Basic Knowledge REVIEW enone G 64 Laws of Rational indices..... @ 6.2. Exponential Equations nn : @ 6.3 Exponential Functions and their Graphs... 4B Chapter 6> Number and Algebra Example 1 Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator. @ ( @ s*xs? © @ts37° Solution i © 47-1 i ; i st Law 3): (a7) =: { Example 2 ‘Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. Xu ae C 3x4? w | @ «x ei | Solution (a) 3x4? = 3)? Law (aby = at o ES =9x" Law ye = ¥ 6.42 Solution Pe expres t and to per of 2 ey dace 4 Law (3): (a7) = a = SOI Guu patna a Review Exercise J Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator. (1 — 6) 1p ay? (24 a fea 3. (3 sy 3p Ae 5 exe? «FG ‘Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. (7 — 12) 1 axa 8. 4b? = 6b* 10. (-2x°y"h> IL. (2pq7)°+ 8p2q ‘Simplify the following expressions. (13 - 15) 13. (a) sts! ) pr e = 4 @s (oy 2"*?-4n—! mig 15. (@) © aa 65» Number and Algebra GD Laws of Rational Indices 1. Fill in the blanks with different numbers. Non-foundation @ ¢ ses, ( yY=25 (b) ( SC yt=81 © ( yao 2. Refer to question 1(c). Can you find another number x such that x° = 64? © Radicals @ In junior forms, we learnt that if x7 = a, then x is a square root of a. Each positive number a has two square roots Ya and —Va. For example, 3?=(-3)'=9 Both 3 and —3 are the square roots of 9. 4Note that ¥3 = 3and (9 =—3 In the same way, we define: if x = a, xis the cube root of a: if x‘= a, xis. fourth root of a, and so on. In general, for any positive integer n, “ 5 if x"= a, then xis an nth root of a. O eg. (i) Since 4? = 64, 4 is the cube root of 64. (ii) Since 2* = (—2)* = 64, 2 and —2 are the sixth roots of 64. ‘We use the radical Ya to denote an ith root of a. The symbol “*is called the radical sign. Va issimply writen as 7a eg @ -s (-5)?=-125 YAS =-5 —— <-Sis the cube root of -125 @ + 2%=(-2)*=16 16 =2 and —4 Note: V16 ee root of 16 only, i.e. 2. 2 2and ~2are the fourth roots of 16 (RAI nin rool mn RW radical WH radical Son WEf Exponential Function In fact, for x" =a, we have the following 4 cases for different values of nand a, (@) When nis odd anda > 0, (i) When nis odd. anda <0, =| has only one nth root Va, has only one nth root 9/2, which is positive. which is negative. 1-4, eg, 64 has only one cube root ¥64, eg. —64 has only one cube 100! ied, 9 dv d= os ied, 4-4 =“ ii) When nis even and a > 0, (v) When mis evenanda <0. has two nth roots ‘Va and ~/a, which are Ya is not areal number. papi ae eae coe eg, (7B and Y=T6 ar ot veal ube eg. 64 has two sixth roots /64 and -¥64, ie, 2 and —2. ay (Example @ Find the values of radicals Find the values of the following. ama l @ V1 () ¥-216 © 7 Solution @ -- 34=81 ¥ai=3 ) s (-6)'=-216 mio nee ¥216 =6 reateo oe 6] a iE 1 Do you think that ¥=27, ¥=27 gted Sue and Y=27 are real numbers? ‘What about 77=27, where nis a Quick Practice (611) positive integer? Find the values of the following @ i000 © aq of 67 akDanan Ae [Non-foundation ‘We can find the values of ra‘ s with the help of a calculator. For example, we can find the values of @ ¥256 by keying in: 2 GERD GB 255 GB! 0, where m is an integer and n is a positive integer. (2) The meaning of a* Since the law (a”)” = a*" is hold for fractional indices, we have . a? and a’ are the positive square root and the cube root of a 4Ifx?=a.then xisa square root of w We respectively. 4zthen xisthe eube ret of Ya and a =¥a. ‘Therefore, we can write a’ anes olintegea indices ti” Wactonal index 3 kt 68Similarly, (‘J =0"*=a a” isthe nth root of a. if x"=4, then xis the mh root of Hence, we define: Ya, where a > Oand. For example, 16? = ¥16 = 4 and 1 2) Themeaning of a* Using the above result, we have ae Hence, we define: aoa. in integer and n is a positive integer where a > 0, mis For example, 4? = (/4)=2=8 and 4'= 1 According to the above definitions, we can extend the laws of indices to rational indi “4 Rational index’ means that the Cee ae Se a O index isa rational number. For rational numbers p and q, and positive numbers a and b: B oviting Program 1, Zero and negative rational indices ee oan @ @=1 eat i) @ @ z Laws of rational indices Law (I); a? x a? = a?*# Law (2): Law @): (a?) = a™*Number and. Algebra (in this classwork, all the variables are assumed to be positive.) 1 Determine whether each of the following is correct, Put a ‘V” in the box if it is correct; otherwise, Puta ‘xX’ in the box. @ = nea ay @ x8 2. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. 