JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

SIRPUR KAGHAZNAGAR, ASIFABAD

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

NAME : N.AKSHAY DEEPAK
CLASS: XII
ROLL NO:
TEACHER:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that N.Akshay Deepak of

class XII has successfully completed the
Investigatory project of biology on Sexually
Transmitted Diseases under the guidance and
supervision of Mrs.Thirupathiamma Mam,
for class XII practical examination of the
Central Board of Secondary Education in the
year 2024-2025. It is further certified that this
project is the individual work of the candidate

Sign of External Sign of Teacher

Head of the Institution

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessing and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thanks all
the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal incharge
Mrs. K.Parvathi mam and English teacher
Mrs. Thirupathiamma who’s valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success with his suggestions.
Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance have been
helpful in various phases of the completion of
this project.
 Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Scope of problem
3. Types of STD’S
4. AIDS
5. Genital Herpes
6. HPV
7. Hepatitis-B
8. Syphilis
9. Gonnerhea
10. Chlamydia
11. Trichomoniasis
12. Results and Discussion
13. Conclusion
14. Biblography
 Introduction
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), previously
known as sexually transmitted diseases, involve the
transmission of an organism between sexual partners
through different routes of sexual contact, either oral,
anal, or vaginal. STIs affect all people and can be
prevented with proper education and barrier control.
The most common STIs include both curable
(gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomonas) and
treatable (herpes viruses, human papillomavirus, human
immunodeficiency virus) conditions. The correlating
symptoms generally fall into 2 categories:
discharge/dysuria or ulcerative lesions. The likelihood
of contracting these conditions depends on the
prevalence of the disease, patient behavior, and
underlying comorbidities. Early screening and
recognition of STIs are key to preventing disease
spread, morbidity, and mortality. These infections are
more frequently underrecognized and have a higher
incidence in medically underserved populations.
 RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
STIs have a profound impact on sexual and
reproductive health worldwide.
More than 1 million curable STIs are acquired
every day. In 2020, WHO estimated 374 million
new infections with 1 of 4 STIs: chlamydia
(129 million), gonorrhoea (82 million), syphilis
(7.1 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million).
More than 490 million people were estimated to be
living with genital herpes in 2016, and an
estimated 300 million women have an HPV
infection, the primary cause of cervical cancer and
anal cancer among men who have sex with men. In
addition, updated WHO estimates indicate that
254 million people were living with hepatitis B in
2022.
STIs can have serious consequences beyond the
immediate impact of the infection itself.
 STIs like herpes, gonorrhoea and syphilis can
increase the risk of HIV acquisition.
 Mother-to-child transmission of STIs can
result in stillbirth, neonatal death, low-birth
weight and prematurity, sepsis, neonatal
conjunctivitis and congenital deformities.
 HPV infection causes cervical and other
cancers.
 Hepatitis B resulted in just over 1 million
deaths in 2022, mostly from cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma.
 STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia are
major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease
and infertility in women.
TYPES OF STD’S

Viral
AIDS
Genital herpes
HPV
Hepatitis B
VIRAL:
1.AIDS
Overview

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the

body’s immune system. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) occurs at the most advanced stage of infection.

HIV targets the body’s white blood cells, weakening the

immune system. This makes it easier to get sick with diseases
like tuberculosis, infections and some cancers.

HIV is spread from the body fluids of an infected person,

including blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal fluids. It is not
spread by kisses, hugs or sharing food. It can also spread from
a mother to her baby.

HIV can be prevented and treated with antiretroviral therapy

(ART). Untreated HIV can progress to AIDS, often after many
years.

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection.

HIV spreads more easily in the first few months after a person
is infected, but many are unaware of their status until the later
stages. In the first few weeks after being infected people may
not experience symptoms. Others may have an influenza-like
illness including:

 fever
 headache
 rash
 sore throat.
The infection progressively weakens the immune system. This
can cause other signs and symptoms:

 swollen lymph nodes

 weight loss
 fever
 diarrhoea
 cough.

Without treatment, people living with HIV infection can also

develop severe illnesses:

 tuberculosis (TB)
 cryptococcal meningitis
 severe bacterial infections
 cancers such as lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma.

HIV causes other infections to get worse, such as hepatitis C,

hepatitis B and mpox.

