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Methods of Data Collection

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9 views2 pages

Methods of Data Collection

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suvajmadhu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Question: Outline various methods and tools of data collection?

1. Interview: a communication process between two persons-a person who ask the question
(Interviewer) and the person who answer the questions (Interviewee)
An interview may be:
 Structured: The number and type of questions are pre-planned
 Unstructured: The questions and its number are changed according to the need of situation,
or the intelligence level of the subject who answer the questions.
The tool for data collection by interview is interview schedule: An interview schedule will
determine whether the interview should be structured or not, how many question should be
asked, what are questions should be asked, when to ask, to whom the questions should be
asked, what all answers should be expected etc.
Interviews may be direct or one-to-one or telephonic interview (over a telephone)
2. Observation: Here the observer, most often the researcher himself, will look up on the
subjects/ phenomena under study and record his findings. Data collection by Observation
may be of 4 types:
 Structured observation : what/ when/how to observe etc. are pre-fixed
 Unstructured observation: Things to be observed and type of observation changes
according to the subjects being observed or situation of observation
 Participant observation: Here, the observer also will be a participant of the team being
observed
 Non-participant observation: The observer is not a participant of the group being observed
3. Focus group: Here, the data is collected from a particular group, who can contribute
knowledge/ answers which the researcher is looking for. Finally all the contributions made by
the individual members are compiled and decisions are made from them.
4. Questionnaire: Instead of interview, the researcher will give the pre-set questions in a
printed form or as soft copy. The questions may be closed format type or open format type.
In open ended format questions the subject can answer the question in a manner he/she
likes:
Example: Could you please share your shopping experience with us?
In closed format questions, the answer will be usually fixed.
Example: Was your shopping experience with us good or bad?. The answer will be either one
of the above
5. Rating scales: A tool used to collect the perceptions or opinions of a person about a subject,
a person, an event or a phenomena. Example:

 What is your experience with sour service: Excellent/good/ average/bad

 What is your opinion about performance of Mr.XXX’s as a minister?


Good/Average/ Not up to expectations
6. Checklist: It is a list containing responses to be expected. The observer will tick the
respective column after observing the condition, and finally the researcher can come to a
conclusion based on the outcome of the data analysis.

o YES/ NO
o PRESENT/ NOT PRESENT
o PROVODED/ NOT PROVIDED ETC.

7. CCTV observation
8. Survey: A survey is a data collection tool that lists a set of structured questions to which
respondents provide answers based on their knowledge and experiences. It is a standard data
gathering process that allows you to access information from a predefined group of
respondents during research.
There are four main survey data collection methods – Telephonic Surveys, Face-to-face
Surveys, and Online Surveys. Online Surveys.
9. Experimental: Experimental
Biophysical: Here the biological or physiological aspects of the subjects being observed are
checked.
 In vitro: The observation/measurement is done outside the body: example urinalysis, blood
tests
 In vivo : the observation is made on the subject- example taking BP of a subject, Measuring
the body temperature
Experimental outcomes: For example reading taken after the experimental procedures done
on animals.
Projective techniques: Here the data is collected according to an activity or skills of the
respondent. Here, usually a game, an exercise, an activity or task is given to the subjects.

10. Secondary data analysis: Secondary data is data that has already been analysed and used,
then it is reused again and recycled over and over again. The four major types of secondary
data include:
 Internal: Data is collected from within an organization/company
 External: Data collected from outside the of an organization, such as government
statistics
 Quantitative: numerical data with a significant number value such as amount of
revenue.
 Qualitative: includes anything besides numbers such as words, including eye colours.

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