KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

MODALS
• Türkçe’deki kip kavramıyla eşdeğer tutulabilir.
• Modal’lar yetenek, olasılık, gereklilik, rica, zorunluluk, tavsiye vb. anlamlar vermek için kullanılan
yapılardır.

A. Present/Past Modals
1. Ability (Yetenek, -ebilirlik)

Present/Future Past Örnekler

1. He can speak five languages.
can could 2. She can’t sing well.
3. I could swim better when I was younger.
4. He couldn’t speak when he was 3.
1. Mary is able to speak German very well.
2. I haven’t been able to finish the project yet.
am/is/are able to was/were able to 3. After you have taken this course, you will/shall be able to
pass KPDS/ÜDS.
4. Are we going to be able to use the resources found on
other planets? (2012 KPDS)

 Could yapısı geçmişte yapılabilen tek bir olay için

kullanılmaz. Tek bir olayın yapılabildiğini ifade etmek
için was/were able to yapısı kullanılır.
5. He was able to drive home despite the snow.
6. We weren’t able to avoid the accident.
7. After studying hard, I was able to pass the exam.

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2. Possibility (Olasılık)

Present/Future Örnekler
must 1. You must be kidding.
will 2. We may go on holiday next week.
may 3. They might not reach an agreement.
might 4. Some details can remind us of our early experiences. (2012 KPDS)
can 5. Measles could be fatal.
could 6. He may/might/could well find the course difficult.
may/might/could well
Disbelief It can’t be true!
Olasılık bildiren digger Örnekler
yapılar
to be likely to 1. Women are likely to be the primary caregiver for the family.(2011
to be unlikely to KPDS)
to be bound to 2. I am unlikely to finish the project in time.
(kuvvetle muhtemel) 3. If you have problems at home, it will be bound to affect your work.

3. Requests (Ricalar)

Modals Örnekler

Will 1. Can/Will you lend me your dictionary?

Can 2. Could you pass the salt, please?

Could 3. Would you please mail this letter for me?

Would

Would you mind +Ving 1. Would you mind not smoking here, please?

Would you mind if +V2 2. Would you mind waiting for me for a second?

2. Would you mind if I smoked here?

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4. Offers (Teklifler)

Örnekler

1. Would you like to have a dinner with us?

2. Shall I/we give you a lift?
3. Let’s go to the cinema:
4. What about/ How about going to the cinema?

5. Permissions (İzinler)

Modals Örnekler Present/Future Örnekler Past

1. Can I ask a question? 1. The children were allowed to watch TV until

eleven last night.
Can 2. Could I use your dictionary?
2. We weren’t allowed to take pictures in the
Could 3. A: May/Might I go out with my friends museum.
tonight?
May
B: Yes, you can go, but don’t be late.
Might
Yes, you are allowed to go, but don’t
be late.

No, you can’t go.

No, you aren’t allowed to go.

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6. Obligation & Necessity (Zorunluluk & Gereklilik)

Present/Future Past Örnekler

 have to, have got to ve need to yapıları modal olmadıkları için

öznelere göre çekimlenir.
must
 Must konuşmacının kendisinden kaynaklanan zorunluluğu ifade
have to had to
ederken have to yasalar ve kuralların getirdiği gerekliliklerden
have got to
bahsederken kullanılır.
need to
1. She must study for the exam.
2. She has to work overtime tomorrow.
3. We have got to be there at ten tomorrow.
4. He needs to talk with the manager.
5. He had to stay at home because he was ill.
6. We had to cancel the picnic because of the heavy rain.

 mustn’t yasaklama bildirir.

You mustn’t smoke here.

7. Absence of Necessity

• Zorunluluk durumunun ortadan kalktığını belirtmek için kullanılır.

Present/Future Past Örnekler

1. I don’t have to/need to/needn’t attend the meeting
don’t/doesn’t have to didn’t have to tomorrow.
don’t/doesn’t need to didn’t need to 2. She doesn’t have to/need to/needn’t work on Saturdays.
needn’t 3. We ordered pizza for dinner, so I didn’t have to/need to
cook anything.

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8. Advice (Tavsiyeler –meli/-malı)

Modals Örnekler
1. If you have a terrible headache, you must see a doctor soon!
must 2. You should stop smoking.
should 3. We had better leave now, or we will be late.
had better 4. You ought to see “Star Trek”. It is awesome.
ought to 5. He shouldn’t/ought not to go on smoking if he wants to live longer.
6. She had better not stay awake until late hours.

7. Habitual Activities (Alışkanlık bildiren eylemler)

Modals Örnekler
to be used to Ving 1. I am used to getting up early.
to be accustomed to Noun 2. People from Adana are accustomed to hot weather.
3. The animals there are quite used to people. (2012 KPDS)
to get used to Ving 1. I hope I will get used to living in İzmir.
to get accustomed to Noun 2. She is getting used to the food in China.
Past 1. My father used to/would smoke, but she doesn’t anymore.
used to 2. She used to/would take us to the cinema at weekends when we
would were children.
3. She used to be very shy when she was young.
4. I used to like him, but now.

 be, like, have gibi durum bildiren fiillerle would kullanılmaz.

state verb kullanlyorsa

used to'nun yerine would kullanlmaz.
be used to/be accustemd to: yapardm
ederdim deil, alkn anlamndadr ve
bütün tenselerle çekimlenebilir.
get used to ve get accoustmed to almak demektir.
used to gördüünde hemen past düsünme.

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8. Preference

Modals Örnekler
1. I would rather/sooner stay at home than (to) go out.
would rather/sooner 2. I would rather not go out tonight.
would just as soon 3. We would sooner drink tea than coffee.
would prefer 4. I don’t like this small town. I would just as soon live in Istanbul.
past için had getirilir 5. She would prefer to take the metro.
hadn't dese past olur.
would rather someone V2 1. I would rather you didn’t bring the dog into the house.
would sooner someone V2 2. They’d sooner Jane cooked the dinner.
would just as soon someone V2 3. My mother would just as soon I studied more.

arkasndan bare infinitive alrlar.

than dan sonraki fiil infinitive olarak
9. Expectations (Beklentiler)

Modals Örnekler
am/is/ are supposed to 1. You are supposed to finish your work until tomorrow.
2. All of the students are supposed to be here on time.
1. You were supposed to finish homework until today.
was/ were supposed to (You haven’t finished homework yet.)
2. All of the students were supposed to be here on time.
(The students didn’t come on time.)

 was/were supposed to yapisi gecmiste gerceklestirilmesi gereken

ancak yapilmayan eylemleri ifade ederken kullanilir.

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B. Perfect Modals (modal have V3)

• Modal yapilari kendilerinden sonra “have V3” yapisi alarak gecmise göndermede bulunurlar.

Perfect Modals Anlam Örnekler

1. Jane failed the exam. She should have studied/ought to have
should have V3 gerekirdi, studied harder
ought to have V3 -meliydi 2. I am terribly sick. I shouldn’t have gone out/ ought to have
ama yapmad
gone out without my coat.
may have V3 1. Jack didn’t come to school yesterday. He may/might/could
might have V3 -mis olabilir have been sick.
could have V3 2. A: Why didn’t Mary come to the meeting yesterday?
B: I don’t know. She may/might/could have forgotten about it.
yapabilirdi ama 1. If you had come early, you could have seen her.
could have V3 yapmadi 2. Mary could have been married the richest man in town, but
(kacirilan firsat) she preferred to marry Jack.
must'n olumsuzu can't 1. It was a difficult exam but July got A. She must have studied
have V3
must have V3 -mis olmali really hard.
may,might,couldun yerine kullanlamaz.
strong deduction,kant var 2. She seems upset. She must have gotten some bad news.
can’t have V3 1. I know him for years. He can’t/couldn’t have stolen the money.
couldn’t have V3 -mis olamaz 2. He can’t/couldn’t have cheated on the exam. He is an honest
could have V3de yapabilirdi ama yapmad
anlam olabilir. student.
needn’t have V3 gerek yoktu You needn’t have bought any bread. I had already bought some.
should/ougt to have v3
ile ayn anlam ama yapti

be to=be supposed to : ama be to daha çok

Daren't, dare no = cesaret etmek resmi yazmalarda kullanlr ve zorunluluk
need gibi hem fiil hem de semi modal olarak kullanlr.
he doesn't dare to tell a word to the boss: fiil
he dare not tell a word : semi modal
how dare she..: semi modal
modal olarak kullanmnda arkasndan 'to' almaz.

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Verilen cümleleri perfect modal kullanarak doldurunuz.

1. Gloria has won every game she's played today. She ______________________(practice) a lot.

2. I don't have anything to wear today. I _________________________ (do) the laundry.

3. Jack lost his wallet on the way to work. He _______________________ (lose) it on the bus.

4. You did very well on the exam. You _________________________ (study) a lot.

5. The Smiths _______________________ (build) their house anywhere. Why did he choose here?

6. It's hot in here today. I ______________________ (wear) a heavy sweater today.

7. You _______________________ (feed) your dog. He has been hungry all day.

8. Lucy shouldn't have stood on the broken chair. She __________________________ (fall).

9. I __________________________ (buy) more milk. I am almost out.

10. I didn't do very well on the test. I _______________________(spend) more time studying.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

TEST 1 4. The airline ---- hundreds of flights when

1. ---- you pick me up in an hour as I have a few problems in the baggage-handling system
farewells to make before we finally leave? resulted in a backlog of at least 20,000 bags.
A) May A) was able to cancel
B) Can B) would rather cancel
C) Might C) ought to cancel
D) Shall D) may cancel
E) Should E) had to cancel

2. Before we start spending money on a new z 5. You ---- a valid excuse for your absence from
office, we ---- if we ---- the space we already the meeting, or you ---- into trouble with the
have more effectively. manager.
A) should see / can utilize A) can find / must get
B) may see / could have utilized B) are able to find / ought to get
C) were able to see / had better utilize C) should be finding / may have gotten
D) could see / had to utilize D) had better find / will get
E) are to see / might have utilized E) were supposed to find / had to get

3. Your genes ---- how much you smoke and 6. The boss tried to halve the employees'
whether you ---- lung cancer as a result. holidays from four to two weeks, but the
A) controls / might get workers went on strike immediately and he ----
B) have to control / had better get his decision.
C) are supposed to control / ought to get A) might have reversed
D) control / may get B) was supposed to reverse
E) need to control / have to get C) had to reverse
D) should have reversed
E) could have reversed

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7. It ---- more comfortable in the office this 10. Air pollution from industry and traffic ----
summer as a new air-conditioning system has serious health problems in towns and cities, as
been installed. well as long-term damage to the environment.
A) could have been A) has got to cause
B) has got to be B) should have caused
C) was to be C) can cause
D) had better be D) ought to have caused
E) should be E) was supposed to cause

8. Perhaps the most outstanding electric 11. For their abundance and diversity, no
guitarist in history, Jimi Hendrix ---- music, and animals ---- the insects. There ---- a million
so he ---- all of his tunes by ear. species across the world.
A) mustn't have read / could learn A) would rather match t would be
B) couldn't read / had to learn B) have had to match I can be
C) wouldn't read I may have learnt C) used to match / must have been
D) might not read / was able to learn D) could have matched / will be
E) shouldn't have read / can learn E) can match / may be

9. Strong acids, such as sulphuric acid and nitric 12. lt ---- our dog which barked continuously all
acid, are very dangerous and ---- carefully. night, because it was sleeping inside with us.
A) must be handled A) can't have been
B) can be handled B) may not be
C) may have been handled C) won't have been
D) were to be handled D) shouldn't be
E) could be handled E) might not be

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13. Sea turtles ---- to the surface to when they 16. The earth's crude oil reserves are sources of
are caught by the fishing net can't go to the energy, more friendly environment, exist and ---
surface and be choked. -.
A) need to go A) would rather be exploited
B) used to go B) must be exploited
C) would have gone C) were supposed to be exploited
D) should have gone D) might have been exploited
E) may have gone E) were to be exploited