Prevention

HIV is a preventable disease. Reduce the risk of HIV infection

by:

 using a male or female condom during sex

 being tested for HIV and sexually transmitted infections
 having a voluntary medical male circumcision
 using harm reduction services for people who inject and
use drugs.

Doctors may suggest medicines and medical devices to help

prevent HIV infection, including:

 antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), including oral Pre-Exposure

Prophylaxis (PrEP) and long acting products
 dapivirine vaginal rings
 injectable long acting cabotegravir.
ARVs can also be used to prevent mothers from passing HIV to
their children.

People taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) and who have no

evidence of virus in the blood will not pass HIV to their sexual
partners. Access to testing and ART is an important part of
preventing HIV.

Antiretroviral drugs given to people without HIV can

prevent infection

Treatment

There is no cure for HIV infection. It is treated with antiretroviral

drugs, which stop the virus from replicating in the body.

Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not cure HIV infection

but allows a person’s immune system to get stronger. This
helps them to fight other infections.

Currently, ART must be taken every day for the rest of a

person’s life.

ART lowers the amount of the virus in a person’s body. This

stops symptoms and allows people to live full and healthy lives.
People living with HIV who are taking ART and who have no
evidence of virus in the blood will not spread the virus to their
sexual partners.
 2.GENITAL HERPES
Overview

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), known as herpes, is a common

infection that can cause painful blisters or ulcers. It primarily
spreads by skin-to-skin contact. It is treatable but not curable.

There are two types of herpes simplex virus.

Type 1 (HSV-1) mostly spreads by oral contact and causes

infections in or around the mouth (oral herpes or cold sores). It
can also cause genital herpes. Most adults are infected with
HSV-1.

Type 2 (HSV-2) spreads by sexual contact and causes genital

herpes.

Most people have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. The

infection can cause painful blisters or ulcers that can recur over
time. Medicines can reduce symptoms but can’t cure the
infection.

Recurrent symptoms of both oral and genital herpes may be

distressing. Genital herpes may also be stigmatizing and have
an impact on sexual relationships. However, in time, most
people with either kind of herpes adjust to living with the
infection.

Symptoms

Most people with herpes have no symptoms or only mild

symptoms. Many people aren’t aware they have the infection
and can pass along the virus to others without knowing.

Symptoms can include painful, recurring blisters or ulcers. New

infections may cause fever, body aches and swollen lymph
nodes.
Symptoms may be different during the first episode (or
‘outbreak’) of infection than during a recurrent episode. If
symptoms occur, they often begin with tingling, itching or
burning near where the sores will appear.

Common oral herpes symptoms include blisters (cold sores) or

open sores (ulcers) in or around the mouth or lips.

Common genital herpes symptoms include bumps, blisters, or

open sores (ulcers) around the genitals or anus.

These sores and blisters are typically painful. Blisters may

break open, ooze and then crust over.

During their first infection, people may experience:

 fever
 body aches
 sore throat (oral herpes)
 headache
 swollen lymph nodes near the infection.

Treatment

Treatment and management of a primary infection should

include systemic infection with antivirals and treatment for
symptomatic pain or itching. The clinician and patient should
discuss medication options, including any financial strain that
may hinder appropriate treatment.
 3.HPV
Overview

HPV(Human papilloma virus) is a common sexually transmitted

virus. Most women and men will be infected at some point in
their lives, and the peak time for acquiring infection is shortly
after becoming sexually active. Most infections cause no
symptoms and clear without intervention within 2 years, but
certain types of HPV can lead to cancer or genital warts.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women

globally, and virtually all cervical cancer cases (99%) are linked
to genital infection with HPV. The HPV virus is also linked to
other types of anogenital cancer, head and neck cancers, and
genital warts in both men and women.

Symptoms

 Women/Men: Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the

gross appearance of any cutaneous or other lesions
discovered on the physical examination.
 A biopsy can be performed for confirmation, but this is
usually reserved for the following situations:
o Patients who are immune-compromised patients
(cancer risk is highest)
o Diagnosis is uncertain
o Atypical lesions
o Lesions that do not respond to standard therapy
Treatment:
Vaccination

Vaccines against HPV are safe, effective and routinely provided

in many countries throughout the world, including in 37
countries in the WHO European Region.

