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For
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Dr Yeap Ban Har Dr Joseph B. W. Yeo" Dr Choy Ban Heng

Sharon Lee" Teh Keng Seng Wong Lai Fong Wong-Ng Siew Hiong 3
 27p 3'p
Law 5, then Law 3, of
Indices
Problem-solving T
(c) (-3)' =3.Why?
16
3'p
=34-ps+|-gl6-12 Laws 1 & 2 of Indices
= 3p°q'
in index notation
|Practise Now 5 Simplify each of the following, leaving your answer where appropriate.
Similar and
Further Questions (a) 213+ 73 (b)
Exercise 4A 3
64x7
Questions 5(a)-(), (d)
7(),
10(a)-(d)

Reflection
Indices. the ke
1. How do Iknow when and which Laws of Indices to apply? (For example, to apply Law Iof
the two factors must be the same.)
2. What have I learnt in this section that I am still unclear of?

Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 4A

. Simplify each of the following, leaving your answer 4. Simplify each of the following, leaving your answ
in index notation where appropriate. in index notation where appropriate.
(a) 2 x 27 (b) (-4)° x (-4)5 (a) (92)+ (b) ()
(c) xX x (a) (3y) x(8y") (c) 2 x 9³ (d) 34x (5)
(e) (2k) () (-3xy)
2 Simplify each of the following, leaving your answer
in index notation where appropriate. 5. Simplify each of the following, leaving your a
(a) 58 55 (b) (-7)"! + (-7)4 in index notation where appropriate.
(b) (95)30
(c) 6xx* (d) (-15y) +5y (a) 1413 + 713

3'x3* (c) (d)

3. (a) Express 3
in the form 3",
6

(b) Write 2"x2 as a single power of 2. (e) (t)

2

andD
Growth
Exponential
CHAPTER 4 and
Indices, Surds, Standard Form
A
G 90 OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 4A

6 Simplify each of the following. 10. Simplify each of the following.

(a) hkx h'' (b) (-m'n') x 4m'ln
() 11p'qx 2p'q0 (d) hk6 + hk4 (a) (b)
(e) 15n'n' +3m²n (f) (-10*y) + (-2xy) 4 2
3

(c) (d)
7. Simplify cach of the following.
(a) (a?) x as (b) (b) x(b)5
(c) (c)$ + (-) (d) (-3d°)? + (2d) 11.) Simplify each of the following.
(e) (e'f)s + (-ef) (f) (4k) + (-2k) (a) (2*'y)(s (b)
8x°y (4*'y
(10zy') 4xy
Given that x (r)2n (-x") = x, find the value
of n.
(21y' (d)
4x*y'x8x'y'
(c)
(4*'y(o) (4x'y')
9. Simplify each of the following.
(a) (ab')? x (2a'b)³ (b) c x(-5cd)
(c) (8ef)' (e'f) (d) 16g°h? +(-2gh) 12. Given that (2p') (4p'g form a pair
(-3g') q
of simultaneous equations in a andb and hence
find the value of a and of b.

4.3) Zero and negative indices

A. Zero indices
which apply when the indices are positive integers.
nbection 4.2,we have learnt about thefive Laws of Indices,
But can an index be zero? For example, what does 3° mean?

index
Making sense of the zero
Investigation
Problem-solving Tip
times. But 3° has to be interpreted in
OWthat 3 means 3 multiplied by itself 4 What number must you
multiply 3by itself 0times.
anot
1
her Table 4.1 (referto the Problem-solving Tip).
way because it does not make sense to divide 81 (i.e.34) by, to
obtain 27 (i.e. 3)?
Complete What number must you
divide 27 (i.e. 3) by, to
Index
form Value
obtain the value of 32?
3 81 +3 By continuing this pattern,
33 27 +3 what number must you
3 divide 3' by, to obtain the
+3 value of 30?
3
+3
3
Table 4.1
 Reflecton
1, How do I know when an index can be zero, negative or rational? (For example, for an index to be
a 0.) zero, base
2.
3.
How do Iknow when I can apply the five Laws of Indices if the indices can be zero, negative or rational)
What have I learnt in this section that I am still unclear of?

Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 4B

Evaluate each of the following without using a 6. Rewrite each of the following in the radical form
calculator. and hence evaluate the result without usinga
(a) 170 (b) calculator.
(c) 4a0 (d) -8bo (a) 812 (b) (-27)
(e) (72cd)o (f) 7(e) (c) 326 (d) (-343))
2. Findthe value of each of the following without 7. Evaluate each of the following without using a
using a calculator. calculator.
(a) 2° x 24 (b) 7² x70+7 2

(c) (-8)° 82 (d) 3 +30-3 (a) 2163 (b) 8

(c) 161.5 (d) (-1000):
3. Evaluate each of the following without using a
calculator.
(e) 814o (f) 6250.75 + 1005
(a) 2-3 (b) (-5)-l 8. Simplify each of the following, expressing your
(c) (d) answer in index form.
(a) a (b)
4. Evaluate each of the following without using a (c) Ven
calculator.
(d)
(a) (72)-2 + 74 (b) 50 - 52 2
(e)
-2 Ver (f)
(c) (215)0 + (d) x32+2015°
9. Without usingacalculator, 1000
5 Evaluate each of the following without using a evaluate 27
calculator. Give your answer as a decimal.
(a) 196 (b) /125
10. Solveeach of the following
(c) 32 (d) J16 equations. 1
(a) 11°= 1331 (b) 2= 128
(c) 9 = 243 (d) 104= 0.01

CHAPTER 4 Decay
A OXFORD and
102 UNIVERsITY PRESS
Indices, Surds, Standard Form and Exponential Growth
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 4B

1
15. Simplify each of the following, expressing your
11 (a) Given that 256 = 4, find k.
answer in positive index form.
(b) Given that 32 x164 =2", find . 4
(b) b×xbi +ba
1 2
(a) Vaxla
(c) Find pifp'=4.
() cio +exei (d)mn-o
12. Simplify each of the following, expressing your 3
81,20
answer in positive index form. (e) ()
16x°y°
(a) (bc) (b) 5f° + 3f4
(c) (3c)°+ (cd')
16. Simplify each of the following, expressing your
answer in positive index form.
13. Simplify each of the following, expressing your
answer in positive index form where appropriate. (b)
(a) 5a4x 3a'+ a (b) -24b-s + (3b-3)2

(c) (d) (3g'h')2 x (-4gh?)? (c) (d) 25

8e"f
(e) (fk)x ()
(e) (4j'k)*24'*
(f m'n*+32m'n
14. Simplify each of the following.
6a
(a) 3a +a?+ a? xa
2a4 17.) Simplify each of the following, expressing your
6 answers in positive index form.
(b) (5p) - 10p x 7p° + p 6
4

(a) x'y' xy
x'y2'
(b)
ab"
(c) bc cd t3

(a+b)' (a+b)"s
(d) bc abc

P
CHAPTER 4 A
OXFORD
UNIVERsITY PRESS
103 G
E
Decay
Exponential Growthand
Indiceoe CrAc Cta Form and
 Indices, Exercise
Questions
10-12
Questions
Furt4C
herSimilar
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(()
240-V12x45+/12-27V48(c) calculator.
e) Vi12+28 a
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Simplify
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ndrada
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Form of theof
the 4C
and 2. 1.
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nential A
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Growth -/20
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/24 cm, the has
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and 500
where cuboidsquare a such
using using
Decay find that
numbers.
p isbase.
and
(15+6/3) the its
q The breadth area
Advanced
are
4. is
3. integers. length (7-3)
the cm'. of
(e) (c) denominator.
Simplify
(9-2/9+2\/3)
(a) 3V5)(2V7-3V5)
(247+(5+/2)\63/2)
(0(3/11-4)
(e) (c) (a) Simplify
a the
calculator. Find of
4/3-2 2+/3 7 V510 eachrectangle cm²
5
5 each each the
UNIVERSITY
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height
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the the the thelength
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CHAPTER 4 is
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(2+3)
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4 9 rationalising (3+2/6
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109 using form and where Without
G A
the
 Intermediate Advan
Basic