2 aE ® ys © a 3. Express each of the following in the form x”, where pis a rational number. @ie=_ we © fz ample Find the values of expressions with rational indices. Find the values of the following without using a calculator. EVs tor Seudonts oy 2 Cs ‘The squares and cubes of the @ ot » ns of oe in simpliying expressions with indices Solution [nea a (@) 64=/a a =8 z 25 () 125*=(¥i25)° =5 ae Alternative Solution 125) = (5)? 575 ate cyient= = 5? aes) 6.10 ——Alternative Solution Ger QP moereen fr yee Quick Practice Find the values of the following without using a calculator. @ & © ® © ta)" ‘We can also find the values of expressions with rational indices using a calculator. For example, we can find the values of () 81" by keying in; 198:0: ag which gives 27 81*=27 by keying in: o @ .0:0000:0:o0 which gives 2.9240... “! ( =292 (cor. to 3sig. fig) ow Exponential Functions(Cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ae (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (Cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (cor. to3 sig. fig.) Example > ‘Simplify expressions involving radicals or rational indices. Assuming that a, b > 0, simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. @ @ @ vexVe (© Vas =(270%0) ‘rps for Students In simplifying expressions that consis of radicals, we write the radicals in ‘exponential forms first. Do not forget to express the answers with positive indices. <¥a Law (1): af xa = at Law 3): (4 4 Law (4): (ab)? = ob, Law Gy (a= a"Quick Practice (3) Assuming that a, b > 0, simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. 0) Vaxda © Vs6ab% + (cr) @ fa ‘We can also apply the laws of indices to solve equations in the form x’ where m and n are integers, c #0 and n > 0. See the following example. (Example GR) 53 cquaons inthe for x Solve the following equations for x > 0. @ Y=8 @) x Solution 4 Checking LHS =4'=(/3)'=8=RHS. Quick Practice (64 ) Solve the following equations for x > 0. @ »=16 abe a Bead Neb y To solve equations in the for x> 0, we take eB asidan) ba Th Exercise 6A > a, 4 (In this exercise, all the variables are assumed to be positive.) Level 1, 1. Ve 2 @yt ao | Express each of the following in the form x*, where p is a rational number. (1 - 3) | Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following. (Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.) i a-7 4. Vio 5. He 6 23 1 10s € Find the values of the following radicals without using a calculator. (8 ~ 11) a 9 |2 10. =H)? un. Find the values of the following without using a calculator. (12 ~ 15) m3 13. 216? 4, 16 15, Be ‘Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. (16 - 19) 16. (ahi w. gy’18. 6a" +20 19. axa‘ ‘Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. (20 - 23) re a. Vax¥a a fgrle 23. YaxVa ‘Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. (24 — 26) ils 26. Vabxa zm xt=3 28. vot 29, xi=32 Level 2. Find the values of the following without using a calculator. (30 ~ 32) = (a ‘Simplify the following expressions, and express your answers with positive indices. (33 - 37) uw "cope a} om ‘Ss | 36. V500 x= 37. Varax Jon Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices. (38 — 43) 3a (ciao?) ea a. lar | te a 2. ni) fe $PD seninntrigte eo sen tame ret 3 (@) Hence, in each of the following, suggest two possible values for the variable. © Serve a) Vy> Vy ‘Simplify the following expressions. (45 - 47) 45, VS" x25" 46, Ee) 4a. @48. Given that (74)! = a, find the values of the following in terms of a. @ * & 16 49. Given that ¥7™ = 6, find the values of the following in terms of b. 7 wo Solve the following equations for x > 0. (50 - 52) 50. 64x'=27 St. 53. Itis given that = 1, where p and g are non-negative integers. (a) Express qin terms of p. ae a {() ” Suggest two pairs of possible Values for p and q. GB Exponential Equati ‘An equation with an unknown index (or indices) is called an exponential ‘equation. Below are examples of exponential equations. ne ek et ions 4: ' 27=16, 71 =5, a= ‘Some of these exponential equations can be solved by expressing both sides of the equation with the same base and applying the following property: For a> Oanda# I, a =a’, then Note: In Book 4B Chapter 7, we will introduce the other method of solving i : Concept Chec! exponential equations, say 7*"'= 5, where the two sides of the 2 ‘equation cannot be expressed with the same base. ste« Example @® Solve an exponential equation Solve the exponential equation 4* = /8. Solution a a8 (2a 15) ae creeboigsies es powesani a2? fend airereenen cay =} cveckneter heave obtained ssi te oma 8 tion . ms ee Quick Practice 5) a a 1 Lalematcnge = fos ees ME Solve the exponential equation 9* = 7 x ges gt aes -2 (Example @ Solve 2 more complicated exponential equation Solve the exponential equation 3°*!