Two HPV vaccines currently available are highly effective in

preventing infection with virus types 16 and 18, which are
responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases
globally. One of these vaccines also protects against HPV
types 6 and 11, which cause 90% of genital warts. A third, 9-
valent, vaccine protects against 7 HPV types that together
cause 90% of cervical cancer cases and the 2 that cause
genital warts.

HPV vaccination is recommended in early adolescence, aged

9–14 years. Vaccination of girls is recommended as a priority,
as part of comprehensive efforts to prevent and control cervical
cancer.
 4.HEPATITIS-B
Overview

Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B

virus. The infection can be acute (short and severe) or chronic
(long term).

Hepatitis B can cause a chronic infection and puts people at

high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.

It can spread through contact with infected body fluids like

blood, saliva, vaginal fluids and semen. It can also be passed
from a mother to her baby.

Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine.

The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a
few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the
virus.

.The burden of infection is highest in the WHO Western Pacific

Region and the WHO African Region, where 97 million and
65 million people, respectively, are chronically infected..

Symptoms

Most people do not experience any symptoms when newly

infected.

Some people have acute illness with symptoms that last

several weeks:

 yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

 dark urine
 feeling very tired
 nausea
 vomiting
 pain in the abdomen.
When severe, acute hepatitis can lead to liver failure, which can
lead to death.

Although most people will recover from acute illness, some

people with chronic hepatitis B will develop progressive liver
disease and complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular
carcinoma (liver cancer). These diseases can be fatal.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. Chronic

hepatitis B can be treated with medicines.

Care for acute hepatitis B should focus on making the person

comfortable. They should eat a healthy diet and drink plenty of
liquids to prevent dehydration from vomiting and diarrhoea.

Chronic hepatitis B infection can be treated with oral medicines,

including tenofovir or entecavir.

Treatment can

 slow the advance of cirrhosis

 reduce cases of liver cancer
 improve long term survival.

Most people who start hepatitis B treatment must continue it for

life.

In low-income settings, most people with liver cancer present

late in the course of the disease and die within months of
diagnosis. In high-income countries, patients present to hospital
earlier in the course of the disease and have access to surgery
and chemotherapy, which can prolong life for several months to
a few years. Liver transplantation is sometimes used in people
with cirrhosis or liver cancer in technologically advanced
countries, with varying success.
BACTERIAL:
1.SYPHLIS
Overview

Syphilis is a preventable and curable bacterial sexually

transmitted infection (STI). If untreated, it can cause serious
health issues.

Many people with syphilis do not have symptoms or do not

notice them.

Syphilis is transmitted during oral, vaginal and anal sex, in

pregnancy and through blood transfusion. Syphilis in pregnancy
may lead to stillbirth, newborn death and babies born with
syphilis (congenital syphilis).

Correct and consistent use of condoms during sex can prevent

syphilis.

Rapid tests can provide results in a few minutes, which allows

treatment initiation on the same clinic visit.

Symptoms

Many people with syphilis do not notice any symptoms. They

can also go unnoticed by healthcare providers. Untreated,
syphilis lasts many years. Syphilis has several stages.

Primary syphilis (first stage):

 usually lasts around 21 days

 a round, painless, usually hard sore (chancre) appears on
the genitals, anus or elsewhere
 the chancre may not be noticed and will heal in 3–10 days
 progresses to the second stage if untreated.

Secondary syphilis:
  includes a non-itchy rash, usually on the palms and soles
of the feet
 white or grey lesions appear in warm and moist areas,
such as the labia or anus, at the site of the chancre
 symptoms will go away without treatment.

Latent syphilis:

 often has no symptoms

 progresses to the third and final stage of syphilis (tertiary)
after years if untreated
 tertiary syphilis can lead to brain and cardiovascular
diseases, among other conditions.

Treatment

Syphilis is treatable and curable. People who suspect they may

have syphilis should speak to their healthcare provider.

The early stage of syphilis is treated with a benzathine penicillin

(BPG) injection. BPG is the first line treatment for syphilis and
the only WHO-recommended treatment for pregnant women
with syphilis. As second line treatment, doctors may also use
doxycycline, ceftriaxone or azithromycin, which are antibiotic
medicines.

BPG is also used to treat later stages of syphilis, but more

doses are required. Doses are usually given once per week for
three weeks, including when it is not possible to identify the
stage of infection.

BPG can prevent syphilis from being passed from a mother to

baby. Babies born with syphilis (congenital syphilis), or babies
whose mother had untreated syphilis, need to be treated right
away to avoid serious health problems.
 2.GONNERHEA
Overview

Gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused

by a type of bacteria. It usually spreads through vaginal, oral or
anal sex. Gonorrhoea is treatable and curable with antibiotics.
The causative agent of gonorrhea is the bacterium Neisseria
gonorrhoeae.

Gonorrhoea causes different symptoms in women and men.

Women often feel no symptoms, but untreated infection can
lead to infertility and problems during pregnancy.

Common symptoms in men include pain or burning when

urinating, discharge from the penis and sometimes pain in the
testes.

Gonorrhoea can be passed from a pregnant mother to her

baby.

Signs and symptoms

Gonorrhoea can cause symptoms in the genitals, anus or

throat. Men and women may experience different symptoms.
Symptoms usually begin 1–14 days after sexual contact with an
infected person.

In men, common symptoms include

 a white, yellow or greenish discharge from the penis

 pain or burn when urinating
 painful or swollen testes.

Most women with gonorrhea do not have symptoms or do not

notice them. If they occur, they can include

 vaginal discharge
 pain or burning when urinating
  vaginal bleeding between periods or during sexual
intercourse.

Anal infection in women and men can cause

 discharge
 bleeding
 itchiness
 soreness
 painful bowel movements.

Throat infections often have no symptoms. If symptoms occur,

they can include redness, pain and sore throat.

Treatment

People with gonorrhoea should be treated as soon as possible.

Gonorrhoea is treated with antibiotics called cephalosporins.

These include:

 ceftriaxone, usually given by injection and is the preferred

treatment
 cefixime, usually given orally with another antibiotic,
azithromycin, but only when ceftriaxone is not feasible.

People should wait 7 days after taking the medicine before

having sex. They should notify their sexual partner(s) to get
tested or treated.

Treatments can fail due to:

 not taking medications as directed

 reinfection
 the bacterium becoming resistant to the drug
 having another untreated infection with similar symptoms.

People with gonorrhoea should continue treatment until the

infection is cured.
 3.CHLAMYDIA
Overview

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection that can

occur in both men and women. It is caused by a bacterium
called Chlamydia trachomatis. It is easily treated and cured
with antibiotics.

If not treated, chlamydia can cause serious problems, including

infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In pregnant women, it can
cause the baby to be born early (prematurity).

Correct and consistent use of condoms during sex is the most

effective way to prevent chlamydia

Signs and symptoms

Many people with chlamydia have no symptoms or only mild

symptoms. If symptoms occur, they may not appear until up to
three weeks after having sex with someone who has
chlamydia.

In women, common symptoms include

 a change in vaginal discharge

 bleeding between menstrual periods or after sex
 pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen
 burning sensation when urinating.

Common symptoms in men include

 burning when urinating

 discharge from the penis
 pain or discomfort in the testicles.

Anal infection in women and men can cause

 pain
  discharge
 bleeding.

Chlamydia can also infect the throat often without symptoms.

Treatment

Chlamydia is treatable and curable.

Uncomplicated chlamydia is treated with antibiotic tablets

including azithromycin or doxycycline.

Repeated infections can occur if sexual partners are not

treated, and if individuals have sex without condoms with
someone who has the infection.

Newborns with chlamydial eye infection (conjunctivitis) are

treated with azithromycin.

People should wait 7 days after taking the medicine before

having sex or, if not possible, use condoms correctly. They
should notify their sexual partner(s) to get tested and treated, if
necessary.
PARASITIC:
TRICHOMONIASIS
Overview

Trichomonas vaginalis is a preventable and curable

sexually transmitted protozoan that infects the urogenital tract.

Although the majority of infections are asymptomatic, more

than 50% of women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection
have vaginal discharge and about 10% of men have urethritis.

The parasite is transmitted during oral, vaginal and anal sex,

and in some rare instances during delivery.

Correct and consistent use of condoms during sex can prevent

trichomoniasis.

Symptoms

Most infections in men and women are asymptomatic.

Symptomatic women can have vaginal discharge (yellow in
colour), which may appear purulent. Other symptoms include a
red and sore vagina. The person with the infection can also feel
pain during intercourse and urination.

When T. vaginalis is present, a yellow or greenish and

possibly frothy discharge can be observed in the vagina during
a speculum examination by a health provider

Men are often asymptomatic, but some experience penile

irritation and urethritis.