14. He said he did what he liked his mother's 17. Meal planning involves several factors. The
views and appeared to boast that he ---- prime food ---- nutritious and appealing, and its cost
minister when he was 25. should be within a family's budget. A cook also -
A) must be --- the time required to prepare certain meals.
B) had better be A) can be / is able to consider
C) could have been B) shall be / would like to consider
D) should be C) had to be / used to consider
E) will have been D) should be / must consider
E) might be/ was able to consider.
15. The origin of life is not well known to
science, though limited evidence suggests that 18. ---- you be a dear and get me a glass of
life ---- well-established only a few 100 million water?
years after the formation of the Earth. A) May
A) will have been B) Should
B) must be C) Would
C) should have been D) Might
D) may have been E) Ought
E) is to be

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19. I am not sure whether he is there now; he -- 22. Rupert ---- the money, but it seems unlikely.
--, but even if he is not, he ---- there later. A) must have taken
A) may not be / may go B) was supposed to take
B) must not be I has to go C) should have taken
C) had better not be / has had to go D) would prefer to take
D) couldn't have been / can go E) might have taken
E) ought not to be / must go
23. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more
20. The doctors ---- us about the possible than 11 hours. He ---- exhausted after such a
outcomes of the operation, but they didn't tell long flight. He ---- to stay in tonight and get
us anything. some rest.
A) were supposed to inform A) would be / ought to prefer
B) can inform B) must be / might prefer
C) didn’t have to inform C) had better be / used to prefer
D) will inform D) shall be / is able to prefer
E) must have informed E) may be / had to prefer

21. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last

week. I ---- it towed more than a hundred miles 24. If you want to get a better feeling for how
to the nearest mechanic. the city is laid out, you ---- downtown and
Lilly: That ---- a fortune! explore the waterfront.
A) should have had / may cost A) would walk
B) could have / has to cost B) were to walk
C) had to have / must have cost C) might walk
D) may have had / would cost D) would rather walk
E) was supposed to have / can cost E) must have walked

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TEST 2 4. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale

1. While hiking in Alaska, you must keep an eye University which will cover 100% of the tuition.
out for bears. If you see one, you ---- it, but you She ---- at all about the increasing cost of
---- be afraid of them either. education any more.
A) don't need to approach / can't A) doesn't have to worry
B) couldn't have approached / needn't B) couldn't have worried
C) weren't to approach I shouldn't C) wasn't supposed to worry
D) mustn't approach / don't have to D) ought not to have worried
E) may not be approaching / couldn't E) would rather not have worried

2. Yesterday, I ---- all day for my French final, I 5. When I was a child my grandmother was
didn't get to sleep until after midnight. continually correcting our manners. She always
A) must have crammed used to say, "One ---- with one's mouth open."
B) may be cramming Or, she would correct us by saying. "One ----
C) should have crammed one's elbows on the table."
D) needn't have crammed A) hasn't got to eat / needn't rest
E) had to cram B) can't eat / may not rest
C) couldn't have eaten / shouldn't rest
3. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we ---- Jenny D) had better not eat / might not rest
up at the airport E) mustn't eat / mustn't rest
Barbara: She must still be sitting there waiting
for us. 6. I've redone this math problem at least twenty
A) had to pick times, but my answer is wrong according the
B) would have picked answer key. The answer in the book ---- wrong!
C) were supposed to pick A) was supposed to be
D) must have picked B) must be
E) had better pick C) would rather be
D) shall be
E) may have been

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7. Tomorrow is Nancy's birthday. She said you 10. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move
didn't need to buy her anything for birthday, him. He ---- internal injuries. Somebody call an
but I really think you at least ---- her some ambulance!
flowers or a nice bottle of wine. A) might have
A) should get B) would have had
B) could be getting C) had better have
C) would love to get D) ought to have had
D) were supposed to get E) was to have
E) have had to get
11. Australia ---- the U.N. agreement when it
8. You look very familiar. I ---- you before. was first signed In 1997 among the developed
A) should have met countries, but it didn't want to do so at that
B) might meet time.
C) could meet A) must ratify
D) must have met B) might ratify
E) was supposed to meet C) ought to ratify
D) had better ratify
9. Debbie said she was really busy this week, E) should have ratified
but I think she ---- at the party if she doesn't
have to work overtime on Friday. 12. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to
A) must be showing up change the channel.
B) can show up Fiona: I don’t know. It ---- under the couch, or
C) might show up perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the
D) has to show up kitchen. I'll check in there.
E) was supposed to show up A) could have been
B) might be
C) was supposed to be
D) does have to be
E) ought to have been

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13. You ----! That can't be true. 16. Tim: While I was a student, I spent a year
A) can't have kidded and a half studying Pygmy culture in the Central
B) would rather not kid African Republic. My research focused on
C) had better kid unique aspects of the social structure and
D) must be kidding religion.
E) may not be kidding Simona: That ---- absolutely fascinating!
A) ought to have been
14. New research suggests that exercise ---- the B) would rather be
chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's C) must have been
why I told my father that he ---- walking once a D) was supposed to be
day. E) will have to be
A) had better reduce / can start
B) would reduce / has got to start 17. We ---- Sally and her husband to come to
C) is to reduce / must have started the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them
D) could have reduced / may start in weeks, and they really ---- a nice day at the
E) can reduce / should start beach.
A) are to invite / have got to enjoy
15. You must be joking! If you think I'm going to B) should invite / might enjoy
give you a tip after you mixed up the meal C) are supposed to invite / shall enjoy
orders, spilled wine on me and insulted my D) have to invite / ought to enjoy
wife, you ---- your head examined!!! E) could invite / had better enjoy
A) had better get
B) were supposed to get 18. You ---- along some cash. The restaurant
C) could have got doesn't accept credit cards.
D) were to get A) had to take
E) should have been getting B) could have taken
C) might be taking
D) have got to take
E) must have taken

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19. We ----Tony to see if he's at home before we 22. Lewis told jurors that the prosecutor was an
go over to his house. He might not be there and old friend, a "good man" and a good father, so
we don't want to drive all the way over there he ---- 4 people.
for nothing. A) needn't have killed
A) had better call B) shouldn't have killed
B) might have called C) wouldn't kill
C) should have called D) can't have killed
D) ought to be calling E) may not kill
E) had to call
23. I don't have to go to work tomorrow
20. Before arriving in Tambis he ---- through or because it is Memorial Day. The best thing
even stayed for a short time in Manila because about a day off from work is that I ---- up at
the route to Tambis passes by this place. 6:00; I can sleep In till noon if I want to.
A) must have passed A) needn't have got
B) should have passed B) don't need to get
C) ought to pass C) couldn't have got
D) would have passed D) didn't need to get
E) was supposed to pass E) mustn't get

21. At first, my boss didnt want to hire Sam. But 24. You ---- so much. It doesn't do you any good
because I had previously worked with Sam, I Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't,
told my boss that he ---- another look at his just apply for another one. Eventually, you will
resume and reconsider him for the position. find work.
A) must have taken A) shouldn't worry
B) will have to take B) weren't supposed to worry
C) may have taken C) might not have worried
D) would rather take D) shouldn't have worried
E) should take E) could not worry

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TEST 3 5. When you buy something on the instalment

1. A: "My car was towed away from the system, you ---- pay the whole price at once.
academic parking lot yesterday. A) couldn't
B: "You ---- have parked there. You know that B) did not
students are not allowed to park there." C) needn't
A) might not D) would not
B) mustn't
C) shouldn't 6. The police were suspicious of me at first but
D) may not eventually I ---- convince them that I was
innocent.
2. He was a very patient cat; he ---- sit for hours A) could
beside a mouse hole. B) had to
A) might C) was able to
B) would D) might
C) should
D) ought to 7. Before his death last year, Professor Taylor
decided that he ---- leave $200,000 to his
3. Some of the milk turned sour before university.
reaching the market and ---- away. A) can B) would C)may D) shall
A) must throw
B) had to be thrown 8. There is no definite plan, but the university ---
C) must be thrown - the tuition next year.
D) had to throw A) might raise
B) will have been raised
4. ---- you mind opening the window? C) might be raised
A) Would D) will raise
B) Might
C) Should
D) Could

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

9. I didn't go to see my parents in August. I 14. It's only a little way to the station, so we ----
could ----them during the next vacation. as well walk.
A) have visited A) can B) will C) should D) might
B) have been visiting
C) visit 15. It’s not considered safe to leave your
D) be visited computer on when you are not in the office, so
you ---- do so.
10. ---- you be so kind as to deliver this message A) mustn’t
to my roommate? B) don’t have to
A) Should B) Would C) Can D) Might C) shouldn’t
D) don’t need to
11. You ---- a two-year old child at home alone.
Anything can happen. 16. A: "What will you do after school is over?"
A) didn't leave B: "I ---- work for a year, but I haven't decided
B) mustn't leave yet."
C) don't have to leave A) might B) will C) should D) can
D) needn't leave
17. A: "Did Alper go to the movies last night"
12. The letter is supposed ---- today. B: "Yes, but he ---- have stayed at home all
A) to deliver B) that it is delivered evening and studied his lessons."
C) delivering D) to be delivered A) may B) should C) must D) can

13. He worked hard yesterday, so he ---- the 18. He was a good swimmer and ---- swim to
project. the river bank when the boat sank .
A) could finish A) could
B) would have finished B) might be able to
C) might finish C) might
D) was able to finish D) was able to

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19. I ----rather go to Antalya than Istanbul for 24. You ----be an Englishman to understand
my holiday. Shakespeare.
A) would B) could C) had D) should A) may not
B) don't have to
20. You ---- to eat it if you don't feel like it. C) mustn't
A) needn't D) won't
B) don't have
C) mustn't 25. A: "Do you think it is true?
D) haven't B: "It ---- but I'm not sure "
A) would be
21. Hello Mary. I can't be sure I'll be home in B) had better be
time for dinner. I ---- be late, so don't wait for C) might be
me. D) must have
A) may B) will C) should D) must
26. A: "Ali has pictures of Michael Jackson, the
22. Climbing boots and helmets were provided, famous pop singer, all over his walls."
so we ---- bring our own. B: "He ----like the singer very much."
A) didn't need to A) must B) can C) will D) may
B) needn't have
C) need not 27. A: "There were some candies on the table,
D) not needed but they're all gone I wonder what happened to
them "
23. Hurry up! It's a quarter past 3. We really ---- B: "I don't know. My younger brother ----
be late. them."
A) mustn't A) had to eat
B) needn't B) may have eaten
C) don't have to C) ought to have eaten
D) may not D) might eat

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

28. ---- you like to come or ---- you rather stay 32. You ---- me because I didn't really mean
here? that.
A) Should / would A) must misunderstand
B) Would / would B) must have misunderstood
C) Couldn't / would C) might misunderstand
D) Do / would D) had to misunderstand

29. I'm absolutely sure that the money wasn't 33. A:"Ali got the highest grade in his history
stolen by John. Such an honest person as John -- exam"
- such a disgraceful thing in any way. B: "He ---- very hard before the exam."
A) shouldn't have done A) should have studied
B) may not have done B) ought to have studied
C) couldn't have done C) must have studied
D) could not do D) might study

30. You shouldn't have walked about the city 34. A: "Jack walked past me without speaking."
alone. You ----. B: "He ---- you. He is very short-sighted."
A) might get lost A) can't have recognized
B) would have gotten lost B) should not have recognized
C) might have gotten lost C) might not have recognized
D) could get lost D) might not recognize

31. When I was young, I ---- a sports magazine 35. A: “Did you hear me come in last night?”
regularly, but I don't anymore. B: "No, I ---- asleep."
A) used to buy A) must have been
B) used to buying B) may have been
C) was used to buy C) should have been
D) had been used to buying D) might have be