Exercise 4C

11. Aright circular cylinder has a volume of

5. Simplify each of the following by rationalising
the denominator. (6+2/3)n cm' and abase radius of (1+/)
(a)
2/5+8
(b)
8
2V5+3 2/5 -3
4 Find its height in the form
and b are integers.
(a+bv3) cm, where a
Without using acalculator, express each of 12. The triangle ABC is such that its area is
6.
the following in its simplest surd form. Hi2+9/3)cmi, the length of ABis (V5+2)cm
3 5 4 W18 + 4 and angle BAC is 60°.
(a) 3 (b) 27 4 V3
Without using a calculator, find
V128 (i) the length, in cm, of AC in the form a+b
(c) (d) 3
where a and b are integers,
(ii) an expression, in cm, for BC in the form
Simplify each of the following by rationalising C+dd3, where cand dare integers.
the denominator.
13 3 5
(a) (b) l+a
(W3+4) (W2+6 (/2-6) 13. If a =
V2
and b
1-a , express in its simplest

3N2-6 V48-50 surd form,

(c) (d)
6+3/2 V27-V8 (i) b, (ü)
b
8. Express (9-3)'-78 in the form a+b/3, 14. Given that ya+b/1 = , where a, band
N3+9 OPEN (Vi-3)
where a and bare integers.
care rational numbers, find a possible set of values
for a, b and c.
9 Given that h= 3+/2 express h'+1 inthe form
h-2
p+qv2, where pand qare integers. 15, Waseem solved aquadratic equation with rational
Coefficients and found that the roots are 2-V3
10. The area of a rectangle is 2/6 cm². If its breadth is and l+/3. Explain why his answer is wrOng
(3-N6) cm, find its length in the form (a+by6) cm,
where a and bare integers.

(4.6) Exponential growth and decay

Exponentialgrowth anddecay have several applications in real
life. One interest, which we
learnt in Book 2. In this section, we shall apply what we have learnt so farofinwhich is compound
this chapter to solve problemsinvolving
exponential growth and decay.
P CHAPTER 4 OXFORD GrowthandDecay
G 110
A UNIVERSITY PRESS
Indices, Surds, Standard Form and Exponential
 5. 4
notation).
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The
x be
world (ii) (ii) (ii) (i) years, t
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810-1 Bohr N= t A
(i) years,
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(4.7) company
In
customers? years? How
afterCompany
3 State 30 year.
eachcar Find How 25bought Find What value Basic
10° radius
m.
population, 000 its byP=
which x its
and the was
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as many 1.2'.
the number x
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a
5.3
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value thepainting,
X year has.initial car
x
hydrogen
a Standard
form customers founded did
10, initial $P, for 4D
10 estimated of Yasirof 1.1". x Intermediate
wil number is
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are the amount painting value
on decreasespend
examples atom company does
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is the N, on of
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7X10!9 the moon
6 Information
7 x 105 The short
= 86 000 1t= 1000form
kg. of tonne is t.
(to the Doyou need to
nearest 1000) conversion
use this
rate inWorked
Practise Now 24
A Example 24? Explain.
Secure Digital (SD)
asize of
Similarand
Further Questions 640
kilobytes. memory card has a capacity of 512
Exercise4E
photographs can this Assuming that 1MB= 10 megabytes. Each
memory card store? bytes and 1kB = 10
bytes,phothowograph
Questions 13-15
has
many

Reflecton
HOw do I convert a number
from
2. What have I learnt in
this ordinary
section or chapter notation to
standard form and vice versa?
that I amn still
unclear of?

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 4E
Express each of the following numbers in
form. standard Microwaves are a form of
(a) 85 300 with frequencies between electromagnetic radiation
300 000 000 Hz and
(b) 52 700000
(c) 0.000 23 300 GHz. Giving your answer in
(d) 0.000 000 0904
express
standard form,
(i) 300 000 000 Hz in MHz,
Express each of the following in ordinary
a) 9.6 x 10° notation. (ii) 300 GHz in MHz.
(b) 4x 10 (1 MHz= 10 Hz and 1 GHz = 10 Hz)
(c) 2.8× 10-4
(d) 1× 10-6
A male 5. (1) A nitrogen atom has an atomic radius of
African elephant
can weigh as heavy as apicometres (pm), where a= 70 and
7000
kilograms.
Express this weight in
8Ving your answer in standard form. grams,
1pm =10-l m. Express this radius in metres.
Give your answer in standard form.

