RESEARCH 1

Quarter: 4 Week 2

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Objectives:

1. define data and methods of data collection; and

2. apply methods of data collection.
Collecting data is one major component of any type of research. Undermining its
importance would result in the production of inaccurate data sufficient to render your
research study invalid.

What is data?
Data is a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn. Such as numbers,
words, measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things.

Data Collection
It is the process by which the researcher collects the information from all the
relevant sources to answer the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate the
outcomes. The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been
defined and research design chalked out.

Primary Data vs. Secondary Data

Primary data are data collected directly from the data source without going
through any existing sources. This kind of data is often reliable, authentic, and
objective in as much as it was collected with the purpose of addressing a particular
research problem. For examples, surveys, and observation.

Secondary data are those collected in the past by someone else but made
available for others to use. They are usually once primary data but become secondary
when used by a third party. For examples, journals, articles, and web sources.

Methods of Data Collection

1. Observation
It is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of
observation by the observer or by personally going to the field. This method uses the
sense organs in gathering information like by watching and listening to them.

 Direct Observation- seeing, touching and hearing the sources of data personally.
 Indirect Observation- seeing and hearing, not through your own eyes and ears,
but by means of technological and electronic gadgets like audiotapes, video
records, and other recording devices used to capture earlier events, images,
or sounds.
1
Page
2. Survey
This is the most popular data-gathering technique. It makes you obtain facts or
information about the subject or object of your research through the data gathering
instruments of interview and questionnaire.

Questionnaire
A paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual and
independent answering by several respondents for obtaining statistical
information. It is good for collecting data from a big number of respondents
situated in different places. Making up a questionnaire are factual and
opinionated questions. Questions to elicit factual answers are formulated in a
multiple-choice type and those to ask about the respondents’ views, attitudes,
preferences, and other opinionated answers are provided with sufficient space
where the respondents could write their sentential answers to opinionated
questions. Responses yielded by a questionnaire are given in numerical forms
(numbers, fractions, percentages) and categories, and are subjected to
statistical analysis.

Parts of a Survey Questionnaire

Part 1: General Instructions

The purpose of the general instructions is to help the person

completing the questionnaire have a general understanding of the purpose of
the research study, provide a general orientation of the topic of the
questionnaire, and describe informed consent. Part of the general instructions
also includes the title of the questionnaire. Just as the directions should not lead
participants to a desired response, the title also should not bias participants.
Again, it is better to keep the questionnaire title as general as possible. A
sample of general instructions is:

2
Page
Page 3
 Part 2: Personal Information

Most questionnaires typically start with questions about the

participant. Personal information can also be called demographic characteristics
or biodata. Consider only those items that are essential to getting a good
understanding of your sample and that answer your research questions.

Part 3: Body

This includes the actual questions. Researchers then present the items and response
sets that participants will interact with during survey administrations.
4
Page

4 CLASSES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS

1. Open-Ended- this allows participants to articulate their thoughts in their own words
(from one word to many sentences).

2. Closed-Ended (Static)- closed-ended questions—as the name suggest—enumerate

the options for participants to select from. These are generally classified into three
types: multiple choice with a single response, multiple choice with multiple responses,
or rating scales.
5

a. Multiple Choice (Single Response)

Page
Page 6
 b. Multiple Choice (Multiple Responses)

c. Rating Scales

7
Page
3. Closed-Ended (Dynamic)- his dynamic presentation uses the same rating scales
and multiple-choice questions but the question order and choices change using
adaptive logic (numerical algorithms programmed in the software).

4.Task/Activity Based- instead of relying on a self-reported response, a task/activity-

based question asks participants to attempt to do something, usually on a website,
prototype, or hosted image

Example of Questionnaire:

Interview

It is technique which involves asking open-ended questions to converse

with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject. There are classifications
of interview, namely: structured interview, unstructured interview and focused
interview. Structured interview has a set of pre-decided or prepared questions;
unstructured interview doesn’t follow a system of pre-determined questions; and
in focused interview, attention is focused on the given experience of the
respondent and its possible effects.

3. Experiment
A one kind of data collection that may be used to assess theoretical knowledge.
Experiments are the gold standard, allowing us to make causal conclusions. It is a
scientific method of collecting data whereby the subjects are given a sort of treatment
or condition then evaluate the results to find out the manner by which the treatment
8

affected the subjects and to discover the reasons behind the effects of such treatment
on the subject. This attempts to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between
Page

two or more variables.

4. Content Analysis

It is an approach to the analysis of documents and texts (which may be printed or

visual) that seeks to quantify content in terms of predetermined categories and in a
systematic and replicable manner. It involves searching through several oral or written
forms or communication to find answers to the research questions. This method is not
only for examining printed materials but also for analyzing information coming from
non-book materials like photographs, films, video tapes, paintings, drawings, and the
like to determine their comparative feature.

5. Oral histories

At first glance, an oral history might sound like an interview. Both data collection
methods involve asking questions. But an oral history is more precisely defined as the
recording, preservation, and interpretation of historical information based on the
opinions and personal experiences of people who were involved in the events. Unlike
interviews and surveys, oral histories are linked to a single phenomenon. For example,
a researcher may be interested in studying the effect of a flood on a community. An
oral history can shed light on exactly what transpired. It’s a holistic approach to
evaluation that uses a variety of techniques.

9
Page
 LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET
Quarter: 4 Week No: 2 Day: 1-3
Activity 1: Identifying the Appropriate Method of Data Collection

Directions: Read each situation and think about it. Identify what data collection
method should be used.

1. The head of the barangay health center wants to know how many residents of their
barangay have comorbidities and who would respond to the vaccination program.

Answer: _________________________________________________

2. Group 1 is planning to use ginger and vinegar to create an effective organic

insecticide.

Answer: _________________________________________________

3. Students are told to bring 2 different leaves and differentiate the two using a graph.

Answer: _________________________________________________

4. The researcher is having a research study about the experiences of a COVID survivor
when he was struggling with the virus.

Answer: _________________________________________________

5. The teacher instructed his students to differentiate rocks according to texture.

Answer: _________________________________________________

6. The researchers conducted a study on Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) Root Extract as an

Alternative Ovicide against Dengue Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Eggs.

Answer: _________________________________________________

7. As a student, you are curious on how easily different household substances dissolve
in water, such as salts, sugar, spices and oils.

Answer: _________________________________________________

8. A group of students is having a research on the effects of water shortage in a

barangay.

Answer: ________________________________________________
10
Page
Page 11