20
 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

TEST 4 5. It is very cold. We ---- in the cold weather in

1. My father ---- me some money I needed but I Alaska now.
----him. A) were supposed to live
A) had to lend / don't ask B) get accustomed to living
B) may lend / didn't ask C) should have lived
C) can lend / had to ask D) must have lived
D) could have lent / didn't ask E) used to live
E) will lend / asked
6. I'm sorry I went to the cinema. It was a boring
2. I ---- to the cinema tomorrow; I ---- yet. film. I ---- at home and ---- it.
A) may go / haven't decided A) would rather stay / to read
B) may go / didn't decide B) would rather have stayed / reading
C) would go / haven't decided C) would rather stay / read
D) might have gone / haven't decided D) would rather stay / read
E) will go / haven't decided E) would rather have stayed / read

3. My little sister got lost again this morning. I -- 7. The proposals made by the opposition party
-- by herself. concerning the newly privatized public
A) should never have let her going enterprises will ---- discussed by parliament.
B) should never let her go A) were be
C) should never let her to go B) should be
D) should never have let her to go C) was be
E) should never have let her go D) has to be
E) have to be
4. Their flat is an expensive one. It ---- them a
lot to rent it.
A) must be cost
B) will cost
C) must have cost
D) must cost
E) will be cost

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

8. This is rather superficial and ---- revised. 11. Nobody knows how people first came to
Make sure the new version ---- all the data these islands. They ---- from South America on
available. rafts.
A) will be / needn't include A) should have sailed
B) was / is able to include B) might have sailed
C) be / may include C) needn’t have sailed
D) was being / should include D) had to sail
E) will have to be / includes E) didn’t have to sail

9. Sally ---- when she ---- six years old. 12. My brother ---- cigarette, but he doesn't any
A) would swim / has been more.
B) must swim / was A) is accustomed to smoking
C) will swim / was B) was able to smoke
D) could swim / was C) is used to smoking
E) was able to swim / is D) is supposed to smoke
E) used to smoke
10. That was very kind of you to share such
useful thing with us. You really ---- let us know 13. I think I ---- that unfortunately the flight has
earlier. had to be cancelled.
A) shouldn't have A) must have known
B) must have B) was supposed to know
C) needn't C) used to know
D) wouldn't D) might have known
E) should have E) should know

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

14. We ---- Turkish coffee now because we can't 18. You ---- the street when the light is green.
find tea here. A) used to cross
A) used to drink B) must cross
B) had to drink C) must have crossed
C) are used to drinking D) should cross
D) were supposed to drink E) should have crossed
E) should have drunk
19. I ---- to the football match with you. I'd
15. She has been living in a small village for prefer to ---- on TV.
years. She ---- dirt and air pollution. A) won't go / watching
A) might have seen B) haven't gone / watching
B) is used to seeing C) didn't go / watch
C) didn't have to see D) am not going / be watched
D) isn't accustomed to seeing E) won't go / watch
E) wasn't supposed to see
20. You ---- the boss again, because she is angry.
16. When you are in Konya, you ---- by tram A) had better not see
soon. B) had better not to see
A) have travelled C) hadn't better seeing
B) were supposed to travel D) hadn't better see
C) used to travel E) hadn't better to see
D) had to travel
E) will get used to traveling 21. You ---- our guests downtown at 8 o'clock
yesterday, but you didn't.
17. You ---- a note round to everyone at work A) are supposed to meet
yesterday but you forgot to. B) should meet
A) are used to sending C) used to meet
B) used to send D) had better meet
C) must send E) were supposed to meet
D) were supposed to send
E) will have sent

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

22. When she comes back from holiday, Jill ---- TEST 5
her in her office. 1. I ---- sandwich with me for the lunch-break
A) had to visit when I was in elementary school.
B) is supposed to visit A) am used to taking
C) was able to visit B) used to take
D) used to go C) take
E) was supposed to visit D) used to taking
E) get used to take
23. Mike ---- abroad last month, because he lost
his passport 2. Mrs Brown hurt her back. She ---- those
A) can’t go boxes.
B) couldn't go A) must carry
C) hasn't been able to B) shouldn't have carried
D) wouldn't be able to go C) is carrying
E) Is not able to go D) couldn't carry
E) needn't carry
24. You ---- your car fast. You ---- yourself.
A) oughtn't to have driven / needn't kill 3. You ---- me to Mr Spark. We have known
B) shouldn't have driven / might have killed each other for two years.
C) shouldn't have driven / will kill A) mustn't introduce
D) needn't drive / could have killed B) couldn't introduce
E) oughtn't to drive / must have killed C) had better not introduce
D) don't have to introduce
25. Soon, custom officers ---- to use X-ray E) don't introduce
technology to scan cavities in vehicles for drugs.
A) have been able 4. Jane ---- the speed limit; otherwise, she will
B) will be able pay a fine.
C) are able A) may obey
D) would able to B) could obey
E) were able to C) should obey
D) were supposed
E) might obey
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

8. A: Why are you late for the exam?

5. A: Jane doesn't answer the telephone. I've B: I thought it was at ten o'clock.
been calling her for two hours. A: You ---- the teacher, it started at nine
B: She ---- at the meeting. o'clock.
A) had better be A) must misunderstand
B) should have been B) should misunderstand
C) needn't have been C) would rather misunderstand
D) would rather be D) must have misunderstood
E) must be E) would misunderstand

6. A: I failed the test. 9. Sally moved to London three years ago. At

B: You ---- more. first it was difficult for her, but after a while she
A) can study ---- in rainy weather.
B) might study A) used to live
C) have to study B) got accustomed to living
D) had better not study C) gets accustomed to live
E) should have studied D) lives
E) is living
7. Why are you asking for food? You ---- hungry.
You've just eaten fish and chips. 10. When Henry was five years old, he ----
A) can be English and French.
B) could have been A) could speak
C) can't be B) may speak
D) don't have to be C) will speak
E) were supposed to be D) must speak
E) should speak

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

11. Tommy ---- at this hotel. It looked very 15. I --- jazz music, but now I am used to
shabby. listening to it.
A) couldn't have stayed A) get accustomed to listening to
B) needn't have stayed B) shouldn't have listened to
C) is able to stay C) used to listen to
D) would rather stay D) didn't use to listen to
E) used to staying E) must listen to

12. The weather is very nice. We ----inside all 16. I --- early yesterday morning. The morning
day. classes were cancelled.
A) could stay A) should get up
B) shouldn't stay B) will get up
C) should have stayed C) needn't have got up
D) must stay D) am used to getting up
E) didn't stay E) couldn't have got up

13. George doesn't feel good. He ---- the doctor. 17. Peter ---- Spanish in his job, so he has been
A) used to see attending Spanish courses since January.
B) had better not see A) needn't have talked
C) could have seen B) has to talk
D) needn't have seen C) is able to talk
E) had better see D) might have talked
E) would talk
14. Katy has been crying for three hours. She ---
- some problems. 18. ---- you help me with my homework?
A) was supposed to have A) May
B) had better not have B) Need
C)must have C) Must
D) shouldn't have had D) Should
E) couldn't have had E) Could

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

19. Sue ---- home before 11 p.m. last 22. A: I couldn't sleep last night.
night, but she didn't. Her father must have B: You ---- four cups of coffee.
punished her for this. A) can drink
A) should have returned B) will drink
B) can return C) shouldn't have drunk
C) could return D) need to drink
D) needn't have returned E) are drinking
E) must return
23. She ---- fish, but now she doesn't any more.
20. A: There is someone at the door. A) used to eat
B: It must be the postman. B) is used to eating
A: Well, it ---- the postman. It's Sunday today. C) eats
A) would rather be D) had better eat
B) had better be E) used to eating
C) was
D) can't be 24. Would you mind ---- quiet? The baby is
E) needs to be sleeping.
A) keep
21. Tommy ---- all weekend. He had a B) keeping
presentation. C) to keep
A) must work D) kept
B) can work E) if I kept
C) needn't work
D) had to work 25. The concert was good, but I ---- home and
E) works watched TV last night.
A) would rather stay
B) would rather have stayed
C) had better not stay
D) should stay
E) would rather not stay

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Test 1
Test 4
1. B 6. C 11. E 16. B 21. C
1. D 6. E 11. B 16. E 21. E
2. A 7. E 12. A 17. D 22. E
2. A 7. E 12. E 17. D 22. B
3. D 8. B 13. A 18. C 23. B
3. E 8. E 13. E 18. B 23. B
4. E 9. A 14. C 19. A 24. C
4. C 9. D 14. C 19. E 24. B
5. D 10. C 15. D 20. A
5. B 10. E 15. D 20. A 25. B

Test 2 Test 5
1. D 6. B 11. E 16. C 21. E 1. B 6. E 11. A 16. C 21. D
2. E 7. A 12. B 17. B 22. D 2. B 7. C 12. B 17. B 22. C
3. C 8. D 13. D 18. D 23. B 3. D 8. D 13. E 18. E 23. A
4. A 9. C 14. E 19. A 24. A 4. C 9. B 14. C 19. A 24. B
5. E 10. A 15. A 20. A 5. E 10. A 15. D 20. D 25. B

Test 3
1. C 8. A 15. A 22. A 29. C
2. B 9. C 16. A 23. A 30. C
3. B 10. B 17. B 24. B 31. A
4. A 11. B 18. D 25. C 32. B
5. C 12. D 19. A 26. A 33. C
6. C 13. D 20. B 27. B 34. C
7. B 14. D 21. A 28. B 35. A

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

PASSIVE VOICE
(EDiLGEN YAPILAR)
• Bir cümlede eylemi yapanın değil de eylemin kendisi öne çıkarılmak istendiğinde “be V3” yapısı
kullanılır.
• Bir fiilin pasif hale getirilebilmesi için nesne alması gerekir.

Intransitive Verbs Transitive Verbs Ditransitive Verbs

(Nesne Almayan Fiiller) (Nesne Alan Fiiller) (İki Nesne Alan fiiller)
George arrived at the They have bought a new Sue’s father will buy her a car.
meeting hall. house. She has given me her book.
Mary was happy. Sally will take an aspirin. Mrs Brown has been teaching us
He has come home. Jake is having his English for 2 years.
breakfast.

• İngilizce ’de pasif yapılar zamanlara göre farklı yapılarda kullanılırlar.

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present Tense I study English every day. English is studied every day.
am/is/are V3
Simple Past Tense I studied English yesterday. English was studied yesterday.
was/were V3
Present Continuous Tense I am studying English now. English is being studied now.
am/is/are being V3
Past Continuous Tense I was studying English last English was being studied last night.
was/were being V3 night.
Present Perfect Tense I have (just) studied English. English has (just) been studied.
have/has been V3
Past Perfect Tense I had (already) studied English English had (already) been studied by
had been V3 by the time they came. the time they came.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Simple Future Tense I will study English tomorrow. English will be studied tomorrow.
will be V3
Be going to I am going to study English English is going to be studied
am/is/are going to be V3 tomorrow. tomorrow.
was/were going to be V3 I was going to study English English was going to be studied
yesterday but I couldn’t. yesterday.
Future Perfect Tense I will have studied English English will have been studied until
will have been V3 until they come tomorrow. they come tomorrow.
Modals I can study English tonight. English can be studied tonight.
modal V3 I should study English. English should be studied.
I must study English. English must be studied.
I should have studied English English should have been studied last
Perfect Modals last year. year.
modal have been V3 I could have studied English English could have been studied last
last night. night.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

PRESENT ACTIVE
do am/is/are has/have has/have
doing done been doing

PRESENT PASSIVE
is done am/is/are has/have -------
being done been done

PAST ACTIVE
did was/were had done had been
doing doing

PAST PASSIVE
was/were was/were had been -------
done being done done

FUTURE ACTIVE
will do will be doing will have will have
done been doing

FUTURE PASSIVE
will be done ------- will have -------
been done

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Stative Passive

Fiillerin üçüncü halleri bazen bir cümlede sıfat gibi işlev görür. Bu cümlelerde fiilin üçüncü hali eylemin
nasıl ya da kim tarafından yapıldığını anlatmaz, sadece bir ismi niteler durumdadır. Yani, bir şeyin
durumunu ifade ederler. Bundan dolayı, görünüş itibariyle passive gibi durmalarına rağmen eylem
bildirmeyen bu yapılar sıfat görevindedir denebilir.

