I.

CONTEXT OF SCIENCE ▪ TECHNOLOGY is the application of

science to solve a problem.
AND TECHNOLOGY
▪ Technology refers to methods, systems,
and devices which are the result of
SCIENCE
scientific knowledge being used for
practical purposes.
▪ From the Latin word “Scientia” which
means (Knowledge)
▪ Human attempt to change the world
▪ Any systematic knowledge or practice.
▪ system of acquiring knowledge based on
SOCIETY
the scientific method.
▪ It is a process used to solve problems or
▪Came from the Latin word “societas”
develop an understanding of nature that
which means “a friendly association with
involves testing possible answers.
others”.
▪A society is a group of individuals
The scientific method is the process
involved in persistent social interaction, or
of objectively establishing facts
a large social group sharing the same
through testing and experimentation.
spatial or social territory, typically subject
to the same political authority and
dominant cultural expectations.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND

SOCIETY

▪ Science, Technology and Society (STS)

is an interdisciplinary field that studies the
conditions under which the production,
distribution and utilization of scientific
knowledge and technological systems
occur; the consequences of these activities
upon different groups of people.
TECHNOLOGY
RELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE,
▪ The word technology comes from the TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Greek
word “technnologia”

. The Greek word

“technnologia” itself is a combination of
other two Greek words, “Techne” which
means art, skill or craft and Logia which
means study of/ or subject of interest.
Explanation : Science provides the ➔ The Effects of Science and
knowledge and understanding that drives Technology in GOVERNMENT
technological innovation, which in turn
contributes to the development and TECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR
evolution of society THE PUBLIC

INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN The rise of digital platforms, especially

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY social media, has
given private citizens the tools to affect
▪ Science explores for the purpose of political change on a
knowing while technology explores for the level like never before.
purpose of making something useful from
that knowledge. ➔ The Effects of Science and
▪ Without science, technology could not Technology in RELIGION
proceed.
▪ Without technology, some science ▪The church as a spiritual sanctuary found
experiments would not be possible. itself at the center of controversies
involving several scientific and
technological dogma.