— 3* = 18. Solution so) 35— 18 39-3" "2309 yraakhshg 3*(3-1) “4 Take out the common factor 3". 209 yc +) sal 3 ce = an “Express both sides as powers of 3. B= 2 4 Check ether tle nnewer cbt sina ogi Quick Practice (6) Katey 428 we { lead =a mw 32 ‘Solve the exponential equation 2*+ 2*~! Ais a! s§ = 3| Exercise 6B ) 4 3] _Level 1, Solve the following exponential equations. (1 - 6) fei Sale tle 1 a9 2 sea 3 = Ya9 4 48 5. 6 16=/0 Solve the following exponential equations. (7 ~ 10) 1 4@)=4" & 3g 9. are [y 10. ¥aF=9"? Solve the following exponential equations. (11 - 14) I, 3°*'+3"=12 1 s*-S*1=4 13, 2°*1-3@Q")=8 14,347) 42045* = 35 Level 2, Solve the following exponential equations. (15 ~ 18) 15, 5*= 125(254) 16. 1, FQ") =2P! 18, Solve the following exponential equations (19 - 22) oA Goel ape") Oand a # |, is called an exponential function with base a. dep ys2iye (J's fo =0s Since a>0 and a#1, a' is defined for any real number x. In fact, the are exponential functions domain of an exponential function is all real numbers. Note: () Whena=1, y=a‘=1"= 1, which isa constant function but not an we ysiheelcabeeaeaees exponential function. greater than 0 for all eal ‘numbers x? (i) Whena <0, a’ is undefined for some values of x, 4g. Consider y = (~5)", When x > {Sis NOT a real number. Find the values of expressions involving exponential Example @D fut Given that f(x) = 3(4*) and g(x) = 0.7%, find the values of the following ras} expressions. @) f0)-s(l) ) f(2.5)xg(2.5) (Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) Solution (a) 0) g(1) =304°)-0.7! -07 ‘exponential function TiD> nest ei BS @ s2.5)xg25)=34)x0.7* Foaluate 30479) 0.7" by = 39.4 (cor. to 3sig. fig.) keying EB O8s UNS Which gives 39.3564.. [Non-founda Quick Practice (6.7) Given that f(x) = and p(x) = 5(0.6*), find the values of the following x wy expressions. ao Gy soe? by ("= Slo4 @ s-1)+P0) @ flsspas) * 54+ > 0.02168 20,0277 4 (Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) (Example Problem relating to an exponential function € ‘The population (P) of a town 1 years after the beginning of 2010 is estimated by P = 35 000(1.0025)'. (a) Find the estimated population of the town (@__ at the beginning of 2010, Gi) at the beginning of 2020. (®) Will the increase in the estimated population of the town from the beginning of 2019 to the beginning of 2020 exceed 90? Explain your answer. (Give your answers correct to the nearest integer if necessary.) Solution (@) @ _ Theestimated population of the town at the beginning of 2010 € = 35000(1.0025)° Substitute r= 0 into P = 35 000(1,0025}'. ano (i) Theestimated population of the town at the beginning of 2020 <4 Substitute = 10 mo P= 3$000(1.025). = 35885 (cor. to the nearest integer) (&)_ The required increase in the estimated population of the town = 35000(1.0025)'9— 35 000(1.0025)? Population at the beginning of 2020 - population atthe beginning of 2019 = 89.4886 acackind n't use the approximate <9 value 35 885 in (ai for «The increase in the estimated population of the town from the | calculation in (by, beginning of 2019 to the beginning of 2020 will not exceed 90. 6.20Quick Practice (G18) The number (1V) of words that Jason can remember after studying a passage for t minutes is estimated by N = 50(1- 0.91. (@) Find the number of words that Jason can remember after studying for 5 minutes, correct to the nearest integer. N= 50(1~ 0.9") 720 State whether the percentage increase in the number of words that Jason can remember inthe 6th minute of study exceeds 12%, Explain your answer, 8 (1-0. B® Graphs of Exponential Functions *7* 25% x00 7 = 5% > 12% © The Graphs of y= a* where a > 1 @ mteractive Learning ‘Aconesponding T Activity is given on page 6.48. An activity file wil be provided. 1. Complete the tables for the exponential functions y = 2* and y= 3%, and plot their graphs on the coordinate plane above. (Give the values of y correct to 1 decimal place if necessary.) : yaa" | x 2 | a ° 1 3 4 ‘ y {0.25 | 05 1 a 4 g 4 | van 7 me - | ° 1 2 3 | y Jom | oss], > | an ! yo