Her leg is broken.

The message is written on the envelope.

I am exhausted.

• Stative passive yapılarının büyük bir kısmı kendisinden sonra preposition ile kullanılır.

Mary is interested in chemistry.

Peter is addicted to heroin.

She is worried about her future.

They are known for their debut album.

The whole building is equipped with the latest technology.

• Stative passive yapılarını “get” kullanarak eylem bildiren yapılar haline getirmek mümkündür.

Her leg is broken. (Stative Passive)

Her leg got broken yesterday.

She couldn’t complete her work because she was too tired.

She got tired since she worked more than 10 hours.

Bazı fiiller hem nesne alarak hem de nesne almadan kullanılabilirler. Yani, hem "geçişli" (Transitive) hem
de "geçişsiz" (Intransitive) olarak kullanılabilirler. Bu fiillerden en çok kullanılanları: "open, close, grow,
develop, sell, print, start, finish, ...etc."

The bank opens at 10 a.m.

The book sold more than expected.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Verilen cümleleri passive haline çeviriniz.

1. The gardener is mowing the grass at the moment.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener at the moment.

2. The gardener mows the grass once a month.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener once a month.

3. The gardener mowed the grass last week.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener last week.

4. The gardener was mowing the grass.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener.

5. The gardener has mowed the grass.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener.

6. The gardener had mowed the grass.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener.

7. The gardener will mow the grass tomorrow.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener tomorrow.

8. The gardener is going to mow the grass in the morning.

The grass ...................................... by the gardener in the morning.

9. The gardener will have mowed the grass by noon.

The grass ......................................by the gardener by noon.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

TEST 1 4. About 55 percent of those exiled to Siberia in

1. The standard for atomic weight ---- provided czarist Russia ---- by judicial process.
by the carbon isotope C12 since 1961. A) wasn't sentenced
A) had been B) haven't been sentenced
B)was C) were not sentenced
C) will be D) will haven't been sentenced
D) have been E) isn't sentenced
E) has been
5. The referee ---- from the football field by a
2. The house that ---- built in the forest doesn't strong police guard.
have electricity. A) will have escorted
A) had been B) was being escorted
B) have been C) escorted
C) was D) are being escorted
D) is E) will escort
E) has been
6. These prizes ---- administered continually by
3. Since 1927, the Academy Awards ---- given the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they
for outstanding contributions to the film were first awarded in 1901.
industry. A) was
A) will have been B) is
B) had been C) had been
C) have been D) will have
D) was E) have been
E) will be

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

7. She dropped in for a few minutes and asked 10. According to the legend, Nobel's death ----
if I ----shopping with her. in a newspaper, and the focus of the obituary
A) could go was the fact that Nobel had invented dynamite.
B) will go A) will have been reported
C) am going B) reported
D) have to go C) has been reported
E) went D) had been reported
E) is reported
8. Not only had the poor man been arrested,
but he ---- to prison as well. 11. The stones ---- by a student, who was
A) being sent afterwards led away by the police.
B) is sent A) were thrown
C) had been sent B) are thrown
D) has been sent C) was thrown
E) will be sent D) will have been thrown
E) will be thrown
9. Strong pressures ---- brought to bear by our
government and by the World Bank to get 12. Recently, the human past ---- revolutionized
developing countries to turn more functions by our concept of the lastly discovered fossils.
over to market forces. A) had been
A) have been B) will be
B) is C) have been
C)was D) will have been
D) will be E) has been
E) will have been
13. His speech about racial discrimination ----
tomorrow.
A) will condemn
B) is going to be condemned
C) has been condemned
D) is condemned
E) was condemned
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

14. Cities lost under desert sands ---- located 17. The letters which ---- typed today must be
and rediscovered, and the sea floor ---- mapped sent by APS.
using photographs from outer space. A) have been
A) were/ had been B) is
B) have been/ has been C) will have been
C) have been/ have been D) was
D) will have been/was being E) has been
E) are/is being
18. It ---- that the company, which had been on
15. The Wright brothers had designed more the verge of bankruptcy, got over the crisis
effective wings for the airplane than ---- through substantial borrowing from various
previously engineered. banks.
A) was A) are being pointed out
B) is B) has been pointed out
C) are being C) was pointed out
D) will be D) have been pointed out
E) had been E) will have been pointed out

16. The world ---- more and more energy and 19. Natural substances such as animal
new dams worldwide ---- to answer to this droppings, ashes from wood fires, and straw ----
demand. used as fertilizers in fields for thousands of
A) needed / constructed years.
B) has needed / have been constructed A) have been
C) is going to need / had constructed B) was
D) needs / was constructed C) has been
E) will need / were constructed D) will have been
E) will be

36
 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

20. The art of calligraphy ---- passed from one TEST 2

generation to another generation over the 1. The company accountant, charged with
centuries. embezzlement, ---- on trial.
A) has been A) will have put
B) have been B) is being put
C) was C) had been putting
D) will be D) has been put
E) will have been E) was putting

Test 1 2. The main reason why he ---- was his being an

1. E 6. E 11. A 16. B impostor but nobody ---- this except me.
2. E 7. A 12. E 17. A A) will dismiss / have known
3. C 8. C 13. B 18. C
B) was dismissed / knew
4. C 9. A 14. B 19. A
5. B 10. D 15. E 20. A C) have dismissed / were being known
D) dismiss / can be known
E) will have dismissed / used to be known

3. Divorced from the senator in 1983, she ----

three times on the same charge between 1974
and 1991.
A) arrested
B) arrest
C) will have arrested
D) was arrested
E) have arrested

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

4. According to the article which ---- in the 7. The new rock fill-dam on the Tigris ---- so
paper yesterday, the world is on the verge of --- solidly that even a severe earthquake ---- a
- extinct. threat.
A) has been publishing / become A) was built / couldn't pose
B) has published / have been becoming B) mustn't be built / hasn't posed
C) is published / became C) can be built / can't be posed
D) had been published / becomes D) build / will not pose
E) was published / becoming E) should build / isn't been posing

5. In Britain, after 1945, the maintenance of full 8. Following a year-long study; scientists ---- a
employment ---- by all political parties as the gene defect which they ---- was a cause of
primary objective of economic policy. obesity.
A) is being accepted A) has been observed / convince
B) was accepting B) was observing / has convinced
C) has been accepted C) observed / were convinced
D) was accepted D) will observe / will be convincing
E) had accepted E) had been observing / was convinced

6. Obviously each country ---- to know the 9. During all four days of Bayram, presents ----
source and size of foreign investment in order and thousands of people travel from place to
to protect its own security. place ---- relatives and friends.
A) could be entitling A) were exchanged / had been visited
B) are entitled B) have been exchanged / is visited
C) ought to have entitled C) had been exchanged / has visited
D) have been entitled D) are being exchanged / is visiting
E) ought to be entitled E) are exchanged / to visit

38
 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

10. Ever since Portugal ---- in 1580 by the 13. Atmospheric pollution which ---- by the
Spaniards under Philip II, the Portuguese people private properties of people such as
---- unremittingly fearful of another invasion. automobiles and factories is too difficult ---- by
A) capture / had been the next generation.
B) will be captured / were being A) is caused / were controlling
C) was captured / have been B) was caused / controlled
D) are captured / are B) is being caused / will control
E) was captured / had been D) have been caused / had been controlling
E) has been caused / to be controlled
11. A large portion of space ---- unexplored
though man ---- in it since the dawn of 14. The Nobel Foundation ---- at the beginning
civilization. of the century to put into effect the wishes
A) remains / has been interested expressed by Alfred Nobel in his will.
B) is remained / will interest A) was established
C) has remained / is going to interest B) will be established
D) is remaining / interested C) could be established
E) will be remained / has interested D) have established
E) used to establish
12. At the meeting of shareholders it ---- that
newly married couples ---- special support. 15. Shakespeare, who ---- to be the most
A) has been suggested / was giving important sonnet poet, is not usually thought of
B) suggested / was given as a satirist; yet ---- often satirical touches in his
C) could suggest / had given work.
D) is suggested / had been giving A) had been considered / there were
E) was suggested / should be given B) considered / there has been
C) will have considered / were
D) is considered / there are
E) is considering / there was

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

16. That language is highly complex ---- by the 19. I had some difficulties with my job, but all of
fact that up to now it ---- translate mechanically them ----.
from one language to another. A) had been solved
A) show/have been proving B) will be solved
B) had been showing/have proved C) have been solved
C) were shown/might prove D) should solve
D) will be shown /will be proved E) had solved
E) is shown/has not proved
20. My suitcases, which are now at the city
17. The president who ---- at the airport by a airport, ---- located.
great crowd, ---- a press conference about his A) has been
trip today. B) had been
A) would have welcomed / was holding C) have been
B) has been welcomed / was hold D) was
C) had been welcomed / has been holding E) would be
D) was welcomed / is hold
E) was welcomed / is going to hold Test 2
1. D 6. E 11. A 16. E
18. As progress ---- in nuclear science and 2. B 7. A 12. E 17. E
3. D 8. C 13. E 18. C
technology, the importance of the neutron ----
4. E 9. E 14. A 19. C
apparent. 5. D 10. C 15. D 20. C
A) made / became
B) has been made / were became
C) is made / becomes
D) has made / will become
E) would be made / have became

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

TEST 3 5. Adolescence ---- as a transition from

1. All aspects of man's behaviour ---- by social childhood to adulthood.
factors. A) views
A) are affecting B) is viewing
B) is being affected C) is viewed
C) are affected D) viewed
D) have affected
6. Many demonstrations ---- in recent years in
2. Great care should ---- when attempting to protest against the level of pollution.
interpret the meaning and significance of a A) are held
correlation. B) have held
A) observe C) have been held
B) have observed D) held
C) be observed
D) be observing 7. What ---- behind from the ancient
civilizations must be preserved carefully.
3. Glass ---- extensively in many modern A) left
buildings. B) was left
A) being used C) had left
B) is used D) it was left
C) uses
D) used
8. Christopher Columbus, a famous Italian
4. The needs of the learner must ---- when navigator, ---- until recently considered to be
specifying relevant goals. the first European to sail to the New World.
A) be considered A) has
B) have considered B) who has been
C) be considering C) was
D) considered D) that was

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

9. He ---- to withdraw his resignation. 14. Schools ---- the responsibility for teaching
A) persuaded the predominant social norms and values.
B) had persuaded A) have given
C) was persuading B) are giving
D) was persuaded C) are given
D) given
10. We were made ---- the boxes.
A) to carry 15. Galileo ---- to as the father of modern
B) carrying science.
C) to be carried A) often refers
D) being carried B) has often referred
C) often referred
11. An important distinction ---- between short- D) is often referred
term memory and long-term memory.
A) to be made 16. The task of science, as we know, is to
B) being made discover facts; but a haphazard collection of
C) makes facts cannot ---- a science.
D) can be made A) say that it constitutes
B) be said to constitute
12. Many divorce laws require that one mate C) be said that it constitutes
must ---- at fault for the divorce to be obtained. D) have said what constitutes
A) find
B) have been found 17. Crime must be defined before the criminal --
C) be finding -- .
D) be found A) can identify
B) will be identified
13. Teaching ---- as the facilitation of learning. C) can be identified
A) defines D) was identified
B) has been defined
C) is defining
D) can define

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

18. It ---- that the skin is not uniformly sensitive, 22. Spoilage of foods ---- by bacterial growth.
even within a small area. A) usually caused
A) has long known B) being usually caused
B) has been known long C) has usually caused
C) has long been known D) is usually caused
D) has known long
23. Helium ---- to be the major constituent of
19. Leisure time ---- for self-betterment the stars.
through such activities as education and A) is believed
cultural pursuits. B) is believed that
A) is increasingly utilized C) believes
B) increasingly utilizes D) that it is believed
C) has increasingly utilized
D) increasingly utilized

20. Knowledge ---- as basic to all the other ends 24. He works as an apprentice in a garage. Since
or purposes of education. he doesn't go to school any longer, he ---- from
A) quite frequently regards his school because of his lack of attendance.
B) has quite frequently regarded A) must expel
C) is quite frequently regarded B) must have expelled
D) quite frequently regarded C) must have been expelled
D) would have been expelled
21. The uniqueness of man ---- in terms of his
being able to talk. Test 3
A) has sometimes explained
1. C 5. C 9. D 13. B 17. C 21. C
B) sometimes explains
2. C 6. C 10. A 14. C 18. C 22. D
C) is sometimes explained
3. B 7. B 11. D 15. D 19. A 23. A
D) sometimes it is explained
4. A 8. C 12. D 16. B 20. C 24. C

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

CAUSATIVES
ETTIRGEN YAPILAR
• İngilizce’de ettirgen yapılar belirli bir kalıba dayalı biçimde oluşturulur.