THE EFFECTS OF SOCIETY ON

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Society shapes the path of science in many
different ways
▪ ENGINEERS focus on using science to
develop products. ● Society helps determine how its
resources are deployed to fund
THE EFFECTS OF SCIENCE AND scientific work, encouraging some
TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY sorts of research and discouraging
▪Technology has advanced into many others.
areas of our lives, making information ● Scientists are directly influenced
more accessible, improving by the interests and needs of
communication, changing transportation, society and often direct their
and the list goes on. While it is easy to sit research towards topics that will
back and benefit from a plethora of serve society.
technological advancements, it is crucial
we do not become blind to its effects on IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE
society. ➔ Advancing Knowledge
▪ Science allows us to understand the
world around us better.
▪ enables us to explore the universe
▪ Uncover new discoveries
▪ Expand our knowledge of the natural
world
IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY ➔ AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
➔ Applies scientific knowledge to ▪Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
create tools, devices, and systems ▪Animal and dairy science
that improve our lives. ▪Veterinary science
▪ Improving Healthcare ▪Agricultural biotechnology
▪ Driving economic growth ▪Other agricultural sciences
▪ Addressing global challenges ➔ SOCIAL SCIENCE
▪Psychology
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ▪Economics and business
FIELDS ▪Educational Sciences
▪Sociology
➔ NATURAL SCIENCES ▪Law
▪ Mathematics ▪Political science
▪ Computer and Information sciences ▪Social and economic geography
▪ Physical Sciences ▪Media and communications
▪ Chemical Sciences ▪Other social sciences
▪Earth and related environmental ➔ HUMANITIES
sciences ▪History and archaeology
▪ Biological Sciences ▪Languages and literature
▪ Other natural sciences ▪Philosophy, ethics and religion
➔ ENGINEERING AND ▪Arts (arts, history of arts, performing arts,
TECHNOLOGY music)
▪ Civil Engineering ▪Other humanities
▪ Electrical engineering, Electronic
engineering, information II. ANCIENT
engineering
CIVILIZATIONS
▪ Mechanical engineering
1.1 Early Civilization
▪ Chemical engineering
1.2 Sumerian Civilization
▪ Materials engineering
1.3 Babylonian Civilization
▪ Medical engineering
1.4 Egyptian Civilization
▪ Environmental engineering
1.5 Greek Civilization
▪ Systems engineering
1.6 Roman Civilization
▪ Environmental biotechnology
1.7 Chinese Civilization
▪ Industrial Biotechnology
▪ Nano technology
SCIENCE
▪ Other Engineering and Technologies
cumulative inquiry into nature using the
➔ MEDICAL AND HEALTH
scientific method or system of verifiable
SCIENCES
concepts, methods, principles, theories and
▪Basic Medicine
laws which seek to understand, describe,
▪Clinical Medicine
explain, and predict nature and its
▪Health Sciences
phenomena
▪Health biotechnology
▪Other medical sciences
TECHNOLOGY
is the application of science ➔ Ur
EARLY CIVILIZATION ➔ Isin
➔ Adab
Nomads ➔ Kullah
● Basic Needs ➔ Lagash
➔ Food ➔ Nippur
➔ Shelter ➔ Kish
➔ Clothing ● City of Uruk - considered to be the
● Used stone tools for survival, first true city in the world
hunting fish and wild animals, ➔ No building stones used
preparing foods, making shelter ➔ Lumber was limited
● protect territory from invasion ➔ Mud / clay from the river
● lived in area of bountiful resources added with reeds and bricks
of foods ➔ Houses made of sun-baked
● small tribes of hunter-gatherers bricks
● people who stay on the move ● Ziggurats
looking for food ➔ cities had corresponding
● without a permanent home king living in ziggurat
➔ with temple at the top
Ancient Mesopotamia reserved for their high
● The foundation of human priests to serve their patron
civilization began in Mesopotamia gods and goddesses
● meso - middle ● The Great Ziggurat of Ur
● potam - river “Mountain of God”
● Sumerians ➔ sun-baked bricks - inside
● Babylonians structure
➔ fired bricks - outside
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION structure
● the first people to settle in ➔ no inner chambers
Mesopotamia ➔ height of around 170 feet
● created a civilization by the ➔ took 12 years of excavation
development of methods and ➔ primarily built as a temple
technologies in: to Nanna, the moon of god
➔ Architectures ● Agriculture
➔ Language - Sumerian agricultural products
➔ Agriculture ➔ wheat and barley
➔ Governance ➔ fruits and vegetables like
● Sumerians built cities along the grapes and onions
rivers in South Mesopotamia in ➔ sheep, goats and cows
4500 BCE ● Irrigation System: Levees
➔ Eridu ➔ Dug wide canals from
➔ Uruk rivers out to farms
➔ Ur
➔ Larsa
 ➔ Dug small ditches from seeds would be planted at
canals to fields to water all faster pace.
the crops ➔ Mass Produced food
➔ Put gates on the ditches to without taking too much
control the amount of water effort and time
➔ Brought water to farmland ● Medicine
➔ Controlled flooding of the ➔ Sumerians believed that
rivers diseases were punishment
● Cuneiform from god
➔ first writing system ➔ committed sins
➔ pictures and triangular ➔ Wrong-doing
symbols ➔ action of demons
➔ curved in mud/clay: tablet ➔ bad spirits
➔ using reed stylus ➔ Priest - sufficient magic
➔ Trading power to fight the mystic
➔ recording goods and force of disease and illness
livestock ➔ Diseases due to
➔ temple activities supernatural causes
➔ Businesses ➔ Diseases due to
➔ presenting stories, myths, supernatural causes
and personal letter