Indices, Surds, Standard Form and Exponential Growth and Decay OXFORD CHAPTER 4 P
A
UNIVERSITY PRESS
117 G
E
 vour journey,km. form.and in the l649, ofpopulation inworld DecayandGrowth
to light inChina
of
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fnd
your
Give
findfor
rocket The 105 rocket P taken,
Planet population to
1
that
the
populationthe billioO
when the x standard 1549
102.
giving 10°. m/s. standard
form.
in from seconds, a thisdays.4.8
kilometres, time of l.44 Exponential
During the World
population from
andN=5.0x R 000 Jupiter.Venus, 4 is
between 1649, thatpopulationapproximately
of 4x Q by the
MN
following, value I= 000 distanceand in Planet
Q
answer
in
travelled find
approximate10s
x4.20 108
x5.45 l08
7.28
x 101.17
x populationthe as
(b) and 300 to to speed. in thatas large and.
Planet distance
the million Sun P
minutes Planet to km,journey. centuries. that
times of
times 1749, the 10°. Form
10° of mean
10° theform. find form. speed speed
Express
this constantP Give
your
distance as billion
=
× the pastPlanet 10 in is
of large in2020 given
that Standard
X of
standard 4.5standard the778.5in from from the the was
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shows Year1549 17491849 2020
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is a
travel journey days. is for
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of
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(a) that in Jupiter
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travelling days, table
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M=6X time distance in (iii)
the Indices,
Given answer Given answer Light
to
aOn world
The Find (ii)
the (i) (i) the (i) (ii) (i)
12. 13. 14. 15.
11
m. answer answer express
metres. figures. 2x10-3.4x103
its figures. 8x10+2.5x10 evaluate
is 10
of and in Sun = c. 10)?9.261x10°
your (b)
6(3.4x 10, form.
radius integers Gmis of your
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radius 1 and x form. 10%,standard
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and
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9x108
10 10
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Calculate
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2.54 Calculate
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(iii) The (c) (e) each
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c d 1
10. P E
6. 8. 9.
 Exercise 5A

Eindthe length of the line segment joining each of

6. The diagram shows AABC with vertices A(-2, 1),
the following pairs of points.
(a) A(2, 3) and B(9, 7) B(1, 1)and C(3, 4).
(b) C(3, 6) and D(-5,9)
(c) E(-1, 4) and F(8, -3)
C(3,4)
(d) G(-10, 2) and H(-4, -7) 4

If the distance between the points A(p, 0) and

B(0. D) is 10 units, find the possible values of p.

Given that the coordinates of the points P and O are

(-2,6) and (9, 3) respectively, find A(-2, 1) B(1, 1)
(a) the coordinates of the point R that lies on the
y-axis such that PR = QR, -2
(b) the coordinates of the point Sthat lies on the 2 3 4

X-axis such that PS = OS.

(i) Find the area of AABC.
Aline segment has two endpoints M(3, 7) and (ii) Find the length of AC, giving your
answer
N(11, -6). Find the coordinates of the point Wthat correct to 2 decimal places.
lies on the y-axis such that Wis equidistant from (iüi) Given that ABCD is a parallelogram, find the
Mand from N. coordinates of D.
(iv) Given that K is the point (t, 4) and the area of
Hint: The term 'equidistant means 'same distance.
ABCK is 12 units', find the possible values of t.
5. The vertices of AABC are A(-4, -2), B(8, -2)
and 7. The diagram shows AABC with vertices
C(2, 6). A(-1, 1),
B(-1, -2) and C(3, -1).

C(2, 6)
6

2+
3

A(-4,-2) B(8 -2) B

(i) Find the perimeter andthe area of AABC. (i) Find the lengths of AB, BC and AC.
(ii) Hence, find the length of the perpendicular (ii) Find the area of AABC.
from Ato BC. The coordinates of a point E are (3, k) and the area
of ABCE is 14 units'.
(ii) Find the possible values of k.