A. Eylemin kime yaptırıldığı ifade ediliyorsa;

HAVE SOMEBODY DO (V1) SOMETHING

1. I am having a mechanic repair my car.
2. They must have the plumber mend their tap.
3. She has my mother iron my clothes every Sunday.
4. We will have the gardener cut our grass.
GET SOMEBODY TO DO (V1) SOMETHING
1. She got her husband to buy a car for her.
2. We may get the teacher to postpone the exam.
3. I will get my secretary to file these documents.
4. We got Mr Brown to paint our house.

• Bazı fiillerin kendileri anlamları itibariyle ettirgendir.

LET SOMEBODY DO (V1) SOMETHING

1. We shouldn’t let him interfere with our plan.
2. Her parents don’t let her go out.
3. The doctor let the patient leave the hospital.
4. The museum’s administration doesn’t let the visitors take photos inside.
MAKE SOMEBODY DO (V1) SOMETHING
1. She made me carry the boxes.
2. The customs office will make the refugees go back to their own countries.
3. The bank robber made the people hold their hands up.
4. The family has made their daughter marry a rich man.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

HELP SOMEBODY DO (V1)/ TO DO SOMETHING

1. I helped Alison do/ to do her homework.
2. They will help us paint/ to paint the house.
3. The teacher helped us solve/ to solve the problem.
4. Taking these pills will help you lose / to lose weight.

B. Sadece eylemin yaptırıldığı ifade ediliyorsa;

HAVE SOMETHING DONE (V3)

GET SOMETHING DONE (V3)
1. She had her tooth pulled yesterday.
2. Jack and Jill haven’t got their passports renewed.
3. I have had my wallet stolen.
4. I want to get a dress made for my graduation ball
5. She always gets their room cleaned by her sister.
6. You could get your tyres changed.

Dikkat edilmesi gereken bir diğer nokta "make" ve "let" yapılarının passive yani "edilgen" olarak
kullanılmasıdır. "Let" fiili genelde passive halde kullanılmaz. "Let" fiili ile passive kullanmamız gereken
durumlarda "allow" fiilinin passive olarak "be allowed to" şeklinde kullanımı daha yaygın bir
kullanımdır.

* I was made to carry the boxes. - Kutuları bana taşıttılar.

* She wasn't allowed to speak. - Konuşmasına müsaade edilmedi.

Yukarıdaki örneklerde de görüldüğü üzere verilen passive yapıların devamlarında fiil "to V1" şeklinde
getirilir.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

TEST 1 4. He's having his old garage ---- into a

1. The usual spot where the cramp ---- is the calf photographic studio.

of the leg; and it sometimes comes with such A) converted

violence that the muscles ---- up into knots. B) to convert

A) was felt I were gathered C) is converted

B) has felt / had been gathered D) to be converted

C) is felt / are gathered E) converting

D) will be felt I have gathered

E) feels / will be gathered 5. The puppies ---- obviously ---- by their
mother, so we decided to take them in and look

2. Generally, people ---- into three categories after them.

according to their attitudes towards money: A) will / be abandoning

misers, spenders, and economizers. B) had / been abandoned

A) will be classified C) was/abandoned

B) classify D) have I been abandoning

C) were being classified E) would / be abandoned

D) are classified
E) would be classifying 6. During the fermentation period of wine-
making, the natural sugar in the grapes ---- to
3. Notting Hill Carnival ---- in London each alcohol.
August bank holiday, and ---- the largest and A) will be converting
most colourful street event in Britain. B) had been converted
A) holds/was C) has converted
B) was held I would be D) were being converted
C) is held/is E) is converted
D) will be held / had been
E) has been held I would be

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

7. The commission ---- that Mr Mugabe's ruling 10. She ---- with £1000 for winning the painting
ZANU-PF party ---- in the parliamentary competition, and --- the award to decorate her
election. studio.
A) announced / had been defeated A) presented / was used
B) was announced / defeated B) had been presented / has used
C) will be announced / has defeated C) will present / will use
D) is being announced / will be defeated D) was presented / used
E) has announced / would be defeated E) has been presented / would use

8. During the Industrial Revolution, glass 11. She ---- a lot of mistakes on her first day at
workers in Birmingham, England, ---- two the clothing factory and ---- only for completed
weeks' holiday at the end of August. Far from articles.
taking a break, many poor families ---- to the A) was made / pays
countryside to help with harvesting the fruit. B) made / was paid
A) gave / were travelled C) has made / has been paid
B) had been given / have travelled D) will be made / had been paid
C) will be given / travelled E) makes / is paid
D) are given / travel
E) were given / travelled 12. ln the North Atlantic Ocean, delicious
northern lobsters ---- off the eastern seaboard
9. The basic theme of most James Bond films is of Canada.
that an evil organization ---- to carry out a A) have caught
sinister plot of some kind, but ---- from doing so B) will be catching
by the hero. C) are caught
A) is trying / is prevented D) had been caught
B) was tried / prevented E) were to be caught
C) has tried / had been prevented
D) will try / has been prevented
E) tried / were prevented

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

13. The workers at the motor parts factory, who 16. A solution's pH ---- with universal indicator
---- to asbestos dust ---- with sufficient safety solution or paper, which ---- colour in acids and
equipment. alkalis.
A) expose / do not provide A) can test / is changed
B) are exposed / are not provided B) could be tested / had changed
C) will be exposed / won't provide C) is tested / has been changed
D) have exposed / are exposing D) can be tested / changes
E) were exposed / won't be provided E) has tested / will change

14. At the age of seven, he ---- to an art school 17. The earliest evidence of Iron Age settlement
for children, but he ---- because he was too ---- the nok culture (500 BC - AD 200), which ----
young. in what is now central Nigeria.
A) was applied / was rejected A) calls/exists
B) had applied / rejected B) has been called / has existed
C) applied / was rejected C) was called / will be existing
D) will be applied / has been rejected D) had been called / exists
E) applies / is rejected E) is called / existed

15. King Henry VIII of England had six wives. He 18. Airships and balloons ---- as lighter than-air
---- his second wife ---- and his fifth wife, Anne aircraft because, instead of wings, they ---- a
of Cleves, met the same fate. large envelope, or bag, full of gas or hot air that
A) had/beheaded is lighter than the air in the atmosphere around
B) has had / to behead it.
C) had had / to be beheaded A) are known / use
D) was having / beheaded B) were known / were using
E) would have / beheaded C) had known / used
D) would be known / have used
E) know / are used

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

19. Balloons fly where the wind ---- them while 22. Since 1945, many international agreements
airships have engines and ----. ---- to protect the rights of oppressed people
A) is blown / steer around the world.
B) was blown / were steered A) are being signed
C) blows / can be steered B) have signed
D) blew / could be steered C) were signed
E) had blown / are steered D) have been signed
E) would be signed
20. Practical airships ---- only after the
lightweight internal combustion engine ----. 23. American Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962),
A) can build / was developed chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights
B) could be built / had been developed anti widow of a former US president, was the
C) were built / developed person most responsible for getting the
D) built / was developed Declaration ----.
E) had been built / was developed A) approved
B) to approve
21. Some people believe that the right to the C) approving
necessities of life, such as food and clear water, D) to be approved
---- also ---- as basic human rights. E) approve
A) were / being viewed
B) are/viewing 24. In-patients usually stay in dormitory-type
C) should / be viewed wards. They ---- into medical and surgical
D) has / been viewed groups of children, men, women, and the
E) could / have been viewed elderly.
A) were separated
B) separate
C) will be separated
D) are separated
E) have separated

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Test 1 3. Prior to using genetically modified LAB to

1. C 5. B 9. A 13. B 17. E 21. C deliver life-saving antivirals to children, a
2. D 6. E 10. D 14. C 18. A 22. D number of obstacles ----.
3. C 7. A 11. B 15. A 19. C 23. A A) need to overcome

4. A 8. E 12. C 16. D 20. B 24. D B) has overcome

C) is overcoming
D) had overcome

Test 2 E) must be overcome

1. European industry maintains a leading

position in this market and this ---- only by the 4. Epilepsy, one of the most common

superiority of the end products. neurological disorders in the world, ---- by

A) secures abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

B) was secured A) causes

C) could secure B) has caused

D) can be secured C) is caused

E) might have been secured D) has been caused

E) caused

2. Figures from the Ukraine Radiological

Institute suggest that over 2,500 deaths ---- by 5. The first printed books in Europe ---- during

the Chernobyl accident. the mid-1400's. Since then, millions of books ----

A) has been caused on almost every subject and in every written

B) has caused language.

C) is caused A) were appeared / were printed

D) were caused B) appeared / have been printed

E) had caused C) are being appeared / printed

D) have appeared / were printed
E) will appear/have been printed

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

6. Since the early 1800's, most executions ---- 9. In 1997 the Conference on "Environment and
from convictions for murder. The death penalty Society: Education and Public Awareness for
---- for such serious crimes as armed robbery, Sustainability" ---- jointly by UNESCO and Greek
kidnapping, rape, and treason. Government and endorsed the "Thessaloniki
A) resulted / is also imposed Declaration".
B) were resulted / was also imposed A) is organized
C) have resulted / has also been imposed B) has organized
D) have been resulted / also imposed C) has been organized
E) are resulted / also imposes D) was organized
E) had been organized
7. In the late 1990's, 38 states of the United
States had laws that ---- the death penalty. 10. Hundreds of people ---- in the United States
These laws ---- by a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court since the Supreme Court ---- the death penalty
decision. in 1976.
A) were allowed / influenced A) have been executed / upheld
B) allowed / were influenced B) were executed / was upheld
C) have been allowed / are influenced C) have executed / upheld
D) allowed / are influenced D) executed / has been upheld
E) allow / had been influenced E) have been executed / was upheld

8. Supporters of capital punishment ---- that, in 11. The Stone Age ---- about 21.2 million years
certain circumstances, people who take human ago, when small stones ---- into crude chopping
life ---- to lose their own lives. tools.
A) are believing / are deserved A) had begun / were made
B) were believed / deserved B) began / were made
C) believe / deserve C) has begun / made
D) will believe / were deserved D) began/made
E) have believed / have been deserved E) was begun / made

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

12. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato was 15. Capital punishment ---- during the Middle
the first known literary critic. He ---- poetry of Ages, especially for crimes against the state and
imitating the mere appearance of things. church.
A) accused A) was used
B) was accused B) used
C) has accused C) has been used
D) had been accused D) has used
E) accuses E) had been used

13. Several thousand people ---- to death ---- 16. After the 1972 decision, many state
and the outcome of legal appeals. legislatures ---- new capital punishment laws
A) have sentenced / are awaiting designed to satisfy the Supreme Court's
B) were sentenced / will be awaiting requirements.
C) sentenced / wait A) has passed
D) had been sentenced / are awaited B) were passed
E) have been sentenced / are awaiting C) passed
D) had passed
14. Many people ---- the death penalty, chiefly E) had been passed
because they consider it cruel. Critics also ----
against the risk of executing mistakenly 17. lt ---- that the newly gained insight will aid
convicted people. researchers towards the development of
A) are opposed / warn innovative neuroprotective therapies.
B) oppose / were warned A) anticipated
C) have opposed / are warned B) was anticipated
D) oppose/warn C) had been anticipated
E) opposed / warned D) has anticipated
E) is anticipated

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

18. Two main techniques ---- for training 21. It ---- that the falling of an apple to the
elephants, which ---- respectively the tough and ground helped the great mathematician and
the gentle. scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ---- the
A) have been used / may call laws of gravity.
B) are used / may be called A) had been said / to work out
C) had used / may call B) is said / work out
D) were being used / may be calling C) is said / working out
E) used / may be called D) says / works out
E) said / worked out
19. The text is the main part of the book. It ----
into separate parts called chapters or books. 22. Once a year, at a special ceremony,
A) is divided distinguished people ----Nobel Prizes.
B) has been divided A) award
C) divides B) are being awarded
D) was divided C) are awarded
E) has divided D) were awarded
E) have been awarded
20. A week ago I went down to my branch and
filled out an application form there and got the 23. The President had his speech ---- by a very
man ---- it before I left so that there was talented group of writers.
nothing missing. A) to be written
A) being checked B) write
B) checking C) to write
C) to be checked D) written
D) checked E) being written
E) to check

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

24. A web-based interactive tool for cleft lip and

palate speech and language assessment ----.
A) has been developed
B) has developed
C) was being developed
D) developed
E) had been developed

Test 2
1. D 5. B 9. D 13. E 17. E 21. B
2. D 6. C 10. A 14. D 18. B 22. C
3. E 7. B 11. B 15. A 19. A 23. D
4. C 8. C 12. A 16. C 20. E 24. A

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

IF CLAUSES

(KOŞUL CÜMLECİKLERİ)
Type If Clause Result Clause Açıklamalar
(Tip) (Şart Cümleciği) (Sonuç
Cümleciği)
Nedeni ve sonucu her zaman geçerli
0. Real Condition Simple Present Simple Present olan bir koşuldan söz edilirken
kullanılır.
1. If you mix yellow and blue, it becomes green.
2. If the moon is full, the tides are high.
3. If you heat ice, it melts.
Present Tenses will Şu anda veya gelecekte yapılması
1.Present/Future can + V1 present modals olası olan koşulu gösterir.
Possibility should + V1 + V1 *should olasılığın az olduğunu belirtir.
to be to + V1 imperative (V1) * to be to amaç bildirir.
1. If my father comes early, we will go to the cinema.
2. I can’t join the seminar if I don’t get over this fever.
3. If you study harder, you will pass KPDS.
4. We may go out if the weather improves.
5. If I can, I will help him.
6. If you have a headache, take an aspirin.
7. If Joey should find a good reference, he will get the job.
8. If the doctor is to care for people in the hospital, s/he really must know every aspect of their
treatment. (A doctor must know every aspect of the treatment in order to care for people in the
hospital.)
9. If a student is to succeed, s/he must study hard. (If a student wants to succeed, s/he must study hard.)
Inversion (Devrik Yapı)
If’li cümlenin should yapısını içermesi durumunda cümle devrik yapılabilir.
1. If I should attend the meeting, I will call you.
Should I attend the meeting, I will call you.
2. If she should call, tell her I will be back in an hour.
Should she call, tell her I will be back in an hour.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

İçinde bulunulan anda gerçek dışı olan

2. Present Unreal Simple Past would + V1 veya gelecekte gerçekleşme olasılığı
could + V1 could + V1 görünmeyen koşulları belirtir.
were to + V1 might + V1 *were to daha az bir olasılığı bildirir.

1. If I had wings, I could fly.

2. If it were hot, we would go to the beach.
3. Erica wouldn’t be happy if she didn’t work in this company.
4. I would help if I could, but unfortunately I can’t.
5. If Mike were to work with us, I couldn’t stand working here.

 If it weren’t for= olmasa, olmasaydı

If it weren’t for his wife, he wouldn’t be a boss.
Inversion (Devrik Yapı)
If’li cümlenin were yapısını içermesi durumunda cümle devrik yapılabilir.
If they weren’t busy, they could go to the beach this afternoon.
Were they not busy, they could go to the beach this afternoon.

3. Past Unreal Past Perfect would have V3 Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş olan

could have V3 could have V3 koşullar için kullanılır.
might have V3
1. The Titanic wouldn’t have sunk if it had had a developed radar.
2. If I hadn’t drunk too much coffee last night, I wouldn’t have spent a sleepless night.
3. If I couldn’t have gone to Italy, I would have been very disappointed.

 If it hadn’t been for=olmasaydı, olmamış olsaydı

If it hadn’t been for your help, she could have gone to prison.
Inversion (Devrik)
If’li cümle “had V3” yapısını içermesi durumunda cümle devrik yapılabilir.
1. If he had taken my advice seriously, he wouldn’t have faced such problems.
Had he taken my advice seriously, he wouldn’t have faced such problems.
2. If I had known you were at home yesterday, I would have called you.
Had I known you were at home yesterday, I would have called you.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Past Perfect would V1 Nedeni geçmişte kalmış fakat sonucu

could have V3 could V1 şimdi görülen sonuç
4. Mixed Type might V1
Bugünle bağıntılı bir nedenin
Simple Past would have V3 geçmişte doğurduğu sonuçtan
could V1 could have V3 bahsetmek için kullanılır.
might have V3
1. If the children hadn’t been naughty yesterday, they would be in Disneyland with the group today.
2. If you had learned English when you were in high school, you wouldn’t be in this class right now.
3. If he were your real friend, he wouldn’t have treated you badly yesterday.
4. Patrick might have called more friends for his party yesterday if he lived in a bigger house.

 Bazı if cümleciklerinin başına only zarfı gelebilir. Only if ile başlayan koşul cümleciği cümlenin
başında kullanılırsa temel cümlecik devrik yapılır.
Only if you study hard, will you be successful.
You will be successful only if you study hard.
Only if you finish all your homework, can you go to the cinema.
You can go to the cinema only if you finish all your homework.

Other Conditionals
Unless olmadığı takdirde, -medikçe
1. Unless they apply a new strategy, they will go bankrupt.
(If they don’t apply a new strategy, they will go bankrupt.)
2. The teacher wouldn’t be absent unless she were sick.
3. Unless they had borrowed money from the bank, they couldn’t have afforded a holiday abroad.
Provided (that) koşuluyla, şartıyla
Providing (that)
1. Provided (that) you study hard, you can pass the exam.
2. You can enter the club providing (that) you are at least 18 years old.
As long as -dığı sürece, şartıyla
So long as
1. So long as you don’t violate the rules, you can stay here.
2. You can stay here as long as you obey the rules.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Suppose (that) varsayalım ki..., diyelim ki...

Supposing (that)
1. Suppose (that) you won the lottery, what would you do?
2. Supposing (that) we miss the train, what will we do then?
3. Suppose (that) you had been Turgut Özal, what would you have done?
Whether...or (not) -se de, -sa da
1. Whether it is cold or not, we will go to the beach.
2. We won’t be able to be there on time whether we travel by bus or car.

On condition that şartıyla, koşuluyla

1. You can borrow my car on condition that you bring it back until Sunday.
2. Inflation rate will decrease on condition that the government takes necessary measures.
In the event that durumunda
1. In the event that it rains next Sunday, the wedding will be held indoor.
2. In the event that the performance is cancelled, you can get your money back.
Assuming (that) farz edersek, varsayarsak
Assuming that he was brought up in Italy, he would be able to speak Italian fluently.

Implied If ile kurulan present unreal ve past unreal türündeki koşul cümlecikleri yerine but, or,
Conditions then, without ve otherwise ile kurulan koşul cümlecikleri kullanılabilir.
1. If I knew her address, I would write her.
I would write her, but I don’t know her address.
I don’t know her address, or I would write her.
I don’t know her address, otherwise I would write to him.
2. If he had taken his job more seriously last year, he would have been promoted.
He would have been promoted, but he didn’t take his job seriously.
He didn’t take his job seriously, otherwise he would have been promoted.
3. If only we had a car. Then we could get there on time.
4. Without any help, you cannot deal with this problem.
(You cannot deal with this problem if you don’t get any help.)

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Aşağıda verilen cümleleri parantez içerisindeki fiilleri kullanarak boşlukları uygun Conditional (Şart
Cümlesi) ile doldurunuz.

1. I wouldn't have brought umbrella if I (know) __________ that it was not raining.

2. If he is there he (answer) _____________ the phone.

3. I (not buy) ______________ these things if I were you.

4. I (bring) _____________ you some food if I had known that you were hungry.

5. If I had known you didn't like the food, I (not buy) _________________ it.

6. You will smell if you (not change) _______________ your clothes.

7. If you (wear)______________ this coat, nobody would have recognized you.

8. She (not have)________________ so many accidents if she drove more carefully.

9. I'll get lost if you (not go) _______________ with me.

10. If you shake that bottle, it (not be) ______________ fit to drink.

11. We'll have to walk if we (run out) _______________ of petrol here.

12. If you were unemployed, what (you do) ________________ ?

13. Unless you turn that music down, I (go) _____________ mad.

14. I could repair the roof myself if I (have)________________ a longer ladder.

15. If you (read) _____________ the article carefully, you wouldn't have asked anything.

16. What (you do) _____________ if you heard the alarm?

17. Someone (steal) ____________ your glasses if you leave them there.

18. If someone offered to buy you one of those cars, which one (you choose) _________________?

19. If you go to London, where (you stay) ___________________ ?

20. If you pass the exam, we (celebrate) __________________ it.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

Aşağıda verilen cümleleri parantez içerisindeki fiilleri kullanarak uygun Conditional (Şart Cümlesi) ile
doldurunuz.

1. 'Don't forget to give me a ring.' 'I will give you a ring before I (go) ___________'

2. As soon as he (get) __________ home he is going to have a bath.

3. Do you mind if he (use) _____________ your dictionary?

4. Don't go out. Wait until the storm (stop) _____________ .

5. I (talk) _____________ to you later when I have more time.

6. I'll be very unhappy when she (leave) ______________ .

7. I'm going to bed when I (finish) ______________ my homework.

8. If I (be) _______________ late this evening, go without me.

9. If I (not feel) ________________ well tomorrow, I will stay in bed.

10. If you (not hurry) ______________, you will miss the bus.

11. Julia is going to live with us while we (be) _______________ at home.

12. She (be) ________________ in New York when Jill is in Paris.

13. She won't pass her exams if she (not study) ________________ harder.

14. We must do something before it (be) ________________ too late.

15. We will come and visit you when we (be) ______________ in America.

16. When he (leave) ______________ school he will go to university.

17. When I come to see you tomorrow, I (bring) _____________ the tapes.

18. When it (rain) _____________ , I'll stay at home.

19. Will you write a letter to me if I (give) ______________ you my address?

20. You will stay here until I (come) ______________ back.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

C) If you cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it

would freeze.
D) If you had cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it
would have frozen.

Her soru bir durumu anlatmaktadır. Duruma 4. It may rain this afternoon. I hope it doesn't
bağlı olarak, hangi Conditional (Şart) because I don't want the match to be cancelled.
cümlesinin uygun olduğunu bulunuz.
A) If it rains, the match is cancelled.
1. I want to buy a Porsche, but I don't have B) If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
enough money. C) If it rained, the match would be cancelled.
D) If it had rained, the match would have been
A) If I have enough money, I buy a Porsche. cancelled.
B) If I have enough money, I will buy a Porsche.
C) If I had enough money, I would buy a
Porsche. 5. Unfortunately, I don't know Philosophy, so I
D) If I had had enough money, I would have can't answer your question.
bought a Porsche.
A) If I know Philosophy, I can answer your
question.
2. He stepped on the mine, and it exploded. B) If I know Philosophy, I will be able to answer
A) If he doesn't step on the mine, it doesn't your question.
explode. C) If I knew Philosophy, I would be able to
answer your question.
B) If he doesn't step on the mine, it won't D)If I had known Philosophy, I would have been
explode. able to answer your question.
C) If he didn't step on the mine, it wouldn't
explode.
D) If he hadn't stepped on the mine, it wouldn't 6. You ignored my advice, so you got into
have exploded. trouble!

A) If you don't ignore my advice, you don't get

3. In my experiments, the liquid is cooled to 32 into trouble.
degrees. It always freezes. B) If you don't ignore my advice, you won't get
into trouble.
A) If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it freezes. C) If you didn't ignore my advice, you wouldn't
B) If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it will get into trouble.
freeze.

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

D) If you hadn't ignored my advice, you

wouldn't have got into trouble.

4. You have to fill in those exercises ---- you

Test 1 want to perform poorly in the exam tomorrow.

1. If my application for the scholarship ----, I ---- A) if

my education in the States. B) in case

A) was accepted / can continue C) otherwise

B) has been accepted / have been continuing D) unless

C) had been accepted / could have continued E) provided

D) accepts / will have continued

E) will be accepted / will continue 5. If the experiment ---- successful at the first
try, we ---- it again tomorrow.

2. I don't think that the meeting ---- so long as A) must have been / won't have to perform

there ---- enough members. B) weren't / wouldn't have to perform

A) could be held / aren't C) is / could have had to perform

B) had held / could be D) should be / will have to perform

C) will be held / won't be E) had been / wouldn't have to perform

D) is holding / will be
E) has been held / were 6. Mustafa ---- the most successful in the writing
contest, but he ---- the deadline to hand in his

3. You ---- in such trouble if you ---- to my essay.

advice. A) could have proven / missed

A) hadn't been / listened B) proved / was missing

B) aren't / will listen C) will prove / has missed

C) wouldn't be / had listened D) would have been proven / had missed

D) won't be / were listening E) can prove / won't have missed

E) weren't / would have listened

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

7. If I ---- Mary last night, I ---- her to bring my 11. The traffic this morning ---- into jam if the
CD today. bus ---- the lorry.
A) saw / would remind A) hadn't turned / could avoid
B) was seeing / could have reminded B) should have turned / didn't avoid
C) had seen / would have reminded C) wouldn't have turned / could have avoided
D) were to see / would be reminding D) must not have turned / avoided
E) must have seen / had reminded E) might have turned / wouldn't avoid
8. Should I not pay for my electricity bill
tomorrow, they ---- my energy any time. 12. Negotiations almost came to a halt. If both
A) were cutting sides ---- more flexible and considerate for the
B) will have cut other, a solution to the border problem ----.
C) would cut A) were / could be found
D) may cut B) are / will be found
E) could have cut C) had been / could have found
D) would be / had been found
9. I ---- an extra pencil in case I ---- it in the E) could have been / could have been found
exam.
A) have taken / will need
B) took / might need 13. We ---- the evening news all the time if it ----
C) am taking / needed so saddening.
D) had taken / had needed A) would have watched / weren't
E) was taking / would have needed B) would watch / weren't
C) had watched / hadn't been
10. There ---- such a big accident if the roads ---- D) will watch / wouldn't be
icy. E) could have watched / wouldn't have been
A) may not be / won't be
B) weren't / haven't been 14. I will feel lucky if I ---- a well-paid job during
C) won't be / aren't going to be this crisis.
D) might not have been / aren't A) can find
E) wouldn't have been / weren't B) must find
C) am finding
D) could have found
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

E) will find A) served / wouldn’t have

B) would serve / haven't had
C) will serve / aren't having
D) would serve / don't have
E) would have served / don't have

15. It seems that few businessmen participated 19. If I ---- you even half of what I hear, you ----
in the charity ball for the street children; me.
otherwise, more money ----. A) tell / haven't believed
A) had been raised B) told / won't believe
B) was being raised C) were to tell / wouldn't believe
C) could have raised D) were to tell / didn't believe
D) might have been raising E) told / wouldn't have believed
E) would have been raised
20. If he ---- the crime, he ---- in prison now.
16. If Bobby Kennedy ----, he ---- the US A) didn't commit / wasn't
President. B) hadn't committed / isn't
A) had not been killed / might have become C) hadn't committed / wouldn't have been
B) wasn't killed / would become D) didn't commit / wouldn't be
C) had not been killed / became E) hadn't committed / wouldn't be
D) had not killed / could have become
E) had not been killed / could become
21. If he had arrived a little earlier, he ---- all the
17. If he ---- to the meeting last night, I -----him. news.
A) came / would see A) was given
B) had come / would have to see B) would have been given
C) would have come / could have seen C) has been given
D) came / could have seen D) will have been given
E) had come / would have seen E) could have given

18. We ---- wine with the dinner, but 22. The government ---- more drastic measures
unfortunately we ----- any right now. if the escalating violence -----.
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

A) will take / curbs

B) would have taken / had curbed
C) took / would be curbed
D) will have to take / is to be curbed
E) would have been taken / had been curbed

24. I can't find words to tell you how happy I am Test 2

to get this precious prize. I ---- happier ---- a 1. I ---- it unless you really ---- me to.
millionaire this very day. A) wouldn't do /want
A) wouldn't have been / if I became B) didn't do / had wanted
B) wouldn't be /were to have become C) wouldn't have done / wanted
C) won't be / if I become D) don't do /will want
D) wouldn't be / if I have become E) won't do / want
E) would not be / were I to become

2. Unless their demands ----- the union

25. ---- me earlier, I ---- there. members will go on strike.
A) Had you warned /wouldn't have gone A) meet
B) If you warned / wouldn't go B) were met
C) If you have warned / wouldn't go C) will be met
D) Were you to warn / didn't go D) are met
E) If you had been warned /wouldn't have gone E) aren't met

Test 1 3. Unless the majority of the members vote for

1. C 6. A 11. C 16. A 21. B the candidate, he ---- in the elections to be next
2. A 7. C 12. E 17. E 22. D Sunday.
3. C 8. D 13. B 18. D 23. B A) won't elect
4. D 9. B 14. A 19. C 24. E B) couldn't be elected
5. E 10. E 15. E 20. E 25. A C) isn't elected
D) cannot be elected
E) can't elect

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

C) had known
D) had been
E) know

4. Fighting ---- in Rwanda in two or three 8. If it ---- tomorrow, we'll go on a picnic.

months unless a political settlement ---- soon. A) didn't rain
A) will resume / will be reached B) won't be raining
B) would resume / reached C) won't rain
C) may resume / is reached D) doesn't rain
D) might resume / has reached E) rains
E) can resume / isn't reached
9. If I had time, ---- see that new movie at the
5. Unless I ---- a new car, I ---- to a garage for Odeon.
repairs. A) I'll B) I shall
A) can afford / often had to go C) I may D) I'd
B) can't afford / will often have to go E) I'd have
C) can afford / will often have to go 10. ---- he would have come to class.
D) could have afforded / would often go A) If Mike is able to finish his homework
E) couldn't afford / would often have to go B) Would Mike be able to finish his homework
C) If Mike could finish his homework
6. If I have enough apples tomorrow, I ---- an D) If Mike had been able to finish his
apple pie for you. homework
A) bake E) Had Mike been finished his homework
B) would bake
C) will bake 11. George would certainly have attended the
D) am baking meeting, ----.
E) bakes A) if he didn't get a flat tire
B) had he not had a flat tire
7. If I ---- you were ill, I would have visited you. C) had the tire not flattened itself
A) knew D) if the flat tire hadn't been
B) have known E) if he hadn't been had a flat tire
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

A) didn't
B) haven't
C) hadn't
D) weren't
E) don't
12. Unless we ---- calmly and logically about 16. If I had eaten breakfast this morning, I ----
your problem, we will not be able to resolve it. hungry now.
A) talked A) wasn't
B) have talked B) wouldn't be
C) talk C) wouldn't have been
D) are talking D) am not
E) will talk E) shouldn't have been

13. I don't have a pen, but if I ----, I would lend it 17. I ---- with you, but I had to study.
you. A) would go
A) would B) would have gone
B) do C) might go
C) did D) could go
D) had had E) should go
E) hasn't
18. ---- anyone call, please take a message.
14. The weather is cold today, but if it ---- I A) Did
would go swimming. B) Should
A) weren't C) Could
B) hadn't D) Might
C) isn't E) If
D) wouldn't
E) have 19. ---- I you, I wouldn't do that
A) Was B) Were
15. I called my husband to tell him I would be C) Am D) Could be
late. If I ----, he would have gotten worried E) Are
about me.
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

D) If he leaves
E) If he had left

24. Jill always answers the phone if she ---- in

20. ---- about your problem, I might have been her office.
able to help you. A) were
A) If you told me B) was
B) You had told me C) is
C) Had you told me D) would be
D) If you were to tell me E) could be
E) Have you told me
25. Jill would answer the phone if she ---- in her
21. I always pay my bills. If I ----, l would get in a office right now.
lot of trouble. A) were
A) didn't B) had been
B) don't C) is
C) hadn't D) would be
D) weren't E) could be
E) am not
Test 2
22. He didn't go to a doctor, but if he ----, the 1. E 6. C 11. B 16. B 21. A
cut on his hand wouldn't have gotten infected. 2. D 7. C 12. C 17. B 22. A
A) had 3. D 8. D 13. C 18. B 23. C
B) has had 4. C 9. D 14. A 19. B 24. C
C) did 5. C 10. D 15. C 20. C 25. A
D) would have had
E) had had

23. ---- today, he would get there by Friday.

A) Would he leave
B) Was he leaving
C) Were he to leave
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

D) When I get / would choose

E) If I am going to get / will choose

Test 3 5. If you ---- the project by last Monday, you

wouldn't be asking for help today.
1. If I ---- of their difficulties, I ---- them.
A) have completed
A) have heard / would help
B) completed
B) heard / would have helped
C) had completed
C) hear / would go and help
D) were completed
D) would hear / would go to help
E) were completing
E) had heard / would have gone to help

6. Under all systems of law, a partner ---- his

2. If you ---- any more, ---- I clean your table?
share or interest in a partnership to anyone the
A) are not eating / may
wishes unless the partnership agreement ----
B) don't eat / shall
this.
C) don't eat / will
A) would assign / forbids
D) are not going to eat / will
B) can’t assign / forbids
E) won't eat / do
C) would have assign / forbade
D) may assign / had forbidden
3. I ---- in such a stupid situation at present if I
E) can assign / forbids
had realized that she wasn't going to keep her
promise.
7. If the evidences ---- not clear, the judge must
A) wouldn't have been
try to obtain more and more witnesses.
B) wouldn't be
A) are
C) wasn't
B) were
D) weren't
C) being
E) wasn't be
D) are to be
E) have been
4. I'm happily married. ---- married again, I ----
the same person.
8. If you don't feel hungry, you ---- it.
A) If I were to get / would choose
A) won't eat
B) If I had gotten /I would have chosen
B) don't have to eat
C) Only if I get / will chose
C) would not eat
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

D) would eat 12. If we didn't have to be here at the moment,

E) wouldn't be eating I'm sure most of us ---- doing something more
9. If women ---- more rights, there wouldn't be enjoyable.
so many disagreements between them and A) were
men. B) would be
A) gave C) should be
B) had had D) had been
C) would have E) was
D) have had
E) were given 13. If the jockey ---- the horse, it ---- the race.
That was a real mistake.
10. If the members of your club ---- any A) had urged / would have won
questions that haven't been answered by this B) urged / would win
letter, please contact us again. C) was urged / would have won
A) will have D) was urging / would win
B) had E) urged / would won
C) are having
D) have 14. If she ---- she wouldn't be in bed now with
E) have had her broken legs.
A) hadn't hurried
11. The answers to the questionnaire showed B) wouldn't hurry
that most adults would prefer to work even if C) didn't hurry
they ----. D) wasn't hurrying
A) didn't have to E) hurried
B) have to
C) don't 15. If you want to apologize, ----.Don't waste
D) wouldn't have your time.
E) won't have to A) you had just done
B) just do it
C) just you did
D) you just doing
E) you are just doing
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

16. If you ---- a million dollars, ---- you go on 20. If everybody ---- rest, when ---- the heart
working? rest?
A) inherit / do A) will need/does
B) inherited / would B) needs / doesn't
C) had inherited / could C) needs / does
D) were inherited / could D) needed / did
E) would inherit / did E) needing / will

17. If you want to be healthy, ----. 21. If you ---- all your money yesterday, you ----
A) you eat more healthily that shirt now.
B) why don't you eat so much A) hadn't spent / would be able to buy
C) stop smoking B) didn't spend / could buy
D) you can't eat junk food C) hadn't spent / could have bought
E) please you eat more D) didn 't spend / could have bought
E) spent / would buy
18. If you multiply two by two, you ---- four.
A) have gotten 22. In case of an accident, if you ---- near a
B) are getting telephone, ---- the police.
C) must be getting A) were/you called
D) got B) would be / you would call
E) get C) are/call
D) are / you will be calling
19. If the man ---- to tell the truth about the E) will be / you should
murder, he ---- to prison.
A) had refused / would have sent 23. If it ---- his continuous help, things would be
B) refused / will be sent more difficult for me.
C) didn't refuse / would be sent A) were
D) hadn't refused / would send B) weren't for
E) hadn't refused /might not have been sent C) was for
D) wasn't
E) hasn't been

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

24. His car makes a loud noise ---- it Test 4

accidentally. 1. If you ---- up, we ---- on time. We were late.
A) if someone touch A) had hurried / would have arrived
B) if someone touches B) hurried / would arrive
C) unless someone touches C) hurried / could have arrived
D) unless someone touch D) had hurried / could arrive
E) when somebody touch E) have hurried / would arrived

25. A: Do you think I should buy this jacket? 2. If there ---- the slightest dirt in his trousers,
B: If I ---- you, I ---- it. he ---- wear them.
A) were / bought A) be / won't
B) were /will buy B) would be / wouldn't
C) am/ won't buy C) were / wouldn't
D) have been / would buy D) is / wouldn't
E) were/wouldn't buy E) wasn't / couldn't

Test 3 3. If you ---- to join tomorrow's seminar, you ----

1. E 6. E 11. A 16. B 21. A fill out this form and sign. Otherwise, you
2. A 7. A 12. B 17. C 22. C
cannot.
3. B 8. B 13. A 18. E 23. B
4. A 9. E 14. A 19. E 24. B A) wish / had to
5. C 10. D 15. B 20. C 25. E B) wished / were able to
C) would like / should
D) are wishing / may be
E) want/would

4. He doesn't take things seriously. If he ---- a

good student, he ---- harder all the time.
A) were / would study
B) had been / could study
C) has been / would have studied
D) is / will have studied
E) wasn't / would study
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

5. ----, I would definitely think of finding another 9. If you ---- want to make mistakes, ---- a lot of
job. attention to what you do.
A) if I had been you A) didn't / had to
B) If I were in your shoes B) will not / must pay
C) Provided I was your shoes C) don't / you had to pay
D) If l am you D) don't / pay
E) I was you E) didn't / you would pay

6. If I ---- as well as you, I ---- join one of the 10. ---- ,you would have passed the
clubs in the town. test.
A) sang / might have A) Provided you studied hard
B) could sing/would B) If you study harder
C) was able to sing / would have C) Had you studied harder
D) were able to sing / should D) Studied harder
E) would sing / could E) Studied hard

7. What ---- you do if someone ---- on your door 11. You never take care of others. If you ---- so,
in the middle of the night? everyone would certainly treat you in a
A) do / knocks different manner.
B) did / would knock A) do
C) will/knocked B) had done
D) would/knocks C) did
E) would / knocked D) were
E) done
8. It's raining so hard. If it ----. We could go out
and do something different. 12. If you lend me ten pounds, I ---- I'll pay back
A) didn't rain tomorrow.
B) weren't rain A) will promise
C) hasn't rained B) promise
D) was no rain C) am promising
E) weren't D) have promised
E) promised
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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

13. If you ---- to offend her, you ---- what she 17. If she weren't short, she ---- our basketball
had asked you to do. team.
A) don't mean / should have done A) joined
B) hadn't meant / should have done B) will join
C) mean / should do C) could join
D) meant / shouldn't do D) would joined
E) didn't mean/ would done E) were joining

14. You ---- your speed if you ---- the traffic sign. 18. Break the glass and ring the bell if there ----
A) should have lowered / had seen an emergency .
B) had to lower / had seen A) were
C) must have lowered / hadn't seen B) will be
D) should lowered / would seen C) may be
E) lowered / must have seen D) be
E) is
15. If the little girl ---- off her bike, she ---- in
hospital now. 19. If you ---- want to be late, please ---- up.
A) hadn't fallen / wouldn't be A) didn't / hurried
B) hadn't fallen /wouldn't been B) never / you should hurry
C) didn't fall / wasn't going to be C) don't / hurry
D) didn't fall i wouldn't have been D) wouldn't / hurried
E) wasn't falling / wouldn't be E) never / you will hurry

16. If you ---- a fire, ---- put it out before you 20. Unless you ---- the truth, I ---- forgive you.
leave. A) would tell / would
A) light /don't forget to B) told / would not
B) lighting / you should C) will tell / will
C) will be light / please D) would not tell / would
D) would light / you E) tell/will not
E) have lit / you will have

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 KEVSER-SERDAR HOCA 2025 YDS-YDT DERS MATERYALİ

21. If I ---- the weather forecast, I ---- yesterday. 25. She hurried up, otherwise she ---- the first
A) had listened / won’t set off bus to school.
B) listened / didn’t set off A) missed
C) had listened / wouldn’t have set off B) would miss
D) listen / can’t set off C) would have missed
E) should listen / couldn’t have set off D) should have missed
E) will have missed
22. ---- your address, I could have sent you a
letter. Test 4
A) Had I known 1. A 6. B 11. C 16. A 21. C
2. C 7. E 12. B 17. C 22. A
B) If I have
3. C 8. E 13. B 18. E 23. C
C) That I had known 4. A 9. D 14. A 19. C 24. B
D) If I should have known 5. B 10. C 15. A 20. E 25. C

E) If I knew

23. If my brother ----. please take a message and

tell him I will call back.
A) call
B) called
C) should call
D) had called
E) will call

24. I ---- with you yesterday if I ---- for the test.

A) could go / didn't have to study
B) could have gone / hadn't had to study
C) would have gone / wasn't busy
D) was going to go / wasn't busy
E) would go / weren't busy

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WISH CLAUSES
• İngilizce’de dilekte bulunmak için kullanılan cümleciklerdir. “If only=wish” yapılarıyla kurulur.

• Türkçe’ye “keşke” olarak çevrilebilir.

• Bu cümlelerde fiil dilekte bulunulan zamana göre bir derece geçmiş zamanda kullanılır.

Zaman Wish Cümleciği Gerçek

I wish you were here. You aren’t here.
Present He wishes he could speak English. He can’t speak English.
They wish they lived in Paris. They don’t live in Paris.
Jack wishes Mary loved him. Mary doesn’t love Jack.
He wishes they would invite him. They won’t invite him.
Future She wishes she could swim. She can’t swim.
I wish you were going to come. You aren’t going to come.
I wish you had come to the party yesterday. You didn’t come to the party yesterday.
Past He wishes he had passed the exam. He failed the exam.
They wish they could have helped me yesterday. They couldn’t help me yesterday.

 Wish yerine if only de kullanılabilir.

I wish I knew where he is now.

If only I knew where he is now.

He wishes Mary would stay next week.

If only Mary would stay next week.

Jill wishes she hadn’t married to Jack.

If only Jill hadn’t married to Jack.

 If only yapisi if cümlelerinde olduğu gibi bir sonuç cümlesiyle de beraber kullanılabilir.

If only I knew how to ski, I could come with you.

If only she had listened to my advice, she wouldn’t have had those problems.

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Her bir soru bir durumu anlatmaktadır. Duruma bağlı olarak, verilen hangi wish cümlesinin en uygun
olduğunu bulunuz.

1. I don't have anything to smoke. 5. My computer is old and slow.

A) I wish I knew more people. A) I wish it were possible as it is a country I love
B) I wish I had more time. B) I wish I earned more money.
C) I wish I had a cigarette. C) I wish I had a more powerful one
D) I wish I knew something about cars. D) I wish I lived in a hotter country.
E) I wish I understood it better. E) I wish I finished earlier.

2. Simon has gone on holiday and I really need 6. It's really cold here. The climate is awful.
to speak to him. A) I wish I knew more people.
A) I wish I were twenty again. B) I wish I had more time.
B) I wish I were better-looking. C) I wish I had a cigarette.
C) I wish they were smaller. D) I wish I lived in a hotter country.
D) I wish he were here. E) I wish I understood it better.
E) I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on
holiday. 7. I'm lonely.
A) I wish I knew more people.
3. Girls don't like me because I'm ugly! B) I wish I were a better cook.
A) I wish I were twenty again. C) I wish I wasn't working.
B) I wish I were better-looking. D) I wish I knew something about cars.
C) I wish I had a more powerful one E) I wish I understood it better.
D) I wish I had an interesting one.
E) I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on 8. Mark and Sally are going to India but it's not
holiday. possible for me to go with them.
A) I wish it were possible as it is a country I love.
4. I don't have much time. B) I wish I had more food.
A) I wish I knew more people. C) I wish I had a cigarette.
B) I wish I had more time. D) I wish I lived in a smaller country.
C) I wish I wasn't working. E) I wish I finished earlier.
D) I wish I knew something about cars.
E) I wish I understood it better.
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9. I feel really old. 13. My job pays really badly.

A) I wish I were twenty again. A) I wish it were possible as it is a country I love
B) I wish I earned more money. B) I wish I earned more money.
C) I wish I had a more powerful one C) I wish I had a cigarette.
D) I wish I had an interesting one. D) I wish I lived in a hotter country.
E) I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on E)I wish I finished earlier.
holiday.
14. Sorry. I've burnt the spaghetti again.
10. My job is really boring. A) I wish I lived in London.
A) I wish it were possible as it is a country I love B) I wish I were a better cook.
B) I wish I saved more money. C) I wish they were smaller.
C) I wish I had a more powerful one D) I wish he were here.
D) I wish I had an interesting one. E) I wish I could have the weekend off.
E) I wish I finished earlier.
15. This town is so boring.
11. I don't speak Spanish. A) I wish I lived in London.
A) I wish it were possible as it is a country I love B) I wish I were better-looking.
B) I wish I earned more money. C) I wish they were smaller.
C) I wish I had a more powerful one D) I wish he were here.
D) I wish I had an interesting one. E) I wish I could have the weekend off.
E) I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on
holiday. 16. I don't like working late at night.
A) I wish I knew more people.
12. I don't understand English as well as I want. B) I wish I had more friends.
A) I wish I lived in Paris. C) I wish I had a cigarette.
B) I wish I were a better cook. D) I wish I lived in a hotter country.
C) I wish I wasn't working. E) I wish I finished earlier.
D) I wish I knew something about cars.
E) I wish I understood it better.

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17. I cannot go to the wedding as I've got to

work. 1. C 6. D 11. E 16. E
A) I wish I lived in London. 2. D 7. A 12. E 17. C
B) I wish I were a better cook. 3. B 8. A 13. B 18. D
C) I wish I weren't working. 4. B 9. A 14. B 19. E
D) I wish he were here. 5. C 10. D 15. A 20. C
E) I wish I could have the weekend off.

18. My car has broken down and I don't know

what to do.
A) I wish I lived in London.
B) I wish I were a better cook.
C) I wish I weren't working.
D) I wish I knew something about cars.
E) I wish I could have the weekend off.

19. I've got to work on Saturday.

A) I wish I were twenty again.
B) I wish I were better-looking.
C) I wish they were smaller.
D) I wish he were here.
E) I wish I could have the weekend off.

20. I cannot buy trainers in ordinary shops

because my feet are too big.
A) I wish I were twenty again.
B) I wish I were better-looking.
C) I wish they were smaller.
D) I wish I had an interesting one.
E) I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on
holiday.

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