𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟
2 15
So, for our expression �𝑥𝑥 + � , we have
𝑥𝑥 2

2 𝑟𝑟
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟15 𝑥𝑥 15−𝑟𝑟 � 2 � = 𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟15 (2𝑟𝑟 )(𝑥𝑥 −2𝑟𝑟 )𝑥𝑥 15−𝑟𝑟
𝑥𝑥
= 𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟15 (2𝑟𝑟 )𝑥𝑥 15−𝑟𝑟−2𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟15 (2𝑟𝑟 )𝑥𝑥 15−3𝑟𝑟
For the term independent of 𝑥𝑥, it means the power of 𝑥𝑥 is zero
So, we have
15 − 3𝑟𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑟𝑟 = 5
Hence, the term independent of 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑇𝑇5
So,

𝑇𝑇5 = 𝐶𝐶515 (25 )𝑥𝑥 15−3(5) = 𝐶𝐶515 × 25

15!
= × 32
10! × 5!
= 96096

9. (i) 𝑧𝑧1 = 4 − 5𝑖𝑖 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑝𝑝 + 4𝑖𝑖, where 𝑝𝑝 ∈ ℝ

• Find the value of 𝑝𝑝 for which 𝑧𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧𝑧�2 is purely imaginary
We have that 𝑧𝑧�2 = 𝑝𝑝 − 4𝑖𝑖
So,
𝑧𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧𝑧�2 = (4 − 5𝑖𝑖 )(𝑝𝑝 − 4𝑖𝑖 )
= 4𝑝𝑝 − 16𝑖𝑖 − 5𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 20
= (4𝑝𝑝 − 20) − (16 + 5𝑝𝑝)𝑖𝑖
Since, 𝑧𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧𝑧�2 is purely imaginary, it means that the real part of 𝑧𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧𝑧�2 is equal to zero.
So,
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑧𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧𝑧�2 ) = 0 ⟹ 4𝑝𝑝 − 20 = 0

⟹ 𝑝𝑝 = 5

• Hence, find |𝑧𝑧1 | and arg(𝑧𝑧2 )2

We have

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

 Innovative Brain 111

|𝑧𝑧1 | = �42 + (−5)2 ⟹ |𝑧𝑧1 | = √16 + 25 = √41

Also,
𝑧𝑧2 = 5 + 4𝑖𝑖
But arg(𝑧𝑧2 )2 = arg(𝑧𝑧2 × 𝑧𝑧2 ) = arg 𝑧𝑧2 + arg 𝑧𝑧2
4 4
And arg 𝑧𝑧2 = tan−1 � � ⟹ arg(𝑧𝑧2 )2 = 2 × tan−1 � �
5 5

Hence,

arg(𝑧𝑧2 )2 = 77.34°
(ii) Find the locus of the point 𝑧𝑧 such that |𝑧𝑧| = |𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖|
We have

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ⟹ |𝑧𝑧| = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2

Also,
𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖

= 𝑥𝑥 − 2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 2)𝑖𝑖 ⟹ |𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖| = �(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 2)2

So,
|𝑧𝑧| = |𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖| ⟹ |𝑧𝑧|2 = |𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖|2
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 2)2
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑦𝑦 + 4
⟹ 4𝑦𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 8 = 0
⟹ 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0
⟹ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
Hence, the locus of the point 𝑧𝑧 such that |𝑧𝑧| = |𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖𝑖|, is a straight line of 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 1
and 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = −2.

10. (a) Find the constant 𝑘𝑘 for which the matrix 𝐴𝐴 is singular
2 3 4
We have 𝐴𝐴 = �1 −1 2�
5 0 𝑘𝑘
The matrix 𝐴𝐴 is singular, implies that det 𝐴𝐴 = 0
But,
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
det 𝐴𝐴 = 2 � � − 3� � + 4� �
0 𝑘𝑘 5 𝑘𝑘 5 0

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 112
= 2(−𝑘𝑘) − 3(𝑘𝑘 − 10) + 4(5)
= −2𝑘𝑘 − 3𝑘𝑘 + 30 + 20
= −5𝑘𝑘 + 50
So,
det 𝐴𝐴 = 0 ⟹ −5𝑘𝑘 + 50 = 0
⟹ −5𝑘𝑘 = −50

⟹ 𝑘𝑘 = 10
(b) Find the inverse of matrix 𝐵𝐵
2 3 4
We have 𝐵𝐵 = �1 −1 2�
5 0 2
1
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝐵−1 = × 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
det 𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (Adjoint of 𝐵𝐵) is the matrix of co-factors of the transpose matrix of 𝐵𝐵.

So,
2 1 5
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 = �3 −1 0�
4 2 2
−1 0
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2 = � � = −2
2 2
3 0
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1 = − � � = −6
4 2
3 −1
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5 = � � = 10
4 2
1 5
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 3 = − � �=8
2 2
2 5
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 1 = � � = −16
4 2
2 1
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0 = − � �=0
4 2
1 5
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4 = � �=5
−1 0
2 5
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2 = − � � = 15
3 0
2 1
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2 = � � = −5
3 −1
Therefore,

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Innovative Brain 113
−2 −6 10
𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =� 8 −16 0�
5 15 −5
Also, we notice that matrix 𝐵𝐵 is similar to matrix 𝐴𝐴, just that in 𝐵𝐵, the value of 𝑘𝑘 is 2.
So,
det 𝐵𝐵 = −5(2) + 50 = 40
Hence,

1 3 1
− −
⎛ 20 20 4 ⎞
1 −2 −6 10 1 2
𝐵𝐵−1 = �8 −16 0 �=⎜ − 0 ⎟
40 ⎜ 5 5 ⎟
5 15 −5
1 3 1
⎝ − ⎠
8 8 8
Solve the system of equations
2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑥 = 1
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 2
5𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 5
Our system of equations can be written as:
2 3 4 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 1
�1 −1 2 � � 𝑦𝑦 � = � 2� ⟹ 𝐵𝐵 �𝑦𝑦 � = �2 � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (∗ )
5 0 2 𝑧𝑧 5 𝑧𝑧 5
So, pre-multiplying both sides of the 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (∗) by 𝐵𝐵−1 , we have
1 3 1 1 3 1
− − − −
⎛ 20 20 4 ⎞ ⎛ 20 20 4 ⎞
1 2 2 3 4 𝑥𝑥 1 2 1
⎜ − 0 ⎟ �1 −1 2� �𝑦𝑦� = ⎜ − 0 ⎟ �2�
⎜ 5 5 ⎟ 5 0 2 𝑧𝑧 ⎜ 5 5 ⎟ 5
1 3 1 1 3 1
⎝ − ⎠ ⎝ − ⎠
8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9
1 0 0 𝑥𝑥 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 𝑥𝑥 ⎛ 10 ⎞
3 3
�0 1 0� �𝑦𝑦� = ⎜− ⎟ ⟹ �𝑦𝑦� = ⎜− ⎟
0 0 1 𝑧𝑧 ⎜ 5⎟ 𝑧𝑧 ⎜ 5⎟
1 1
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
Hence,

9 3 1
𝑥𝑥 = ; 𝑦𝑦 = − ; 𝑧𝑧 =
10 5 4

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