● Sumerian Cuneiform Alphabet Sumerian civilization lasted for short of
● Sumerian Number 2,000 years before the Babylonians took
➔ Sexagesimal system charge in 2004 B.C.
➔ Base 60
● Sailboats BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
➔ Made of reeds ● Emerged near the Tigris and
➔ To travel along the river Euphrates rivers
➔ To carry products for ● Great builders, engineers and
trading architects
➔ Skin-float or raft made of ● Hanging Gardens of Babylon
hides stretched over wood ➔ It was said to be a structure
frames and a broad, short made up of layers upon
boat made of water-proof layers of gardens
material ➔ Species of plants, trees and
● Wheel vines
➔ The 1 st wheels were not ➔ King Nebuchadnezzar
used for transportation but Queen Amytis
for farm work in 2000 BC ● Hanging Gardens of Babylon
➔ Used for transporting ➔ 75 feet high
agricultural products ➔ approximately 8,200
● Plow gallons of water each day to
➔ Enabled the Sumerians to keep the plants watered
dig the soil land where
 ➔ No physical evidence to ➔ believed that if the body
prove such existence decayed, so as the soul
➔ Exact location is also ➔ deceased’s soul should be
unknown recognized and returned in
➔ No records the next life
➔ Mythical place ● Mummification Process
● Weapons 1. Washing of the body
➔ Babylonian civilization 2. Removal of the different internal
transpired during Bronze organs by making a cut in the left
age side of the abdomen. (intestines,
➔ Weapons - bronze material stomach, liver, and lungs)
➔ alloy of copper and tin 3. Internal organs are placed in the
● Babylonian Number System corresponding canopic jar
4. Brain is removed through the nose
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION by using hooked instrument then
being thrown away
● Egypt is located in North Africa 5. The inside of the body is rinsed
● Around 3200 BCE, the creation of with wine and spices.
the Egyptian civilization began 6. Moisture from the body is
with Egypt brought together under eliminated
one ruler, King Narmer 7. Application of a salt called natron
● Temples for 70 days is done to preserve the
➔ believed that temples were body.
the homes of the gods and 8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in
goddesses linen cloth and placed in a
➔ every temple was dedicated sarcophagus.
to a god or goddess
worshiped by temple priests ● Hieroglyphics
and the pharaoh. ➔ Pictures of living creatures
➔ Everyday, temple priest and symbols of objects used
washed the god’s statues in daily living
changed cloths with fine ➔ Hieroglyphics writings
linen put jewelry offered were well-preserved since
food and wine these were carved at the
➔ made of stone walls of pyramids and other
➔ walls were covered with structures
scenes ● Medicine and Physician
➔ brightly painted ➔ knowledge of healing herbs
● Mummification ➔ repairing physical injuries
➔ Egyptians believed in life ➔ knew how to stitch a wound
after death eternal life was ➔ eye-surgery operation
only possible if the ➔ knowledge of Anatomy
individual’s corpse ➔ came from the practice of
remained intact embalming the dead
 ➔ practiced dentistry ● Polytheistic society
extracted teeth, drained ● Believed in Mythology to explain
abscesses made false teeth natural mysteries
● Irrigation System ● Greek Mythology
➔ Canals and Ditches ● Theater
➔ Shaduf – boom and basin ➔ Art and Literature
irrigation strategy performances
● Mathematics ➔ large open-air structures
➔ Addition tiered seating area -
➔ Subtraction theatron
➔ Multiplication ➔ a circular space for the
➔ Division actors to perform -
➔ Fractions orchestra
➔ Decimals ➔ stage - skene
➔ basic ideas of Geometry ● Water Mill
● Calendar ➔ Was used in agricultural
➔ 12 months = 30 days each processes like milling of
➔ 1 year = 360 days grains
➔ In 4000 B.C. added 5 extra ➔ Mass production of rice,
days at the end of every cereals, flours and the likes
year ● Greek Houses
➔ Solar year = 365 days ➔ Poor Greek - rural area or
● Wigs crowded urban slums
➔ Were worn for beauty, ➔ multi-story blocks of
vanity and personal hygiene apartments
➔ Used to protect the shaved ➔ Larger houses built around
heads of the wealthy a courtyard
Egyptians from harmful sun ➔ For well-to-do craftsmen or
rays farmers
➔ Symbol of social status ➔ large and luxurious
➔ Used by both sexes ➔ accommodation for a large
➔ made from human hair, household including many
sheep's wool or vegetable slaves
fibers. ● Trade
● Cosmetics ➔ 150 years after 750 BC
● Paper from papyrus ➔ Sea for their livelihood
➔ Mediterranean Sea and the
GREEK CIVILIZATION Black Sea
● In 8th century BC ● Greek Philosophers
● Government - Socrates
● Art ➔ known to developed the
● Architecture "Socratic Method" of
● Philosophy analyzing good and justice
● Sport
 ➔ The problem is broken Walng roman and chinese :<
down into series of NOT VERY DEMURE
inquiries that would lead to
answers to the problem.
- Plato
➔ became student of Socrates
➔ laid the foundations of
Western philosophy and
science.
➔ founded The Academy of
Athens, the first institution
of higher learning in the
Western world.
- Aristotle
➔ became student of Plato
➔ developed Empirical
approach in studying nature
➔ founed Theory of Four
causes (material, formal,
efficient , final)
- Thales
➔ believed that water was the
only substance that was
souce of all things
- Pythagoras
➔ made important
contributions in the field of
mathematics
➔ developed the Pythagorean
Theorem
- Empedocles
➔ believed in the four
fundamental elements (fire,
air, earth and water)
- Democritus
➔ established the concept of
atomisim
➔ everything in nature is
made up of indivisible
elements called atoms
- Archimedes
➔ known for his physical law
of buoyancy