Complications

Perinatal outcomes
Untreated T. vaginalis is linked to adverse birth outcomes,
including low birth weight, preterm delivery and premature
rupture of membranes. Although uncommon, perinatal
transmission of T. vaginalis can occur, leading to vaginal and
respiratory infec

tions in newborns.

HIV transmission

T. vaginalis infections are linked to a 1.5 times increased risk

of HIV acquisition.

Treatment

Trichomonas vaginalis is treatable and curable. People who

suspect they may have trichomoniasis should speak to their
healthcare provider. Treatment often requires metronidazole
(first choice) or tinidazole administered orally.
 RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) continue to pose a major
public health challenge, especially among adolescents and
young adults. Education plays a critical role in reducing the
incidence of STDs by equipping individuals with the knowledge
and skills to make informed decisions about sexual health.
Through comprehensive sex education, people can learn about
safe sexual practices, the risks associated with unprotected
sex, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
Below are key aspects of how education can reduce the
incidence of STDs:

1. Increasing Awareness of STD Risks and Prevention

Methods

Knowledge of STDs:
One of the primary roles of education is to increase awareness
about the various types of STDs, how they are transmitted, and
their symptoms. With proper education, individuals are more
likely to recognize the signs of STDs and seek early treatment.
Knowing the difference between bacterial and viral infections,
the potential for complications, and how STDs can be
asymptomatic (e.g., Chlamydia or HIV) helps people avoid
unknowingly transmitting infections.

Prevention Techniques:
Education also provides information on prevention methods
such as:

 Condom Use: Teaching the importance of using condoms

(male or female) during every sexual encounter is one of
the most effective ways to prevent the spread of STDs.
  Vaccination: Education about the availability and
importance of vaccines, such as the HPV vaccine and
Hepatitis B vaccine, can help reduce the risk of certain
infections.
 Mutual Monogamy: Educating individuals about the risks
associated with having multiple sexual partners and the
benefits of being in a mutually monogamous relationship
can reduce STD transmission.
 Abstinence and Safe Practices: Comprehensive
education includes discussions about abstinence and
other forms of safer sexual practices, such as oral sex
protection and regular testing.

2. Dispelling Myths and Misconceptions

There are many misconceptions surrounding STDs—about

transmission, symptoms, and treatment—that contribute to
risky behaviors and stigmatization. For example:

 Misunderstanding Symptoms: Many people believe that

STDs always have visible symptoms, which is false.
Asymptomatic infections are common, especially among
young people, and can go untreated if not properly
recognized.
 Stigma and Fear: Lack of education leads to a fear of
testing and treatment, which can deter people from
seeking medical care. Education helps reduce the stigma
around STDs and encourages individuals to get tested
regularly, even in the absence of symptoms.
 Misinformation about Protection: Myths about the
effectiveness of certain preventive methods (e.g.,
withdrawal or "safe periods") can increase the risk of
transmission. Clear, evidence-based education dispels
these myths and encourages proper methods of
prevention.
3.Improving Access to Health Services and Resources

Educational programs not only provide information on the

dangers of STDs but also guide individuals toward healthcare
resources such as:

 Local Clinics and Testing Centers: Many people,

particularly adolescents, may not know where to get
tested or treated for STDs. Education can help connect
people with free or low-cost health services.
 Contraceptive Access: Providing information on where to
obtain condoms and other contraceptive methods, along
with guidance on how to use them correctly, is an
essential part of sexual education.
 Confidentiality in Health Services: Fear of judgment or
parental involvement can prevent individuals from seeking
care. Education can clarify that healthcare services often
offer confidential testing and treatment for STDs.

CONCLUSION
Sexual health education is a fundamental strategy in reducing
the incidence of STDs. By increasing awareness, dispelling
myths, encouraging open communication, and promoting
preventive behaviors, education can have a profound impact on
public health. Comprehensive, age-appropriate, and culturally
sensitive sex education programs are essential in reducing the
spread of STDs, especially among vulnerable populations like
adolescents. Ultimately, education equips individuals with the
knowledge, skills, and confidence to make informed decisions
that protect their health and the health of their communities.
 BIBLOGRAPHY
1.NCERT ,Class 12 Biology
2.WHO website
3.Wikipedia

4.Healthline website