Coordinate Geomelry OXFORD

UNIVERSIY PRESS
CHAPTER 5
127 A
 9. 8.
Now isLet
the A. isThe
us (ii) (i)
G A Calculation V11 Exercise
let ratio look
distance
us Find
128
examine
the
of at
another
(s2) C(2,Show
the 5)that
9t
Basic

are units.
vertical area between
HAPTER 5 the the
how attribute
Gradient of Find 5A
of verticespoints Intermediate
the change gradient the the
ABC.
NIVERSITY
FORD PRESs
gradient A(-1, possiblepoints
of of
to a an
straight
the
of horizontal of of isosceles 2), values (1,
B(5, 2t)
a
straight line a a 2) ofand Advanced
straight straight triangle. and
horizontal -gradient. t. (1
line change. -
change t,
can Fig.5.4 1)
be line 11) 10.
In line
computed vertical Book
change (Recap) R(5, The find R(8, By
PR. toQ showing
2, vertices
15). the 4)
we length are
on Find
a learnt of
the that
Cartesian e
thAPQR vertices
of the
that length the
perpendicular points
the are of
plane.
gradient ofP(1,right-angled aP(3,
the
perpendicular 3), 4),
Q(5,4) Q(3,
of from MATHE
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CoordinGaetometr)y straight a triangle 1)
and Pto and
line from 0B
 PractiseNow 5 1 If the gradient of the
Similarand
2. Thepoints A(m,-18),line joining the points (4, -9) and (-3, h) is -3,
FurtherQuestions Find the possible valuesB(2, -9) and C(4, m) are
of m.
find the value ofh.
collinear, i.e. they lie on a straight
Exerclse5B
Questions 3-8
line.

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 5B

Find the gradient of the line passing through each

5. The gradient of the line joining the
of the following pairs of points. points (9, a) and
(a) A(0, 0) and B(-2, 1) 2 where a0.
(2a, 1) is, Find the possible values
(b) C(2, -3) and D(1, 7) of a.
() E(-2, 4) and F(-5, 8)
(d) G(-4,7) and H(1,-8) 6. The points P, Qand Rhave coordinates (6,
(e) I(-2, -5) and J(2, 6) -11),
(K, -9) and (2k, -3) respectively. If the gradient of
(f) K(-7, 9) and L(6, 9) PQ is equal to the gradient of PR, find the value of
k
The points A(0, 1), B(7, 1), C(6, 0), D(0, 5) and
E(6, 4) are shown in the diagram. 7. The points P(2, -3),Q(3, -2) and R(8,z) are
collinear, i.e. they lie on a straight line. Find the
value of z.
5 D(0, 5)
4 E(6, 4) 8. The line joining the points A(2, t) and B(7, 21 + 7)
3
has a gradient of 2. Find the possible values of t.

2t 9 The coordinates of the vertices of a square ABCD

1 B(7, 1) are A(0, 6), B(2, 1), C(7, 3) and D(5, 8).
A(0, 1) (1) Find the gradient of all 4 sides of ABCD.
2 3 4 5 6 7 (ii) What do you observe about the gradients of
the opposite sides of a square?
Find the gradient of each of the line segments AB,
AE, DC and DE.
3. If the
gradient ofthe line joining the points (-3, -7)
and (4, p) is 53 ,find the value of p.
4. The
coor
Tespectiv d
eli
yn. ate s of A and Bare (3kk, 8) and (k, -3)
Given that the gradient of the line
Segment AB is 3. fnd the value of k.

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Introductory
Problem
Revisited
anotherrlook at the Introductory Problem.
Let ustake
algebraic question, the same
Althoughthe problemof finding the minimum value of x'+ y' may seemlike an
question can be modelled as a geometry problem using ideas about coordinate geometry!
see that.x+y= 5is actually the equation of astraight line with x-intercept (5, 0) and
y-intercept (0, 5)?
First, can you
Fig. 5.8 below:
Thiscan be represented in Big ldea
(0, 5) Diagrams and Models
Mathematical diagrams such as
4
graphs in the Cartesian plane
P(xy) can help us to visualise the
2+ relationships between variables.
More importantly, a graph can
(0, 0) (5,0) represent an abstract algebraic
equation or expression visually
so that we can look at the same
problem in a different way. This
Fig. 5.8 allows us to model geometric
objects using equations and
Given that P(%, y) lies on the line x+y= 5, we see that the distance from Pto the then apply algebraicmethods
to obtain an algebraic solution,
origin isgiven by (x-0) +(y-0) =x+y' units. Therefore, the minimum value of before we interpret the solution
+y' is actually the shortest possible distance from P to the origin. geometrically.

0 Explain why the coordinates of P, when it is at a minimum distance from the origin, are (2.5, 2.5).
( Show that the minimum distance from Pto the origin, and hence the minimum value of x+y', isV2.
Insummary, this example demonstrates how an algebraic question can sometimes be recast as an equivalent
coordinate geometry problem! Hence, coordinate geometry can be seen as the bridge connecting algebra and
geometry.

Reflection

L What components doI require to determine the equation ofa straight line?
b What have I learnt in this section that I am still unclear of?

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 5C

Given that the line y==-x+ Cpasses throughthe 2. The point (-3, 3) lies on the line y = 4x + k. Find
point (1, 2), find the value of c. the value of k.

Coordinate Geometry oXFORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS
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 Exercise 5C

Find the equation of the straight line passing 7 The diagram shows AABC with vertices
through each of the following pairs of points. B(1, 3)and C(5, 5).
A(1, 1),
(a) A(0, 0) and B(1,-1)
(b) C(1,3) and D(2, 5)
(c) E(2, 4) and F(-2,3)
(d) G(-6, -5) and H(4, 4)
(e) I(-2, -4) and J(1, -7)
(f) K(-7, -5) and L(-1, -1)
(g) M(8, 0)and N(-9, 0)
(h) O(0, 0) and P(0, 7)

4. Find the equation of each of the following straight

lines, given the gradient and the coordinates of a
point that lies on it.

(a) (0, 0) (b) 3, (1, 1)

(c) -3, (2, -5) (a) z(6.7) Find

(e) 0, (5, 4) (t) a, (0, a) (i) the area of AABC,
(ii) the gradient of the line passing through B
and C
Write down the equation of the straight line which
passes through the origin and with gradient 2. (ii) the equation of the line passing through
Aand C

In each of the following diagrams, find the gradient

and the y-intercept of the line where possible. State 8. The lines 2x -5= ky and (k + 1)x =6y -3 have the
the equation of each line. same gradient. Find the possible values of k.
(a) (b)
9. Given the line +

() make ythe subject of theformula +=,

32
1.5 (ii) find the gradient of the line,
(ii) find the coordinates of the point at which the
line cuts the x-axis.
(c) (d)
which
10, (1) Find the equation of the straighttline
passes through the point (-3, 5) and with
2
0 gradient - 3
(ii) Given that the line in part (i) also passts
0 through the point (p, 3), find the value of P.

P CoordinateGeometr
CHAPTER 5 OXFORD
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A WNIVERsITY oRESS
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 5C

l1. Findthe equation of the straight line passing 15) Tf the line mx = ny + 2 has the same gradient as the
throughthe point (3, -2) and having the sanme x-axis, find the value of m. State the condition for
gradient as the line 2y = 5x + 7.
the line to be parallel to the y-axis instead.
12 () Find the equation of the straight line which 6,) The equation of the line lis 3x + 4y = 24. It crosses
passes through the point (3, 1) and with the x-axis at the point A and the y-axis at the
gradient 3. point B. Find
(ii) Hence, find the coordinates of the point of (i) the coordinates of A and of B,
intersection of the line in part (i) with the line (iü) the length of the line segment AB,
y=1. OPEY (i) the equation of the line OC, where O is the
origin and the point Cis equidistant from the
13. The line lhas equation 5x + 6y+ 30= 0. Given that coordinate axes,
Pis the point (3, -1), find OPEN (iv) the coordinates of the point C given that Calso
(i) the coordinatesof the point where lcrosses the lies on the line .
X-axis,
(ii) the coordinates of the point of intersection of l 17.) The coordinates of the points P and Q are (2, 3) and
with the line x = 2, (9, 5) respectively.
(ii) theequation of the line passing through P and (i) Find the coordinates of the point where the
having the same gradient as , line passing through Pand Qintersects the
(iv) the equation of the line passing through Pand X-axis.
having a gradient of 0. (iü) Given that y =5 is the line of symmetry of
APQR, find the coordinates of R.
14. Astraight line passes through the points A(0, 3) (iüi) Calculate the length of PQ.
and B(3, 12). (iv) Hence, find the length of the perpendicular
(a) Find from R to PQ.
(i) the gradient of the line l,
(ü) the equation of the line .
(6) The line x = 3 is the line of symmetry of AABC.
Find the coordinates of C.

54 Midpoint of aline segment

In this section, we will learn howto determine the coordinates of the midpoint of a Recall

line sSegment, when the coordinates of itstwo end points are given. What is the difference between
a line and a line segment
For a number line in one dimension, the number exactly halfway between -l and 4 (which you have learnt in
Sections 5.1-5.3)? Can you find
-1+4 the midpoint of a line? How
2 = 1.5. This number 1.5 is the mid-value of -l and 4. It is found by taking about the midpoint of a line
ne average of-1 and 4. segment? Explain your answer.

Coordinate Geometry OXFORD

UNIVEASITY PRISS
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139
P
A
G
E
 Practise Now 1O
ABCD is a parallelogram. The coordinates of A, B andCare (-3, 5), (2, 7) and (4, 6)
Similar and respectively. Find
Further Questions
(i) the coordinates of D,
Exercise5D (ii) the length of the diagonal BD.
Questions 3, 5-79
10 2. The line 5x + y= 17 intersects the curve 5x+ y= 49 at the points P
and Q.
(i) Find the coordinates of the midpoint of PQ.
(ii) Calculate the length of PQ.

Class
Finding 4th vertex of quadrilateral
Discussion
, Use another method in Worked Example 10 part (i) to find the coordinates of D. Which method is more efficient?
2. Given any three vertices of aparallelogram, we can use the formula for the midpoint to obtain the fourth
vertex. Can this rulebe applied to a square, a rectangle, a rhombus, a trapezium and a kite?Explain.

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 5D

Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line (b) Use twodifferent methods to explain why
segment joining each of the following pairs of points. F(-6, 1)is not the midpoint of the line
(a) (1, 1l) and (7, 3) segment joining the points P(-7, -1) and
(b) (3, -2) and (-2, 7) Q(-5, 5).
(c) (4, 4) and (8, 4)
(d) (0, -2) and (0, 6) 5. Three of the vertices of a rhombus PRQS are
(e) (2a + b, 3b - a) and (b- a, 2a b) P(1, -2),R(5, 0) and Q(7, 4). Find the fourth
() (ah', 2ah) and (ak?, 4ak) vertex S.

2 6. The line y = x+ 2 intersects the curve y=+ 5x-3

In each of the following, M is the midpoint of PQ.
Find the coordinates of Q. at the points P and Q. Find the coordinates of the
(a) M(5, 0) and P(-5, 0) midpoint of PQ.
(6) M(3, -7) and P(3, -10)
(c) M(6, 2) and P(1, 1) 7. Given that the line x + 2y = 5 meets the curve
(d) M(0, -3) and P(4, -1) 5x + 4y=29- 12x at the points A and B,
(1) find the coordinates of the midpoint of AB,
Three of the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are (ii) calculate the length of AB.
A(-3, 1), B(4, 9) and C(I1, -3). Find
6) the midpoint of the diagonal AC, 8, ABCD is a rectangle.
(ii) the fourth vertex D. (a) How will the midpoint of AC change when the
rectangle is moved 4 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis?
(a) Explain why E(k, 4) is not the midpoint of the
linesegment joining the points P(k, 5.5) and
Qk, 7).What can you say about the points E,
Pand Q?
P

Coordinate Geometry OXFORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS
CHAPTER 5
143 G
E
 Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 5D

(b) The coordinates of Aand Care (h, k) and B(8, 6)

(m, n) respectively. Given that the rectangle
is moved k units in the negative direction of A(-2, 2) \Q
the y-axis and then k units in the negative C(10, 1)
R
direction of the x-axis, find an expression, in
terms of h, k, m and n, for the midpoint of AC. (i) Given that PQ produced meets the x-axis at R.
find the coordinates of R.
The diagram shows a triangle ABC with vertices at (ii) IsQthe midpoint of PR? Explain your answer.
A(-2, 2), B(8, 6) and C(10, 1). P and Q are the
midpoints of AB and AC respectively. PQ is parallel 10.) In APQR, the midpoints of the sides PQ, QR and
to BC.
PR are A(-2, 3), B(5, -1) and C(-4, -7)
respectively. Find the coordinates of P, Qand R.

(55) