Tel: /+251 978 814878

E-mail: wecon2007@gmail.com Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.1 Project Description ............................................................................. 1
1.2 Purpose of Exploration........................................................................ 1
1.3 Scope of Exploration........................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2: GENERAL OVER VIEW OF THE PROJECT ...................................... 3

2.2 Project Data ....................................................................................... 3
2.3 Location of the Project ........................................................................ 3
2.4 Existing Condition at crossing site ......................................................... 5
2.5 Regional and Site Geology................................................................... 6
2.5.1 Regional Geology ................................................................................ 6
2.5.2 Site Geology ....................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 3: FIELD EXPLORATION, FIELD TESTING AND SAMPLING .......... 12
3.1 Methodology of Investigation ........................................................... 12
3.2 Drilling ............................................................................................ 12
3.2 Drilling Equipment............................................................................ 13
3.3 Logging and Photographing ............................................................... 13
3.4 Field Testing .................................................................................... 13
3.5 Sampling................................................................................................. 17
3.6 Ground Water Condition........................................................................ 17
CHAPTER 4: LABORARORY TESTING AND RESULTS........................................ 18
4.1 Laboratory Testing Method .................................................................... 18
4.2 Summary of Laboratory Tests Performed and Results ............................. 18
CHAPTER 5: GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................ 22
5.1 Description of Geotechnical Layer ..................................................... 22
5.2 Chemical Effect of Ground Water ....................................................... 23
5.3 Scour Analysis .................................................................................. 23
5.5 Assessment of Susceptibility of Soil to Liquefaction Potential .................. 25
CHAPTER 6: BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS ...................................................... 29
6.1 Determination of Foundation Depth .................................................. 29
6.2 Bearing Capacity Determination ......................................................... 29
CHAPTER 7: ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION........................................... 41
7.1 Recommended Allowable Bearing Capacity Values .............................. 41
7.2 Summary of Foundation Recommendation ......................................... 41
NOTE: ......................................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 43
REFERENCE ................................................................................................................ 44

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List of tables

Table 3.1: Depth, Co-ordinates and Elevation of Drilled Boreholes

Table 3.2: Soil properties Correlated With Standard Penetration Test Values
Table 3.3: Representative SPT N-values
Table 4.1: Standard Test Methods Followed
Table 4.2: Summary of Laboratory Tests Performed
Table 4.3: Summary of Laboratory Tests Results
Table 5.1: Maximum scour depth
Table 5.2: Seismic Zone Related to Ground Acceleration
Table 5.3: Factor of safety against Liquefaction for bridge site
Table 6.1: Measured and adjusted SPT N values
Table 6.2: Allowable Bearing Capacity of Spread Footing based on SPT
Table 6.3: Allowable Bearing Capacity Values for Spread footing based on analytical
approach
Table 6.4: Primary consolidation for Spread Footing foundation
Table 6.5: Safe Allowable bearing capacity values for tolerable settlement value of
50mm
Table 6.6: Presumptive Allowable Bearing Pressure for Spread Footing
Table 6.7: Allowable single pile capacities for 900mm diameter and different pile length
Table 7.1: Summary of Foundation Recommendation on engineered fill layer
Table 7.2: Recommended allowable single pile capacities for 900mm diameter, different
pile length

List of Figures

Fig 2.1: Location map of the bridge project area

Fig 2.2: Satellite Image showing the bridge crossing area and vicinity
Fig 2.3: Geological map of the project area
Fig 2.4: Layout of drilled boreholes and bridge profile
Fig 2.5: Generalized sub surface profile
Fig 3.1: Plots showing depth VS SPT N Values per 300mm
Fig 5.1: Seismic risk map of Ethiopia 475 years return period, 10% probability of
exceedance in 50years (Ethiopian Building Code Standard No. 8)

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List of Pictures

Picture 1: Partial view of Bridge Crossing Site

Appendices

Appendix 1: Borehole Logs

Appendix 2: Geotechnical Cross-section
Appendix 3: Borehole Locations
Appendix 4: Laboratory Test Results
Appendix 5: Plates of Core Boxes
Appendix 6: Bearing Capacity and Settlement Analysis Sheets
Appendix 7: Scour Analysis

List of Abbreviations and symbols

BH - Boreholes
BS - British Standards
m - Meters
KPa - Kilo-Pascal (kN/m2)
GWL - Ground water level
N-value - Number of blows for 300mm penetration
NMC - Natural moisture content
LL - Liquid limit
PI - Plasticity index
PL - Plastic limit
UCSC - Unified soil classification system
FS - Free Swell
D - Disturbed sample
UDS - Undisturbed sample

RMR - Rock Mass Ratting

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Description

This report presents the results of detail subsurface exploration and geotechnical engineering
studies for Oda Bultum University Main Gate Bridge site. The consultancy service agreement
for this geotechnical investigation was signed between the client (TNT Construction and
Trading) and WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC. in August 2023.

The field works of the geotechnical site investigation was conducted from August 14 to 20,
2023.

1.2 Purpose of Exploration

The purpose of this exploration is generally to identify and evaluate the sub surfaces soil
profile of the bridge site and give foundation recommendation for safe and economic
foundation design of bridge structure. This is done based on thorough understanding of the
nature of the required services, careful examination of the TOR.

1.3 Scope of Exploration

The scope of this exploration work is outlined as follows:

 Determine the type and extent of geological layers;
 Investigate the presence of ground water and identify its level if encountered;
 Determine the engineering properties of the geotechnical layers constituting
the sub-surface geology of the bridge sites;
 Develop engineering recommendations to guide design and construction
of the project.

We accomplished these activities by:

1. Drilling total of three exploratory boreholes at the bridge crossing site at

abutment and pier locations to explore the sub surface soil and ground water
conditions;

2. Performing laboratory tests on selected representative soil and rock samples

collected from the boreholes to evaluate pertinent engineering properties;

3. Reviewing available geologic literature and soil mapping information;

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4. Analyzing the field and laboratory data to develop appropriate engineering

recommendation, and

5. Preparing this geotechnical investigation report which contains; the general and
particular geology of the bridge site, the methodologies employed, the
investigation and tests used to study the engineering properties of the subsurface
strata including analysis and interpretations of results and recommendation with
regard to the bearing layer, bearing depth, allowable bearing pressure and
suitable type of foundation.

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CHAPTER 2: GENERAL OVER VIEW OF THE PROJECT

2.1 General Information

This geotechnical Investigation is carried out for Oda Bultum University Main Gate Bridge
along the road that connects to Chiro town road.

2.2 Project Data

Name of project: Oda Bultum University Main Gate Bridge

Owner: Ministry of Education
Engineer: Acute Engineering PLC
Contractor: TNT Construction and Trading
Sub-contractor: WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC

2.3 Location of the Project

The project site is located in Oromia Region, west Harareghe zone, Chiro town along Oda
Bultum University Main Gate road and generally characterized by slopping topographical
feature. The location map of the project with respect to the map of Ethiopia and satellite
image of the area which shows the bridge crossing site is shown in fig 2.1 and fig 2.2 below.

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Fig 2.1: Location map of the bridge project area

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Fig 2.2: Satellite Image showing the bridge crossing area and vicinity

2.4 Existing Condition at crossing site

The bridge site where it crosses the river is generally characterized by rolling topographical
feature. The crossing is located on straight/slightly curved channel and the river is
intermittent flow type. The river bed materials in most cases are dominantly constituted of
fine to coarse grained sand with gravel. Picture 1 below shows partial view of the bridge
crossing site.

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Picture 2.1: Partial view of Bridge Crossing Site

2.5 Regional and Site Geology

2.5.1 Regional Geology

According to the geological map of Ethiopia 1:200,000 scale and the report compiled by
MengeshaTeferra, Tadiwos Cherenet & Workineh Haro in 1996, the project area is
generally made up of the following major geological formations.

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Alaji Formation (PNa)

The Alaji Formation (PNa) mainly consists of aphyric stratoid basalts associated with rhyolites
(ignimbrites) and subordinate trachytes. The Alaji Formation (PNa) ranges in age from 36-13
Ma (Kazmin, 1979; Zanetten et. al., 1980) and the migration of Alaji type volcanism from
north to south is suggested by the occurrence of the older volcanics of this formation on the
northern part of the northwestern plateau.

Alaji Formation makes the bulk of the volcanic succession on both the northwestern and
southeastern plateaus. On the North Western plateau the Alaji Formation rests conformably
on the Aiba Basalts (P3a) but in some places (Kassem Gorge, Mugher Canyon and in most
outcrops on the southeastern plateau) it directly overlies on the Mesozoic Sediments. The Alaji
basalts are transitional, mildly alkaline and subalkaline basalts and an increase in alkalinity is
observed in the younger members of this formation. Thus the Miocene Alaji basalts are more
alkaline with acidic rocks in the formation being alkaline or peralkaline.

Amba Aradom Formation (Ka)

The Amba Aradom Formation (Ka), formerly known as the upper sand stone occurs in the,
central and northern parts of Ethiopia. The formation consists of sandstone, shale and marl. It
lies conformably on the Jurassic Antalo Formation (Jt) in central part of the country. The
Amba Aradom Formation (Ka) is probably of Late Cretaceous age and represents a regressive
facies of cretaceous sea.

Mabla and Arba Guracha Formation (NMr)

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Oda Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Site

Legend

Fig 2.3: Geological map of the project area

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2.5.2 Site Geology

A geologic section showing a spatial model of the ground conditions is obtained by

interpolating the borings for which corresponding logs are presented in appendix 1.
According to this section, the subsurface geology of the bridge crossing site is divided into
major geotechnical layers which are relevant to foundation design.

The site geology of the bridge crossing is generally represented by various soil formations.
Brief description of the layers of each bridge site discussed hereunder.

The top layer of the bridge crossing area is medium stiff dark grey high plastic clayey SILT
with little sand soil which extends to 3.0m around BH-3 below existing ground level.

Stiff to hard, variegated color (reddish brown dominated), low to high plastic clayey SILT with sand
and occasional gravel (alluvial deposit) layer found underlying the top soil layer in all the
boreholes; and runs to depth of maximum exploration, i.e 30.0m below existing ground
level.

The detailed geological strata are presented in the borehole logs attached with this report
(Appendix 1) and layout of drilled boreholes and bridge profile with generalized sub surface
profile are shown in fig 2.4 and fig 2.5 below respectively.

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BH1 BH2 BH3

Fig. 2.4: Layout of drilled boreholes and bridge profile

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Fig. 2.5: Generalized sub surface profile

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CHAPTER 3: FIELD EXPLORATION, FIELD TESTING AND SAMPLING

3.1 Methodology of Investigation

The site investigation was conducted by rotary core drilling rig having the capacity to
perform boring operations to the required standard and quality.

Main tasks undertaken as per the requirements for the geotechnical investigation are:

1. Rotary core drilling,

2. Field testing and sampling
3. Laboratory testing
3.2 Drilling

For the soil formation dry drilling method has been utilized using single core barrels fitted
with appropriate size tungsten carbide bits at the bottom in order to achieve good quality
core recovery. Telescopic drilling was used where by the drilling size was reduced
progressively starting from 108mm hole-diameter through 89mm and remains till the
completion depth.

In conjunction with drilling, the following activities were performed:

 Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) and

 Ground water observation,

The co-ordinates of drilled boreholes are tabulated as follow

Table 3.1: Depth, Co-ordinates and Elevation of Drilled Boreholes

Elevation of Elevation of
Borehole Investigation lowest river
Structure Easting Northing
ID Point bed level
amsl, m amsl, m

Chiro Town
BH-1 705456.289 1002132.026 1835.201
side abutment

BH-2 pier 705442.257 1002124.473 1834.806 1834.500

University side
BH-3 705427.669 1002116.625 1836.138
abutment

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3.2 Drilling Equipment

The core drilling was carried out by using spindle type rotary core drilling rig. Equipment to
conduct in-situ testing and sampling, such as SPT apparatus including split spoon sampler,
water pump, rods, casings and a wide range of heavy-duty tools were used during the
drilling operation.

3.3 Logging and Photographing

Core samples recovered from core barrels were arranged in partitioned wooden core boxes
having 1.0 m length, and are properly labeled indicating project name, client, borehole
designation, depth, etc. The cores inside core boxes were logged and photographed
(colored) and kept as part of the report document.

3.4 Field Testing

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) utilizes a 51mm external diameter and 450mm long
thick-walled split spoon tube sampler driven into the ground under the impact of semi-
automatic sliding hammer weighing 63.5kg through a free fall height of 760mm in
accordance with test procedure mentioned in test No. 19 of BS 1377; 19750. The 'N' value,
which is the measure of the density or consistency of the ground under testing is recorded
as the number of hammer blows required to achieve penetration of the last 300mm. The
initial blows required to penetrate the first 150mm are normally regarded as seating blows
to allow for any disturbed materials at the bottom of the borehole, and are discarded.
Upon completion of the test, the sampler tube is removed and disassembled to obtain
disturbed' but representative sample of the tested ground.

The N-values of the SPT are an indication of the relative density of cohesion less soil and
consistency of cohesion soil. According to Peck et al. (1953), general N-values ranges are
corrected with relative density and consistency as presented in the table 3.2 below.

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Table 3.2: Soil properties Correlated With Standard Penetration Test Values

Cohesion less Soil Cohesive Soil

Number of Blows Number of Blows

Relative Density Consistency
per 0.3 m (1 ft), N per 0.3 m (1 ft), N

0–4 Very loose Below 2 Very soft

4 – 10 Loose 2–4 Soft
10 – 30 Medium 4–8 Medium
30 – 50 Dense 8 – 15 Stiff
Over 50 Very dense 15 – 30 Very stiff

Table 3.3: Representative SPT N-values

BH No. SPT N-
Depth (m) Layer Description
(Location) value/300mm

Bridge at Km 14+100
2.00 R
4.00 6/8/10
6.00 5/7/10
8.00 3/6/9 Very stiff to hard, reddish brown,
10.00 4/7/9 low plastic clayey SILT with little
12.00 3/6/7 sand (alluvial deposit)
BH-1/ Chiro
Town side 14.00 R
abutment 16.00 5/8/12
18.00 3/4/6
20.00 4/6/9 Stiff to hard, variegated color,
22.00 3/7/7 medium to low plastic clayey SILT
24.00 8/18/21 with sand and gravel (alluvial
28.00 4/7/12 deposit)

2.00 R
4.00 4/6/9
Stiff to very stiff, reddish brown,
6.00 3/5/7
BH-2/ Pier low plastic clayey SILT with little
8.00 4/6/7
sand (alluvial deposit)
10.00 4/5/8
12.00 4/6/9
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BH No. SPT N-
Depth (m) Layer Description
(Location) value/300mm
14.00 5/6/7
16.00 3/6/6
18.00 5/6/7
20.00 6/9/13
22.00 5/7/11
24.00 R
2.00 3/3/4
4.00 4/5/7
6.00 3/5/8
8.00 4/5/6 Very stiff to hard, reddish brown,
10.00 3/4/6 low plastic clayey Silt with little
BH-3/
University side 12.00 4/4/6 sand and stiff, variegated color,
abutment medium to low plastic clayey SILT
14.00 4/5/7
with sand and gravel (alluvial
16.00 4/4/7 deposit)
18.00 3/5/6
22.00 4/6/7
24.00 5/6/8

The SPT N values of the soil formation in all drilled boreholes generally show erratic trend
downward direction although some records of SPT N values are erratic as can be observed
from the above table. Plots of records of SPT N values per 300mm with depth are shown in
Fig 3.1 below.

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SPT N Value per 300mm, BH-1 SPT N Value per 300mm, BH-3
2 7 12 17 22 27 32
2 7 12 17 22 27 32
0
0
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
8
Depth (m)

10
10

Depth (m)
12
12
14
14
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
26
26
28
28
30
30

SPT N Value per 300mm, BH-3

2 7 12 17 22 27 32
0
2
4
6
8
10
Depth (m)

12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30

Fig. 3.1: Plots showing depth VS SPT N Values per 300mm

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3.5 Sampling

Seventeen disturbed soil samples were taken from all boreholes to conduct gradation,
Atterberg, specific gravity, free swell and natural moisture content tests. Six undisturbed soil
samples have also been retrieved after dry drilling before SPT tests from the cohesive soils
by means of Shelby tubes. The purpose is to conduct appropriate tests such as bulk unit
weight, undrained shear strength and consolidation. Chemical analyses such as chloride
content, sulfate content, pH and TDS were conduct on ground water to check their effect
on the foundation structure.

3.6 Ground Water Condition

During the course of drilling, ground water intercepted in all boreholes. It is encountered at
3.00m in BH-1 & BH3 and 3.50m in BH-2 below existing ground level. However, ground
water is expected to be recharge from the stream and it should be noted that variation in
the location of the long-term water table may occur as a result of changes in precipitation,
evaporation, seepage and other factors not immediately apparent at the time of this
exploration.

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CHAPTER 4: LABORARORY TESTING AND RESULTS

4.1 Laboratory Testing Method

List of standard test methods followed to determine relevant engineering properties are
presented under table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Standard Test Methods Followed

Test Type Code / standard

Moisture content BS 1377, part2;1990
Particle size Analysis ASTM D2217-98
Atterberg Limit ASTM D 4318 -98
AASHTO 89-90
Unconfined Compressive Strength ASTM D2166
of soil
Consolidation tests ASTM D2435
Soil Classification according to ASTM D2487
unified soil classification of system
pH, chloride and sulfate contents BS 1377

4.2 Summary of Laboratory Tests Performed and Results

Representative disturbed soil samples were selected and tested to check field classification
and to determine pertinent engineering properties. Summary of laboratory tests performed
and test results are shown in tables 4.2 and 4.3 below.

Table 4.2: Summary of Laboratory Tests Performed

Laboratory Tests Unit Quantity

 Atterberg Limit No. 17
 Grain size analysis No. 17
 Specific Gravity No. 17
 Natural Moisture No. 8
 Chemical analysis. pH, chloride, sulphate and TDS
No. 2
on water
 Unconfined compressive strength of soil (UCS) No. 6
 Consolidation test No. 2

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Table 4.3: Summary of Laboratory Tests Results

Table 4.3.1: Soil Index Test Result

Atterberg
BH Limit (%) (%) %
Depth(m) Lab. Description USCS
ID Structure LL PI Gravel Sand Fine
(%) (%)
4.00-5.00 High plastic clayey
SILT with traces of 55 20 NIL 3 97 MH
sand
8.00-9.00 Low plastic clayey
SILT with little 50 16 NIL 8 92 ML
sand
12.00-13.00 Low plastic sandy 40 11 NIL 15 85 ML
SILT
Chiro 16.00-17.00 Low plastic clayey 49 15 NIL 1 99 ML
1 SILT
Town side
abutment 20.00-21.00 Low plastic clayey
SILT with little 47 13 NIL 8 92 ML
sand
24.00-25.00 Low plastic 48 15 30 37 32 SM
gravelly SAND
28.00-29.00 High plastic clayey
SILT with traces of 52 17 NIL 3 97 MH
sand
High plastic clayey
4.00-5.00 SILT with traces of 53 18 NIL 4 95 MH
sand
Low plastic clayey
8.00-9.00 SILT with little 47 14 NIL 7 93 ML
sand
Low plastic clayey
2 Pier 12.00-13.00 SILT with traces of 49 14 NIL 5 95 ML
sand
Low plastic clayey
18.00-19.00 SILT with traces of 44 12 NIL 4 96 ML
sand
High plastic clayey
22.00-23.00 SILT with traces of 61 23 1 4 94 MH
sand

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High plastic clayey

2.00-3.00 SILT with little 53 17 NIL 11 89 MH
sand
Low plastic sandy
6.00-7.00 SILT with traces of 45 13 4 15 81 ML
gravel

University Low plastic clayey

3
12.00-13.00 SILT with little 46 14 NIL 6 94 ML
side
sand
abutment High plastic clayey
16.00-17.00 SILT with traces of 51 16 NIL 5 95 MH
sand
Low plastic clayey
24.00-25.00 SILT with little 50 16 7 3 90 ML
gravel

Table 4.3.2 UCS of Soil Test Result

Sample
Sample Depth Bulk Density UCS Cu = qu/2
Source (m) (gm/cm3) (Kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)

BH-2 9.65 – 9.70 1.773 1.17 0.57

BH-2 13.50 – 13.75 1.763 0.97 0.47

BH-2 21.70 – 22.00 1.923 2.09 1.04

BH-3 9.70 – 10.00 1.806 0.55 0.28

BH-3 13.30 – 13.60 1.799 0.97 0.49

BH-3 17.20 – 17.50 1.770 0.98 0.49

Table 4.3.3: Consolidation Test Result

Sample Pre-
Sample Depth Initial void ration, Coefficient of
Source consolidation
(m) e0 Consolidation, CC
pressure, Pc

BH-2 13.50 – 13.75 1.122 180 0.252

BH-3 17.20 – 17.50 1.121 200 0.262

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Table 4.3.4: Chemical Analysis Test Result (water sample)

Sample Chloride Sulphate pH TDS

Sample Source depth, m (mg/lt) (mg/lt) (mg/lt)

BH-1/ Chiro Town side

3.50 9.3 41.5 7.05 266
abutment

BH-2/Pier 3.00 6.8 47.2 6.95 245

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CHAPTER 5: GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

5.1 Description of Geotechnical Layer

Descriptive analysis was made on the samples derived from the drilled boreholes of the
bridge crossing site. This was used together with the laboratory tests, and the following
generalized geo-technical layers are identified. Details on type and extent of the
geotechnical layers are given in Appendix 1 (Borehole logs).

Layer A: Backfill layer

The upper most layer of the bridge crossing around BH-1 (Chiro town side abutment) and
BH-2 (pier) is covered with backfill materials constituting of mixture of silt, sand, gravel and
boulder size rock. The thickness of the backfill varies from borehole to borehole and
extends up to 2.60m, 3.40m, and 3.00m depth below existing ground level in BH 1 (Chiro
Town side abutment) and BH 2 (Pier) respectively.

Layer B: Top soil; medium stiff dark grey high plastic clayey SILT with little sand soil layer

This layer is the top soil layer characterized with medium stiff dark grey high plastic clayey
SILT with little sand. It is explored in BH-3 (University side abutment) extending to 3.00m
below existing ground level.

One disturbed soil sample was taken from this layer and test result signifies that percentage
of materials passing through 0.075mm sieve is 89%. The soil consistency test result for the
strata shows maximum plasticity and liquidity index of 17/53%. The result indicates that the
layer is dominantly fine grained material grouped as MH.

Layer C: Stiff to hard, variegated color (reddish brown dominated), low to high plastic
clayey SILT with sand and occasional gravel soil layer(alluvial deposit)

This layer is characterized with stiff to hard, variegated color (reddish brown dominated),
low to high plastic clayey SILT with sand and occasional gravel (alluvial deposit). It is
encountered in all boreholes and extends up to a maximum depth of exploration, 30.0m.

The SPT-N records of this layer vary from 10 blows/300mm to refusal (SPT N>50)
indicating stiff to hard natural degree of consistency.

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Sixteen (16) disturbed soil samples were collected from this layer; percentage of materials
passing through 0.075mm sieve is varies from 81 % to 99 %. The soil consistency test
results for the strata show maximum plasticity and liquidity index max/min ranging from
11/40 % to 23/61 %. The results indicate that the layer is dominantly characterized with
fine materials grouped as MH/ML.

5.2 Chemical Effect of Ground Water

Ground water samples were collected from the boreholes and tested for corrosion potential
on the foundation structure which included chloride content, sulphate content and total
dissolved salts. Laboratory test results on water samples revealed that all tested parameters
are very low and as per BS EN 206 – 1:2000; Table A-1 and Table A2 no corrosion attack
expected on the foundation structure for exposure class X0 (as per BS EN 206 – 1; Table
A-1 and Table A2). Summary of test results are shown in Appendix 4 of this report.

5.3 Scour Analysis

Scour is the result of the erosive action of flowing water carrying away material from the
bed of streams (general scour) and in particular from around the pier and abutments of
bridge (local scour). Contraction, pier and abutment scours are the major probable scours at
bridge with no sound river bed rock condition.

The following table shows maximum scour depth summarized from details of analysis
presented in Appendix 7.

Table 5.1: Maximum scour depth

Local scour (m) Estimated

Estimated
Pier Abutment Maximum
Bridge at Construction Total scour
scour scour (m) scour
Station Scour at pier(m)
(m) [b] [c] abutment(m)
[a+b]
[a+c]

Main Gate 0.22 0.23 2.05 0.45 2.27

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5.4 Seismicity of the Study Area

According to code seismic risk map of Ethiopia (Fig. 3) 475 year return period, 10%
probability of exceedance in 50 years by Ethiopian Building Code Standard No. 8 (EBCS ES
EN 1998:2015), the country is divided into zones of approximately equal seismic risks based
on the known distribution of past earthquakes and these seismic zones are related to the
ground acceleration as follows in table 5.2.

Table 5.2: Seismic Zone Related to Ground Acceleration

Zone 5 4 3 2 1 0

Ground Acceleration (g). 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.04 0

Project Site

Fig. 5.1: `Seismic hazard map of Ethiopia 475 years return period, 10% probability of
exceedance in 50years (Ethiopian Building Code Standard No. 8)

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Accordingly, the project site is in seismic zone 2. The site stratigraphic profile grouped under
subsoil class D with shear wave velocity of less than 180m/s) considering the dominant type
of formation of the project site. For this project area a ground acceleration of 0.07g factor
shall be taken for safe design of the proposed bridge structures.

5.5 Assessment of Susceptibility of Soil to Liquefaction Potential

Structures located on the surface of liquefiable soil may severely be damaged due to
liquefaction of supporting soil during earthquakes. The liquefaction characteristic of a soil
depends on several factors, such as ground acceleration, grain size distribution, soil density,
thickness of the deposits and especially the position of the ground-water table. Liquefaction
and ground failures are commonly associated with large earthquakes. As the major bearing
layer is soil formation and ground water is intercepted in the drilled boreholes liquation
potential shall be assessed. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used method
for evaluating the liquefaction characteristics of soils.

SPT follows three main steps in evaluation of liquefaction assessment of an area;

i. Calculation of Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR), induced at various depth within the soil by
the earthquake.
ii. Assessment of the capacity of soil to resist liquefaction using in-situ test data from
SPT, expressed as Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR).
iii. Evaluation of liquefaction potential by calculating the factor of safety (FS) against
liquefaction, where; FS = CRR/CSR

The cyclic shear stress ratios (CSR) induced by earthquake ground motions, at a depth z
below the ground surface, obtained using the following equation

𝑪𝑺𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓(𝝈𝒗𝒐 * 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙)/ 𝝈'𝒗𝒐) 𝒓𝒅

amax = maximum horizontal acceleration at the ground surface

 = total vertical stress

`vo = effective vertical stress at depth Z

z = depth (m)
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rd = stress reduction coefficient that accounts for the flexibility of the soil column

rd = (1 – (0.008* Z))

The Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) required inducing liquefaction in a given saturated sand
deposit depends upon a number of factors. In a simplified analysis the following three
factors are considered.

1. The corrected standard penetration test (SPT) number as (N1)60 measured in the
field

 (N1)60 = N60*(100/`z)1/2

Where

(N1)60 = Standard SPT number corrected for overburden

(N60) = Standard SPT number measured in the field duly corrected for field
procedures)

`z = Vertical effective stress at the test section (KPa)

2. The particle size distribution expressed in percentage of fines i.e percent passing No.
200 sieve. Soils with less than 5% fines are most susceptible to liquefaction. As the
percent of fines increases, liquefaction potential decreases.

3. Duration of shaking or magnitude of earthquake. As the duration of earthquake

increases, the susceptibility of liquefaction also increases.

CRR from SPT Blow count Data:

The current version of the baseline chart defining values of CRR as a function of (N1) 60 for
magnitude 7.5 earthquakes is shown in figure B-1. This chart was established by a consensus
at the 1996 MCEER Workshop (Youd and Idriss, 1997; Youd et al., 2001). The
determination of CRR must consider the fines content of the soil, the energy of the
hammer, the effective overburden pressure, and the magnitude of the earthquake (Youd
and Idriss 1997; Youd et al., 2001).

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The Factor of Safety against liquefaction is defined as;

𝑭𝑺𝑳𝒊𝒒 = 𝑪𝑹𝑹/𝑪𝑺𝑹

If the cyclic stress ratio caused by an earthquake is greater than the Cyclic Resistance Ratio
(CRR) of the in-situ soil, then liquefaction could occur during the earthquake and vice versa.

Liquefaction is predicted to occur when FS = 1.0, and liquefaction predicted not to occur
when FS > 1. The higher the factor of safety, the more resistant is against liquefaction.

Table 5.3 below presents the result of assessment of liquefaction due to earthquake with
M=7.5 causing a maximum horizontal acceleration of 0.07g at the ground surface for
liquefaction susceptible bridge site.

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Table 5.3: Factor of safety against Liquefaction for bridge site

Unit %
Depth GWL
N’55 N’60 (N1)60 wt. 𝝈𝒗𝒐 𝝈'𝒗𝒐 rd CSR Fine CRR FS Remark
(m) m
KN/m3
Foundation at 4.00m below lowest river bed level

4.00 14 13 17 18.0 3.0 72.0 64.0 0.968 0.05 80 0.30 6.1 Not
liquefiable

As can be observed from the above table, the value of factor of safety, FS is greater than 1
predicting risk of liquefaction not to occur at susceptible bridge site

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CHAPTER 6: BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS

Foundation recommendation refers to the determination of the bearing layer and depth,
allowable pressure on the bearing layer and type of foundation that could be adopted
safely and economically. Factors such as the load to be transmitted to the foundation and
the subsurface condition of the soil have been considered in selecting the foundation type.

The following section illustrates the methods used to determine the allowable bearing
capacity, selection of appropriate type and depth of foundation.

6.1 Determination of Foundation Depth

Determination of foundation depth depends on factors such as the sub surface

characteristics, nature of the structure, loads exerted by the structure.

To decide proper foundation depth, determination of maximum scour depth that can occur
at the crossing site is necessary. Foundation at stream crossing shall be founded at a depth
of at least 0.60m below the maximum anticipated depth of scour as specified in the ERA
drainage Design Manual-2013, chapter 8: Bridge section 8.7: Bridge scour and Aggravation.

6.2 Bearing Capacity Determination

The sub surface formation at bridge crossing site is dominantly soil formation up to the
maximum depth of drilling. Foundation of the bridge structures for this site will be founded
on soil formation. Estimation of allowable bearing capacity of the bearing layers and
proposed types of foundation will be presented in the following section.

Taking into account the sub surface characteristic of the bridge crossing site, Spread Footing
Foundation and Pile foundation are the proposed options to choose the most appropriate
type of foundation that satisfy both safety and economy requirements.

6.2.1: Spread Footing Foundation

Two alternatives i.e. spread footing foundation on natural soil and on compacted fill layer
are discussed for the spread footing foundation option.

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Option I: Spread Footing Foundation on Natural Soil

Approach I - Bearing capacity values of the geological formation at the crossing site will be
estimated from empirical relationship based on SPT correlation.

For silty fine sands and fine sands formations below the water table develop pore water
pressure which is not easily dissipated. The pore water pressure increases the resistance of
the soil and hence the penetration number N. Terzaghi and Peck (1967) recommend the
following dilatancy correction in the case of silty fine sand when the observed value of N
exceeds 15.

NC = 15+0.5(NR – 15)

NC = NR if NR less or equal to 15

Where

NR – Recorded SPT N value

NC - Corrected SPT N value

The depths at which the SPT N-values, corrected SPT N value and the adjusted N-values
(i.e., N’55) are given below and they are considered for determining the design N-values.

The N-values are converted to N55 standard energy ratio value according to Bowles
(Bowles, 1988).

Where = adjusted N

= adjustment for overburden pressure

= overburden pressure

= reference overburden pressure (95.76 kPa or

1.0 kg/cm2)

= (where is average energy ratio that

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depends on the drill system and is the standard

energy ratio). is taken as 50 and as 55.

= Rod length correction

Rod length > 10 m = 1,

Rod length 6-10 m = 0.95,

Rod length 4-6 m = 0.85,

Rod length 0-4 m = 0.75

= sampler correction (1.00 in our case)

= borehole diameter correction (1.00 in our case)

Table 6.1: Measured and adjusted SPT N values

Record of Measured N-
Corrected N Design
BH /Structure Depth (m) SPTN- Value/300mm,
Value, NC N-value
value/450mm NR

2.00 R 30* 22 22
4.00 6/8/10 18 16 14
6.00 5/7/10 17 16 13
8.00 3/6/9 15 15 11
10.00 4/7/9 16 15 10
12.00 3/6/7 13 13 8
BH-1
(Chiro Town 14.00 R 30* 22 12
side Abutment) 16.00 5/8/12 20 17 9
18.00 3/4/6 10 10 5
20.00 4/6/9 15 15 7
22.00 3/7/7 14 14 6
24.00 8/18/21 30* 22 9
28.00 4/7/12 19 16 6
2.00 R 30* 22 22
4.00 4/6/9 15 15 13
BH-2 (Pier) 6.00 3/5/7 12 12 10
8.00 4/6/7 13 13 9
10.00 4/5/8 13 13 9
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12.00 4/6/9 15 15 9
14.00 5/6/7 13 13 7
16.00 3/6/6 12 12 6
18.00 5/6/7 13 13 6
20.00 6/9/13 22 18 8
22.00 5/7/11 18 16 7
24.00 R 30* 22 9
2.00 3/3/4 7 7 7
4.00 4/5/7 12 12 11
6.00 3/5/8 13 13 11
8.00 4/5/6 11 11 8
10.00 3/4/6 10 10 7
BH-3
(University side 12.00 4/4/6 10 10 6
Abutment) 14.00 4/5/7 12 12 7
16.00 4/4/7 11 11 6
18.00 3/5/6 11 11 5
22.00 4/6/7 13 13 6
24.00 5/6/8 14 14 6

* Minimum SPT value for hard/dense material, SPT N=30 is assumed in the analysis of
bearing capacity for the tests that end with refusal.

After adjusting the N-values, a design N-values are chosen from consecutive depths where
the test is performed. The design N-values are taken as the average of adjusted N-values
which are found in between ½ B above and 2B below the proposed footing depths where
B is the width of the foundation.

Different footing depth i.e. 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5m are considered for different
foundation widths (perpendicular to the river flow direction) of 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and
9.0m are considered for the computation of bearing capacity.

Depth of proposed foundation level consider the total estimated maximum estimated scour
depth given under section 5 table 5.1 above and embedment depth below the scour depth.

The bearing capacity for the geotechnical layer is calculated from the SPT N-values using
Meyerhof’s equation as follows (Bowles, 1997):
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Where

= Allowable bearing pressure for settlement limited to 25 mm.

= 1+0.33D/B ≤ 1.33
= 0.08
= 0.3
= 1.2
= Width of foundation
= Depth of foundation

The following allowable bearing capacity values are calculated for different foundation
widths at the respective depths for settlement limited to 25mm. Foundation width is a
significant parameter since a large foundation width will affect the soil to a greater depth
and strains integrated over a greater depth will produce a larger settlement.

Table 6.2: Allowable Bearing Capacity of Spread Footing based on SPT

BH-1/ ChiroTown side abutment

Width of foundation, m 5 6 7 8 9
Depth of footing, m below the
lowest river bed level, i.e Allowable Bearing Capacity, KPa
below 1834.50 amsl

3.5 176 163 143 133 124

4.0 173 161 145 136 126

4.5 178 165 148 138 128

5.0 179 153 147 140 130

BH-2/Pier

Width of foundation, m 5 6 7 8 9
Depth of footing, m below the
lowest river bed level, i.e Allowable Bearing Capacity, KPa
below 1834.50 amsl

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3.5 175 154 136 124 122

4.0 166 145 131 127 121

4.5 162 141 133 129 123

5.0 166 145 136 131 125

BH-3/ University side abutment

Width of foundation, m 5 6 7 8 9
Depth of footing, m below the
lowest river bed level, i.e Allowable Bearing Capacity, KPa
below 1834.50 amsl

3.5 133 120 108 105 100

4.0 136 122 110 107 102

4.5 133 117 112 106 102

5.0 132 120 115 108 103

Approach II - The allowable bearing capacity can also be estimated from soil engineering
strength parameters using existing analytical relationships (Meyerhof or Hansen equations -
Bowles, 1996). Here in this analysis, a UCS test result is taken for the major foundation
layer.

qa 
1
CN c sc d c  q 
3

The bearing capacity, shape and depth factors are calculated based on average value of Cu
= 55kPa

When designing a foundation on the basis of ultimate bearing capacity, a suitable factor of
safety should be used to determine the allowable pressure so that the foundation system
may be safe against shear failure. For footing foundations, a factor of safety of 2 to 3 is
commonly used under normal loading conditions.

After evaluating these factors for a B/L of 1 and substituting this back in Eq. above, one
obtains the allowable bearing capacity values in table below.

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Table 6.3: Allowable Bearing Capacity Values for Spread footing based on analytical
approach

Width of foundation, m 5 6 7 8 9
Depth of footing, m below the
lowest river bed level, i.e Allowable Bearing Capacity, KPa
below 1834.50 amsl

4.0 173 167 163 160 157

Note: The allowable bearing capacity values obtained based on the two approaches above
are almost comparable and the values obtained from approach I will be used in the
settlement analysis followed.

Settlement Analysis

Settlement is another criterion for evaluating the performance of the bridge structure
because excessive settlements will result in poor performance of the structure. Different
codes set the limiting settlement for the type of the structure and foundations. The
proposed foundation shall meet this criterion.

Different kinds of settlements occur under structure in which the major one is consolidation
settlements. These settlements depend on type of soils. Settlement check for this crossing site
is done by considering bearing layers beneath the foundation. For the soil type under
consideration, settlement contributed by consolidation settlement is considered. The
calculation of settlements is presented below.

Consolidation settlement

For saturated fine grained soils around the structures of bridge, the major part of the
settlement is also contributed by the consolidation settlement.

Consolidation settlement computed using the following formula:

∆H = [CcH/(1 + eo)] [log ((p'o + ∆p)/ p'o)]

Where,

Cc = compression index from e vs log p plot

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eo = in-situ void ratio in the stratum

H = thickness of stratum

p'o = effective overburden pressure at mid-height of H

∆p = average increase in pressure from foundation in layer H in Same

unit as p'o

In order to estimate the settlement properties of the clayey SILT soil layer beneath the
foundation, the following data are used for calculating the settlement:

 The foundation can be placed at variable depth as mentioned above.

 The settlement is thus calculated for a thickness of 10.00m compressible layer
which is the bearing layer under the foundation depth.
 Initial void ratio, eo = 1.121 (avg. lab. results )
 Compression index, Cc=0.257 (avg. lab. results)
 Unit weight, b = 18 kN/m3

The following primary consolidation settlements are estimated for allowable bearing
capacity values determined for the maximum contact pressure value. Primary consolidation
settlements are checked for the clayey SILT with little sand soil layer and tabulated under
table 6.4 below.

Table 6.4: Primary consolidation for Spread Footing foundation

BH-1/ Chiro town side abutments (foundation depth at 4.0m below

lowest River Bed Level)
Footing width, m 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Allowable Bearing
173 161 145 136 126
Pressure (kPa)
∆H (mm) 92.35 103.57 102.61 103.59 97.98
BH-2/ Pier (foundation depth at 4.00m below lowest River Bed
Level)
Footing width, m 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Allowable Bearing
166 145 131 127 121
Pressure (kPa)
∆H (mm) 86.45 86.39 84.42 90.20 89.63

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BH-3/ University side abutments (foundation depth at 4.0m below

lowest River Bed Level)
Footing width, m 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Allowable Bearing
136 122 110 107 102
Pressure (kPa)
∆H (mm) 60.37 60.67 55.90 59.16 56.67

For spread footings, a total settlement of 50 mm is allowable in ES EN-7 1997:2015 code.

Bowles (1997) gives a margin up to 75 mm while U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1990)
recommends 100 mm allowable settlement. Considering the tolerable value of 50mm
provided in ES EN-7 1997:2015 codes, calculated settlements exceeds the tolerable range in
both cases and thus the bearing pressure shall further be reduced until a tolerable settlement
of 50mm achieved., see table 6.5 below

Table 6.5: Safe Allowable bearing capacity values for tolerable settlement value of
50mm

For both abutments and pier structures (foundation depth at 4.0m

below lowest River Bed Level)
Width, m 5 6 7 8 9
Recommended
Allowable Bearing 124 113 106 101 98
Pressures (kPa)
Tolerable Settlement
50 50 50 50 50
(mm)

Presumptive allowable bearing capacity values

Presumptive allowable bearing capacity values of major geotechnical layer are also adopted
from code of standards and design manuals to compare the allowable bearing capacity
values obtained from empirical and analytical relations. Table 6.6 below presents
presumptive allowable bearing capacity values of major geotechnical layer adopted from
design manuals, AASHTO LRFD, 2012.

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Table 6.6: Presumptive Allowable Bearing Pressure for Spread Footing

Presumptive Allowable Bearing Pressure for Spread

Major Bearing layers Footing, ksf (AASHTO LRFD, 2012)
Ordinary range Recommended value
Medium dense to dense fine to
medium sand, silty or clayey
4 – 8 (192 - 383 KPa) 5 (239)
medium to coarse sand (SW, SM,
SC)
Medium stiff to stiff inorganic silt,
sandy or clayey silt, varved silt – 2 – 6 (96 - 287 KPa) 3 (143)
clay – fine sand (ML, MH)

From table 6.6 above, it can be seen that values of bearing capacity of bearing layers
obtained using empirical relation are almost comparable with code provision value
(AASHTO LRFD, 2012) for the major bearing layers of respective bridge sites.

Option II: Spread Footing Foundation on Engineered Fill Layer

The allowable bearing capacity values of the natural formation are low. The material
beneath the footing can be removed and replaced by cyclopean concrete and rock fill for
sufficient depth to get improved bearing capacity value.

Rock fills material can be “all or any part of fill in which the material contains 25% of rock
fragment or more by volume of gravel or stone 10cm or greater in diameter.” The rock fills
shall be done with compacted layers with maximum thickness and particle size of 30cm and
90% of rock fragments with dimensions greater than 10cm should have point load strength
of 2.5 MPa or greater as per ERA Geotechnical Design Manual, 2013. Rock fill should be
compacted using appropriately selected compaction equipment, which applies a uniform
compaction effort across the entire width. Each lift should extend over the full width of the
footing and beyond extending to up to 1.50m from the edge of the footings on all sides.

Considering sufficient depth of cyclopean (1.0m thick) and well compacted rock fill (2.0m
thick) below the foundation base, the bearing capacity value can be raised to 400 – 700
kPa.

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6.2.2: Pile Foundation Option (Cast in-situ)

Pile foundation (Cast in-situ pile) is a more reliable foundation system when the upper soil
layers are expansive, anticipated settlement is high, anticipated scouring is high and shear
strength is very low. In this case, the pile foundation will get its support from both pile
point capacity and from skin resistance along the column of the pile length.

Allowable single cast in-situ pile bearing capacity (Bowles 1996)

Bowles (1996) outlines the procedure and computation methods for allowable pile capacity
of the pile end bearing and skin friction as follows.

Pa = (Ppu + Psi)/SF

Ppu = Ap*q

Psi = Asfs = As fs = As χmN55

Where,

q = pile tip resistance

Pa = allowable pile capacity

Ppu = ultimate pile point capacity

Psi = ultimate skin friction

Ap = area of pile point effective in bearing

As = effective pile surface area on which fs acts

N = statistical average of the SPT N numbers in a zone

of about 8B above to 3B below the pile point for

end bearing case and the average of all SPT

values along the pile depth in case of skin friction

B = width or diameter of pile point

Lb =pile penetration depth into point-bearing stratum

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Lb/B = average depth ratio of point into point-bearing

stratum

χm = 2.0 for piles with large-volume displacement

= 1.0 for small-volume piles (in our case)

Computation of allowable single pile capacity are made for 900 mm pile diameter for
different pile length using the above formulas and tabulated in the following tables (table
6.7).

Table 6.7: Allowable single pile capacities for 900mm diameter and different pile length

Pile Length (m) 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

BH-1
Ultimate Skin Friction 814 904 995 1085
(KN)
Ultimate End Bearing 1272 1187 1272 1272
(kN)
Allowable Single Pile 834 836 907 943
Bearing Capacity (kN)
BH-2
Ultimate Skin Friction 763 848 933 1017
(KN)
Ultimate End Bearing 1187 1187 1356 1441
(kN)
Allowable Single Pile 780 814 916 983
Bearing Capacity (kN)
BH-3
Ultimate Skin Friction 610 678 746 814
(KN)
Ultimate End Bearing 848 933 1017 1017
(kN)
Allowable Single Pile 583 644 705 732
Bearing Capacity (kN)
Note:

- SF (safety factor) = 2.5 is considered

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CHAPTER 7: ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION

7.1 Recommended Allowable Bearing Capacity Values

In the above section, allowable bearing capacity values for the selected bearing layer are
discussed based on;

 empirical and analytical relationship using laboratory test results and SPT test results
for abutment and pier structures.
 shear and deformation requirements.

Shallow and deep foundation systems are considered in the bearing capacity analysis. The
allowable bearing capacity values of spread footing foundation on the natural soil
formation are low to sustain the anticipated load from the proposed structure; hence, either
the use of spread footing foundation on well compacted fill layer or deep foundation (cast
in-situ pile) is recommended for this project site. The foundation designer can use any of the
recommended option/values depending on the superstructure loads.

7.2 Summary of Foundation Recommendation

Tables 7.1 and 7.2 below present summary of foundation recommendation for the
recommended option i.e. spread footing foundation on engineered fill layer and cast in-situ
pile foundation.

Table 7.1: Summary of Foundation Recommendation on engineered fill layer

Improved Bearing Capacity Option

Both side abutments and Pier

3.00m thick fill (1.00m thick cyclopean concrete

Bearing Layer
underlain with 2.00m thick rock fill)

Foundation Type Spread Footing, width of footing 5.00m

3.00m below the lowest river bed level (total
Foundation level excavation will be 6.00m below the lowest
river bed level based on fill thickness).

Safe Allowable Bearing Capacity 400 KPa

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Table 7.2: Recommended allowable single pile capacities for 900mm diameter, different
pile length

Pile Length (m) 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

BH-1

Allowable Single Pile

834 836 907 943
Bearing Capacity (kN)

BH-2

Allowable Single Pile

780 814 916 983
Bearing Capacity (kN)

BH-3

Allowable Single Pile

583 644 705 732
Bearing Capacity (kN)

NOTE:

The indicated allowable single pile load capacity shall be checked by pile loading tests.
Based on the test results the number of piles required under each structure shall be
determined.

TNT Construction and Trading 42

WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION

The sub-surface geotechnical investigation for the bridge site was conducted by drilling three
boreholes to a depth of 25.0m – 30.00m at places where the abutment and pier structures
founded. In-situ tests and laboratory tests were carried out to determine the engineering
properties of soil and rock layers at the project site.

Based on the type of the geological formations encountered at the bridge site, two types of
foundation systems are recommended to support the proposed structures. The first
recommended option is spread footing on engineered fill layer. The second type of
foundation recommended option is a pile foundation which derives its support from skin
resistance and end bearing. The corresponding values of recommended allowable bearing
capacity and proposed depth of foundation for the recommended options are given in the
summary tables 7.1 and 7.2 under Section 7 of this report. The foundation designer can use
any of the recommended values for the given options depending on the superstructure
loads.

The Geotechnical Engineer in charge shall conduct intermittent supervision of the

foundation excavation works during construction to verify/check the actual subsurface
conditions, and shall make adjustments to the foundation recommendation as given in this
report, where actual site conditions warrant such changes.

TNT Construction and Trading 43

WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

REFERENCE

1. Bowles, J. E. (1996), Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th edition, McGraw Hill,
New York.
2. AASHTO LRDF (2012, Standard Specification for highway Bridges, 16th edition,
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington
DC.
3. Das, B. (1999), Shallow Foundations: Bearing Capacity and Settlement,2nd edition,
CRC Press, New York.
4. EBCS 8 (2013), Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Ministry of Works and
Urban Development, Ethiopian Building Code Standard, Addis Ababa.
5. Donald P. Coduto (2001), Foundation Design Principles and Practices, 2nd edition,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

TNT Construction and Trading 44

WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

APPENDICES

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

Appendix 1
Borehole Logs

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

Appendix 2
Geotechnical Cross Section

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

Appendix 3
Boreholes Location

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
 Elevation of Elevation of
Borehole Investigation lowest river bed
Structure Easting Northing
ID Point amsl, level amsl, m
m

Chiro Town side

BH-1 705456.289 1002132.026 1835.201
abutment

BH-2 pier 705442.257 1002124.473 1834.806 1834.500

University side
BH-3 705427.669 1002116.625 1836.138
abutment
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

Appendix 4
Laboratory Test Results

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC Tel. +251 978 814878 E mail: wecon2007@gmail.com Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

LAB. NO. : 0058/2023

CLIENT : TNT Construction and Trading

PROJECT : Geotechnical Investigation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site

LOCATION : Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro town

MATERIAL TYPE : Disturbed Soil

TEST FOR : Grain size analysis, Atterbeg Limit, Specific Gravity, Free Swell & Natural Moisture Content

REPORTED ON : 06/09/2023

SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TEST RESULTS OF DISTURBED SOIL

Atterberg Limits
Soil
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION(% PASSING)(AASHTO T-88) Natural
Sr. AASHTO T 89-90 Classification Specific % Free % % %
Station Depth(m) Soil Discription Moisture
No. 75.0 63.5 50.0 37.5 25.0 19.0 12.5 9.50 4.75 2.00 0.425 0.075 LL PI Gravity Swell Gravel Sand Fine
USCS Content %
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (%) (%)
High plastic clayey SILT
1 BH-1 4.00-5.00 - - - - - - - - - 100 99.6 97 55 20 MH 2.475 20 39.2 NIL 3 97
with traces of sand
Low plastic clayey SILT
2 BH-1 8.00-9.00 - - - - - - - 100 100 99 99 92 50 16 ML 2.547 _ _ NIL 8 92
with little sand

3 BH-1 12.00-13.00 Low plastic sandy SILT - - - - - - - - 100 99 95 85 40 11 ML 2.513 _ _ NIL 15 85

4 BH-1 16.00-17.00 Low plastic clayey SILT - - - - - - - - 100 99.7 99 99 49 15 ML 2.580 _ _ NIL 1 99

Low plastic clayey SILT

5 BH-1 20.00-21.00 - - - - - - - - 100 98 97 93 47 13 ML 2.567 _ 26.4 NIL 8 92
with little sand

6 BH-1 24.00-25.00 Low plastic gravelly SAND - - - - - 100 85 75 70 64 44 32 48 15 SM 2.475 _ _ 30 37 32

High plastic clayey SILT

7 BH-1 28.00-29.00 - - - - - - - - - 100 99.7 97 52 17 MH 2.564 _ _ NIL 3 97
with traces of sand
High plastic clayey SILT
8 BH-2 4.00-5.00 - - - - - - - 100 99.7 99.5 99 95 53 18 MH 2.607 30 44.5 NIL 4 95
with traces of sand
Low plastic clayey SILT
9 BH-2 8.00-9.00 - - - - - - - - 100 99 98 94 47 14 ML 2.547 _ 44.8 NIL 7 93
with little sand
Low plastic clayey SILT
10 BH-2 12.00-13.00 - - - - - - - - 100 99 98 95 49 14 ML 2.439 _ 44.3 NIL 5 95
with traces of sand
Low plastic clayey SILT
11 BH-2 18.00-19.00 - - - - - - - - - 100 99.7 96 44 12 ML 2.547 _ 40.4 NIL 4 96
with traces of sand
High plastic clayey SILT
12 BH-2 22.00-23.00 - - - - - - - 100 99 98 97 94 61 23 MH 2.451 _ 37.7 1 4 94
with traces of sand
High plastic clayey SILT
13 BH-3 2.00-3.00 - - - - - - - - 100 95 95 89 53 17 MH 2.518 30 34.4 NIL 11 89
with little sand
 Atterberg Limits
Soil
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION(% PASSING)(AASHTO T-88) Natural
Sr. AASHTO T 89-90 Classification Specific % Free % % %
Station Depth(m) Soil Discription Moisture
No. 75.0 63.5 50.0 37.5 25.0 19.0 12.5 9.50 4.75 2.00 0.425 0.075 LL PI Gravity Swell Gravel Sand Fine
USCS Content %
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (%) (%)
Low plastic sandy SILT
14 BH-3 6.00-7.00 - - - - - - - 100 96 93 90 81 45 13 ML 2.607 _ _ 4 15 81
with traces of gravel
Low plastic clayey SILT
15 BH-3 12.00-13.00 - - - - - - - - - 100 98 94 46 14 ML 2.439 _ _ NIL 6 94
with little sand
High plastic clayey SILT
16 BH-3 16.00-17.00 - - - - - - - - - 100 99.7 95 51 16 MH 2.564 _ _ NIL 5 95
with traces of sand
Low plastic clayey SILT
17 BH-3 24.00-25.00 - - - - - 100 94 93 93 92 92 90 50 16 ML 2.513 _ _ 7 3 90
with little gravel

REPORTED BY: APPROVED BY

 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
LAB. NO.- 0058/2023
CLIENT : TNT Construction and Trading
PROJECT : Geotechnical Investigation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
LOCATION: Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
MATERIAL TYPE: Undisturbrd Soil
BH NO.: BH-2
SAMPLE DEPTH,m: 9.40 - 9.65
TEST FOR: Unconfiend Compressive Strength of Soil
DATE REPORTED: 06/9/2023

UCS OF SOILTEST METHOD : ASTM D - 2166

Diameter of Sample, (cm) = 7.5

Height of Sample (cm) = 15.0
Moisture Content (%) = 43.5
Bulk Density (gm/cm3) = 1.773
Unit Load/area Dry Density (gm/cm3) = 1.236
Strain (%) (kg/cm2)
0 0
0.133 0.093
0.267 0.155
0.400 0.212
0.533 0.269
0.667 0.310 1.40
0.800 0.351
1.20
0.933 0.396
1.067 0.437
1.00
LOAD/AREA (kg/cm2)

1.200 0.483
1.333 0.523
0.80
1.667 0.562
2.000 0.637
0.60
2.333 0.716
2.667 0.794
0.40
3.000 0.857
3.333 0.919 0.20
3.667 0.976
4.000 1.018 0.00
4.333 1.044 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.667 1.065
5.000 1.086 UNIT STRAIN(%)
5.333 1.102
5.667 1.118
6.000 1.138
6.333 1.144
6.667 1.116
7.333 1.055 UCS : 1.14 kg/cm2
Cu=qu/2 : 0.57 kg/cm2

Remark:-

REPORTED BY Approved by:-

 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
LAB. NO.- 0058/2023
CLIENT : TNT Construction and Trading
PROJECT : Geotechnical Investigation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
LOCATION: Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
MATERIAL TYPE: Undisturbrd Soil
BH NO.: BH-2
SAMPLE DEPTH,m: 13.50 - 13.75
TEST FOR: Unconfiend Compressive Strength of Soil
DATE REPORTED: 06/9/2023

UCS OF SOILTEST METHOD : ASTM D - 2166

Diameter of Sample, (cm) = 7.5

Height of Sample (cm) = 15.0
Moisture Content (%) = 45.7
Bulk Density (gm/cm3) = 1.763
Unit Load/area Dry Density (gm/cm3) = 1.210
Strain (%) (kg/cm2)
0 0
0.133 0.067
0.267 0.124
0.400 0.171
0.533 0.222
0.667 0.268 1.40
0.800 0.309
1.20
0.933 0.355
1.067 0.401
1.00
LOAD/AREA (kg/cm2)

1.200 0.436
1.333 0.472
0.80
1.667 0.552
2.000 0.611
0.60
2.333 0.660
2.667 0.708
0.40
3.000 0.746
3.333 0.774 0.20
3.667 0.801
4.000 0.833 0.00
4.333 0.860 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.667 0.887
5.000 0.904 UNIT STRAIN(%)
5.333 0.915
5.667 0.931
6.000 0.938
6.333 0.944
6.667 0.922
7.333 0.877 UCS : 0.94 kg/cm2
Cu=qu/2 : 0.47 kg/cm2

Remark:-

REPORTED BY Approved by:-

 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
LAB. NO.- 0058/2023
CLIENT : TNT Construction and Trading
PROJECT : Geotechnical Investigation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
LOCATION: Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
MATERIAL TYPE: Undisturbrd Soil
BH NO.: BH-2
SAMPLE DEPTH,m: 21.70 - 22.00
TEST FOR: Unconfiend Compressive Strength of Soil
DATE REPORTED: 06/9/2023

UCS OF SOILTEST METHOD : ASTM D - 2166

Diameter of Sample, (cm) = 7.7

Height of Sample (cm) = 15.4
Moisture Content (%) = 38.4
Bulk Density (gm/cm3) = 1.923
Unit Load/area Dry Density (gm/cm3) = 1.389
Strain (%) (kg/cm2)
0 0
0.130 0.133
0.260 0.266
0.390 0.368
0.519 0.476
0.649 0.563 2.40
0.779 0.656 2.20
0.909 0.738 2.00
1.039 0.815 1.80
LOAD/AREA (kg/cm2)

1.169 0.906 1.60

1.299 0.978
1.40
1.623 1.125
1.20
1.948 1.276
1.00
2.273 1.397
2.597 1.522 0.80

2.922 1.632 0.60

3.247 1.727 0.40
3.571 1.811 0.20
3.896 1.895 0.00
4.221 1.965 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.545 2.010
4.870 2.045 UNIT STRAIN(%)
5.195 2.066
5.519 2.078
5.844 2.089
6.169 2.054
6.494 1.978
UCS : 2.09 kg/cm2
Cu=qu/2 : 1.04 kg/cm2

Remark:-

REPORTED BY Approved by:-

 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
LAB. NO.- 0058/2023
CLIENT : TNT Construction and Trading
PROJECT : Geotechnical Investigation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
LOCATION: Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
MATERIAL TYPE: Undisturbrd Soil
BH NO.: BH-3
SAMPLE DEPTH,m: 9.70 - 10.00
TEST FOR: Unconfiend Compressive Strength of Soil
DATE REPORTED: 06/9/2023

UCS OF SOILTEST METHOD : ASTM D - 2166

Diameter of Sample, (cm) = 7.7

Height of Sample (cm) = 15.4
Moisture Content (%) = 45.5
Bulk Density (gm/cm3) = 1.806
Unit Load/area Dry Density (gm/cm3) = 1.241
Strain (%) (kg/cm2)
0 0
0.130 0.049
0.260 0.084
0.390 0.128
0.519 0.167
0.649 0.196 0.80
0.779 0.225
0.909 0.254
1.039 0.278 0.60
LOAD/AREA (kg/cm2)

1.169 0.307
1.299 0.331
1.623 0.388
0.40
1.948 0.440
2.273 0.477
2.597 0.509
2.922 0.527 0.20
3.247 0.534
3.571 0.542
3.896 0.545 0.00
4.221 0.548 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4.545 0.551
4.870 0.553 UNIT STRAIN(%)
5.195 0.542
5.519 0.522

UCS : 0.55 kg/cm2

Cu=qu/2 : 0.28 kg/cm2

Remark:-

REPORTED BY Approved by:-

 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
LAB. NO.- 0058/2023
CLIENT : TNT Construction and Trading
PROJECT : Geotechnical Investigation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
LOCATION: Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
MATERIAL TYPE: Undisturbrd Soil
BH NO.: BH-3
SAMPLE DEPTH,m: 13.30 - 13.60
TEST FOR: Unconfiend Compressive Strength of Soil
DATE REPORTED: 06/9/2023

UCS OF SOILTEST METHOD : ASTM D - 2166

Diameter of Sample, (cm) = 7.7

Height of Sample (cm) = 15.4
Moisture Content (%) = 45.6
Bulk Density (gm/cm3) = 1.799
Unit Load/area Dry Density (gm/cm3) = 1.235
Strain (%) (kg/cm2)
0 0
0.130 0.074
0.260 0.118
0.390 0.162
0.519 0.206
0.649 0.250 1.40
0.779 0.294
1.20
0.909 0.337
1.039 0.376
1.00
LOAD/AREA (kg/cm2)

1.169 0.414
1.299 0.448
0.80
1.623 0.524
1.948 0.604
0.60
2.273 0.655
2.597 0.716
0.40
2.922 0.780
3.247 0.830 0.20
3.571 0.865
3.896 0.900 0.00
4.221 0.930 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.545 0.951
4.870 0.962 UNIT STRAIN(%)
5.195 0.972
5.519 0.960
5.844 0.915

UCS : 0.97 kg/cm2

Cu=qu/2 : 0.49 kg/cm2

Remark:-

REPORTED BY Approved by:-

 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
LAB. NO.- 0058/2023
CLIENT : TNT Construction and Trading
PROJECT : Geotechnical Investigation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
LOCATION: Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
MATERIAL TYPE: Undisturbrd Soil
BH NO.: BH-3
SAMPLE DEPTH,m: 17.20 - 17.50
TEST FOR: Unconfiend Compressive Strength of Soil
DATE REPORTED: 06/9/2023

UCS OF SOILTEST METHOD : ASTM D - 2166

Diameter of Sample, (cm) = 7.7

Height of Sample (cm) = 15.4
Moisture Content (%) = 47.0
Bulk Density (gm/cm3) = 1.770
Unit Load/area Dry Density (gm/cm3) = 1.204
Strain (%) (kg/cm2)
0 0
0.130 0.074
0.260 0.138
0.390 0.182
0.519 0.235
0.649 0.279 1.40
0.779 0.323
1.20
0.909 0.376
1.039 0.415
1.00
LOAD/AREA (kg/cm2)

1.169 0.458
1.299 0.511
0.80
1.623 0.616
1.948 0.682
0.60
2.273 0.761
2.597 0.816
0.40
2.922 0.857
3.247 0.897 0.20
3.571 0.927
3.896 0.943 0.00
4.221 0.959 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.545 0.970
4.870 0.976 UNIT STRAIN(%)
5.195 0.958
5.519 0.908
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 UCS : 0.98 kg/cm2
0.000 0.000 Cu=qu/2 : 0.49 kg/cm2
0.000 0.000

Remark:-

REPORTED BY Approved by:-

 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
Owner:- TNT Construction and Trading
Project:- Geotechnical Invetgation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
Location Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
Station BH-2
Sample Depth:- 7.00 - 7.50
Material Type:- Undisturbed Soil
Lab.No:- 0058/2023
Reported on:- 09/06/2023
CONSOLIDATION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 2435

Depth(m) 13.50-13.75
Specific Gravity 2.545
Before Test
Weight of wet sample+Ring, gm 147.60 Diameter, D (mm) 62
e v's log Pressure
Weight of Ring, gm 42.28 Area, A (mm2) 3019 1.120
Weight of wet sample, gm 105.32 Thickness, H(mm) 20
Weight of dry sample + ring, gm 114.70 Volume,Vt (cm3) 60.38 1.080
Weight of dry sample , gm 72.42 Bulk Density ( g/cc) 1.744
mass of water, gm 32.90 Vs = DD/Gs*Vt(cm3) 28.456 1.040
Initial moisture content, % 45.4 Vvi = Vt-Vs (cm3) 31.926
Dry Density ( g/cc) 1.199 1.000

Void Ratio
∆e =eo - ef 0.332
Initial eo = Vv/Vs 1.122 0.960
Initial so= Vw/Vvi 103%
Volume change Factor F= 0.106 0.920
No Swelling Pressure
0.880
After Test
Weight of sample+ring, gm 140.9 Overall settlement ,mm 3.133
0.840
Weight of dry sample+ring, gm 114.70 Volume change, cm4 9.459
Weight of Ring, gm 42.28 Final Volume,cm4 50.92 0.800
Weight of wet sample, gm 98.62 Final Bulk density,g/cc 1.937
Weight of dry sample, gm 72.42 Final Dry Density,g/cc 1.4222 0.760
Weight of moisture, gm 26.20 Final void ratio 0.790
Final moisture content, % 36% Vvf = Vtf-Vs 22.467 0.720
Final saturation Sf, % 117% 10 100 Pressure (KN/m2) 1000 10000
Consolidation test-data for e-logp curve

Pre Consolidation
Void Ratio Volume Compressibility Coefficient of Consolidation Compression Change Modulus of
Pressure,PC Change in
Pressure Settlement De= e1=eo-De Incremental Change Mv= t50 H =Ho-∆H Have (Have)2 Cv = Index, Cc Strain in Consolidation
Stress
Inc. No

(δe/δp)/ Strain (kn/m3)

Kpa D H mm F*∆H δe δp 1+e1 (1+e)*1000 min. Ho=20mm 0.026*(Have.)2/t50
1 0 0.000 0.000 1.122 2.122 0 20.000 0.000 0 0
2 12.5 0.151 0.016 1.106 0.0160 12.5 2.106 0.609 38 19.849 19.925 396.986 0.272 12.5 0.0076 0.0076 1655629.139
3 25 0.263 0.028 1.094 0.0119 12.5 2.094 0.454 62 19.737 19.793 391.763 0.164 12.5 0.0132 0.0056 2232142.857
4 50 0.493 0.052 1.070 0.0244 25 2.070 0.472 24 19.507 19.622 385.023 0.417 0.252 180 25 0.0247 0.0115 2173913.043
5 100 0.790 0.084 1.038 0.0315 50 2.038 0.309 26 19.210 19.359 374.752 0.375 50 0.0395 0.0149 3367003.367
6 200 1.182 0.125 0.997 0.0416 100 1.997 0.208 8 18.818 19.014 361.532 1.175 100 0.0591 0.0196 5102040.816
7 400 1.74 0.185 0.937 0.0592 200 1.937 0.153 9 18.260 18.539 343.695 0.993 200 0.087 0.0279 7168458.781
8 800 2.410 0.256 0.866 0.0711 400 1.866 0.095 10 17.590 17.925 321.306 0.835 400 0.1205 0.0335 11940298.51
9 1600 3.133 0.332 0.790 0.0767 800 1.790 0.054 6 16.867 17.229 296.821 1.286 800 0.1567 0.036 22130013.83

unloading reading
800kpa 3.210 0.341 0.781
400kpa 3.150 0.334 0.788

Tested by Approved by
 WeCON CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
Owner:- TNT Construction and Trading
Project:- Geotechnical Invetgation for Oda Bultem University Main Gate Bridge Site
Location Oromia, West Hararghe, Chiro Town
Station BH-3
Sample Depth:- 17.20 - 17.50
Material Type:- Undisturbed Soil
Lab.No:- 0058/2023
Reported on:- 09/06/2023
CONSOLIDATION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 2435

Depth(m) 17.20-17.50
Specific Gravity 2.5
Before Test
Weight of wet sample+Ring, gm 147.00 Diameter, D (mm) 62
e v's log Pressure
Weight of Ring, gm 41.82 Area, A (mm2) 3019 1.120
Weight of wet sample, gm 105.18 Thickness, H(mm) 20
Weight of dry sample + ring, gm 113.00 Volume,Vt (cm3) 60.38 1.080
Weight of dry sample , gm 71.18 Bulk Density ( g/cc) 1.742
mass of water, gm 34.00 Vs = DD/Gs*Vt(cm3) 28.472 1.040
Initial moisture content, % 47.8 Vvi = Vt-Vs (cm3) 31.909
Dry Density ( g/cc) 1.179 1.000

Void Ratio
∆e =eo - ef 0.348
Initial eo = Vv/Vs 1.121 0.960
Initial so= Vw/Vvi 107%
Volume change Factor F= 0.106 0.920
No Swelling Pressure
0.880
After Test
Weight of sample+ring, gm 139.6 Overall settlement ,mm 3.285
0.840
Weight of dry sample+ring, gm 113.00 Volume change, cm4 9.918
Weight of Ring, gm 41.82 Final Volume,cm4 50.46 0.800
Weight of wet sample, gm 97.78 Final Bulk density,g/cc 1.938
Weight of dry sample, gm 71.18 Final Dry Density,g/cc 1.4105 0.760
Weight of moisture, gm 26.60 Final void ratio 0.772
Final moisture content, % 37% Vvf = Vtf-Vs 21.992 0.720
Final saturation Sf, % 121% 10 100 Pressure (KN/m2) 1000 10000
Consolidation test-data for e-logp curve

Pre Consolidation
Void Ratio Volume Compressibility Coefficient of Consolidation Compression Change Modulus of
Pressure,PC Change in
Pressure Settlement De= e1=eo-De Incremental Change Mv= t50 H =Ho-∆H Have (Have)2 Cv = Index, Cc Strain in Consolidation
Stress
Inc. No

(δe/δp)/ Strain (kn/m3)

Kpa D H mm F*∆H δe δp 1+e1 (1+e)*1000 min. Ho=20mm 0.026*(Have.)2/t50
1 0 0.000 0.000 1.121 2.121 0 20.000 0.000 0 0
2 12.5 0.130 0.014 1.107 0.0138 12.5 2.107 0.523 36 19.870 19.935 397.404 0.287 12.5 0.0065 0.0065 1923076.923
3 25 0.250 0.027 1.094 0.0127 12.5 2.094 0.486 48 19.750 19.810 392.436 0.213 12.5 0.0125 0.006 2083333.333
4 50 0.472 0.050 1.071 0.0235 25 2.071 0.455 21 19.528 19.639 385.690 0.478 0.262 200 25 0.0236 0.0111 2252252.252
5 100 0.790 0.084 1.037 0.0337 50 2.037 0.331 17 19.210 19.369 375.158 0.574 50 0.0395 0.0159 3144654.088
6 200 1.200 0.127 0.993 0.0435 100 1.993 0.218 9 18.800 19.005 361.190 1.043 100 0.06 0.0205 4878048.78
7 400 1.802 0.191 0.930 0.0638 200 1.930 0.165 9 18.198 18.499 342.213 0.989 200 0.0901 0.0301 6644518.272
8 800 2.539 0.269 0.852 0.0781 400 1.852 0.106 10 17.461 17.830 317.891 0.827 400 0.127 0.0369 10854816.82
9 1600 3.285 0.348 0.772 0.0791 800 1.772 0.056 5 16.715 17.088 292.000 1.518 800 0.1643 0.037 21447721.18

unloading reading
800kpa 3.332 0.353 0.767
400kpa 3.240 0.344 0.777

Tested by Approved by
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

Appendix 5
Plates of Core Boxes

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-1
Depth: 0.00 – 5.00m
Box: 1 of 6

Plate 1: BH-1, Depth: 0.00 – 5.00m, Box: 1 of 6

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-1
Depth: 5.00 – 10.00m
Box: 2 of 6

Plate 2: BH-1, Depth: 5.00 – 10.00m, Box: 2 of 6

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-1
Depth: 10.00 – 15.00m
Box: 3 of 6

[ Plate 3: BH-1, Depth: 10.00 – 15.00m, Box: 3 of 6

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-1
Depth: 15.00 – 20.00m
Box: 4 of 6

Plate 4: BH-1, Depth: 15.00 – 20.00m, Box: 4 of 6

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-1
Depth: 20.00 – 25.00m
Box: 5 of 6

Plate 5: BH-1, Depth: 20.00 – 25.00m, Box: 5 of 6

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-1
Depth: 25.00 – 30.00m
Box: 6 of 6

Plate 6: BH-1, Depth: 25.00 – 30.00m, Box: 6 of 6

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-2
Depth: 0.00 – 5.00m
Box: 1 of 5

Plate 7: BH-2, Depth: 0.00 – 5.00m, Box: 1 of 5

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-2
Depth: 5.00 – 10.00m
Box: 2 of 5

Plate 8: BH-2, Depth: 5.00 – 10.00m, Box: 2 of 5

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-2
Depth: 10.00 – 15.00m
Box: 3 of 5

[ Plate 9: BH-2, Depth: 10.00 – 15.00m, Box: 3 of 5

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-2
Depth: 15.00 – 20.00m
Box: 4 of 5

Plate 10: BH-2, Depth: 15.00 – 20.00m, Box: 4 of 5

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
s
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-2
Depth: 20.00 – 25.00m
Box: 5 of 5

Plate 11: BH-2, Depth: 20.00 – 25.00m, Box: 5 of 5

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-3
Depth: 0.00 – 5.00m
Box: 1 of 5

Plate 12: BH-3, Depth: 0.00 – 5.00m, Box: 1 of 5

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-3
Depth: 5.00 – 10.00m
Box: 2 of 5

Plate 13: BH-3, Depth: 5.00 – 10.00m, Box: 2 of 5

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-3
Depth: 10.00 – 15.00m
Box: 3 of 5

Plate 14: BH-3, Depth: 10.00 – 15.00m, Box: 3 of 5

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Odaa Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-3
Depth: 15.00 – 20.00m
Box: 4 of 5

Plate 15: BH-3, Depth: 15.00 – 20.00m, Box: 4 of 5

Project: Geotechnical Inv. for for Odaa Bultum University Main Gate Bridge Foundation
Clients: TNT Construction and Trading
Location: Oromia, west Hararghe Zone, Chiro Town
BH-ID: BH-3
Depth: 20.00 – 25.00m
Box: 5 of 5

Plate 16: BH-3, Depth: 20.00 – 25.00m, Box: 5 of 5

TNT Construction and Trading
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC September 2023
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

Appendix 6
Bearing Capacity and Settlement
Analysis Sheets

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
 Detail Geotechnical Investigation & Foundation Recommendation Report for Oda Bultum
University Main Gate Bridge Site

Appendix 7
Scour Analysis

TNT Construction and Trading

September 2023
WeCON Consulting Engineers PLC
Scour Analysis for Bridge Crossing site

The most common cause of bridge failures is from floods scouring. Scour is the result of the erosive
action of flowing water carrying away material from the bed of streams (general scour) and in
particular from around the piers and abutments of bridges (local scour). Contraction, pier and
abutment scours are the major probable scours on bridge with no sound river bed rock condition.
Contraction scour occurs when the flow area of the stream reduced by bridge constriction of the
flow whereas pier and abutment scours occur due to flow conditions around abutment and pier
respectively.

Selection of appropriate scour equation first requires a determination of whether scour conditions
are live bed or clear water at the specified discharge. The general design procedure for scour
outlined in the following steps:

Bridge scour assessment accomplished by collecting the data and applying the general procedure
outlined in ERA Drainage Design Manual-2013, Chapter 8: Bridges, Section 8.7: Bridge Scour and
Aggradation;

General scour

General scour occurs within the bridge opening as a result of constriction of the flow. It occurs at
virtually all bridge constrictions on erodible channels. This can be clear water contraction scour or
live-bed contraction scour.
I. Live bed Scour

Live-bed contraction scour occurs at a bridge when there is transport of bed material in the upstream
reach into the bridge cross section. With live-bed contraction scour the area of the contracted section
increases until, in the limit, the transport of sediment out of the contracted section equals the sediment
transported in.

A modified version Laurens’s 1960 equation for live-bed scour at a long contraction is
recommended to predict the depth of scour in a contracted section. The equation assumes that
bed material is being transported from the upstream section.
6/7 K1
Y2 = Q2 W1
Y1 Q1 W2

Ys = Y2 – Y0 = (average contraction scour depth)

Where

y1 = Average depth in the upstream main channel, m

Y2 = Average depth in the contraction section

1
 Y0 = Existing depth in the contracted section before scour (R – Hydraulic radius
approximate Y0

Q1 = Flowing in the upstream channel transporting sediment

Q2 = Flow in the contracted channel

W1 = Bottom width of the upstream main channel that is transporting bed material

W2 = Bottom width of the main channel in the contracted section less pier width

K1 = 0.67 (some suspended material discharge)

II. Clear water Scour

Clear-water contraction scour occurs when there is no bed material transport from the upstream
reach into the downstream reach, or the material being transported in the upstream reach is
transported through the downstream reach mostly in suspension and at less than capacity of the
flow. To determine if the flow upstream of the bridge is transporting bed material, calculate the
critical velocity for beginning of motion Vc of the D50 size of the bed material being considered for
movement and compare it with the mean velocity V of the flow in the main channel or overbank
area upstream of the bridge opening. If the critical velocity of the bed material is larger than the
mean velocity (Vc > V), then clear-water contraction scour will exist. If the critical velocity is less
than the mean velocity (Vc < V), then live-bed contraction scour will exist.

Vc = 6.19*y1/6Dc1/3 Vc=critical velocity of the bed material

Dc=1.25*D50 avg. value of size of bed material

The recommended clear water contraction scour equation is based on a development suggested by
Lauren.

Y2 = Ku Q2 3/7
Dm2/3 W2

Ys = Y2-Y0 = (average contraction scour depth)

Where

y2 = Average equilibrium in the contracted section after contraction scour

Q= Discharge through the bridge section

Dm = Diameter of the smallest non transportable particle in the bed material (1.25 D50)
in the contracted section

D50 = Median diameter of bed material, m

W= Bottom width of the contracted section less pier widths

2
 Y0 = Average existing depth in the contracted location

Ku = 0.021 S1 units

Local Scour

Local scour can be at piers or abutments. Scour at pier is a function of bed material size, flow
characteristics, fluid properties and the geometry of the pier. These characteristics work for the
abutments also.

I. Pier scour

To compute pier scour the CSU equation can be used

0.35
Ys =2 K1 K2 K3 K4 Y1 Fr10.43
b b

Where

ys = Scour depth, m

Y1 = Flow depth direction upstream of the pier

K1 = Correction factor for pier nose shape = 0.92 (for semicircular pier nose)

K2 = Correction factor for angle of attack of flow = 1.0

as this factor may over estimate the scour depth we use the value of 1.0 to get the
reasonable scour depth.
K3 = Correction factor for bed condition = 1.1 (in our case small dunes)

K4 = Correction factor for armoring by bed material size in our case 1.0

b= Pier width, m

Fr1 = Froude number directly upstream of the pier = V1 _

(g y1) ½
V1 = mean velocity of flow directly upstream of the pier

g= Acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/sec2)

II. Abutment Scour

The abutment scour depth computed using Froehlich equation

Ys = 2.27 K1 K2 L1 0.43
Fr0.61+1
Ya Ya

Where K1 = Coefficient for abutment shape = 0.55 – 1.00

3
 K2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow = 0.92

L1 = the length of abutment projected normal to flow

Fr = Froude number directly upstream of the abutment = V1 _

(g y1) ½
Ya = Average depth of flow on the flood plain

Ys = Scour depth

Hydrology and Hydraulic Data of Bridge Crossing Site

Bridge Q Y1 A V D50 Dc Vc W1 W2
Station m3/s m m2 m/s m m m/s m m
Main Gate
223.09 1.99 369.6 0.60 0.00021 0.0003 0.04 23.0 21.5
Bridge

Computation of general and local scour at bridge crossing

a. General Scour
Determine the general scour if it is live bed or clear water scour

Vc = 6.19*y1/6Dc1/3 Vc=critical velocity of the bed material

y=1.99m depth of flow
Dc=1.25*D50 avg. value of size of bed material, D50 taken as 0.0002m
Vc = 0.40 m/s

V = Q/A V = mean velocity

3
Q = 223.09 m /s
A = 369.6 m2
V = 0.60 m/s
Vc < V

If the critical velocity of the bed material is less than the mean velocity (Vc < V), live bed
contraction scour verified.

Determine live bed construction scour

6/7 K1
Y2 = Q2 W1 (unit discharge: q2 = 9.7 m3/s/m and q1 = 10.4 m3/s/m)
Y1 Q1 W2

6/7 2/3
Y2 = 9.7 23.0
Y1 10.4 21.5

4
 Y1 = 1.99

Y2 = (0.93)6/7*(1.07)2/3
1.99
Y2 = 2.21 m
Ys = Y2 – Y0 = (average contraction scour depth)

Y0 is assumed to be equal to Y1

Ys = 2.21 – 1.99 = 0.22 m from original bed surface

I. Local Scour

b. Pier Scour

0.35
Ys =2 K1 K2 K3 K4 Y1 Fr10.43
b b

with
b= 1.50m
Y1= 1.99m
Fr1 = 0.002 based on main channel data up stream of the pier
K1 = 0.92
K2 = 1.0
K3 = 1.11
K4 = 1.0
0.35
Ys = 2*0.92*1.0*1.11*1.0* 1.99 * 0.0020.43
1.5 1.5

Ys = 0.23 m

c. Abutment Scour

Ys = 2.27 K1 K2 L1 0.43
Fr0.61+1
Ya Ya

K1 = 0.82 (vertical wall abutment with wing wall)

K2 = 1.00

L1 = 2.0 m (assumed)

Fr = V1 _ = (0.60)/((9.81*1.99)1/2) = 0.002
(g y1) ½

5
 Ya = 1.99m

Ys = [2.27*0.82*1.0*(1/1.99) 0.43* (0.92)0.61+1]*1.50

Ys = 2.05 m

The following tables present computation of general and local scour at the bridge crossing site

Estimated total maximum scour depth

Local scour (m) Estimated Maximum

Bridge at General
Pier scour (m) Abutment scour (m) scour
Station scour (m) [a]
[b] [c] (m) [a+b or c]
Main Gate
0.22 0.23 2.05 2.27
Bridge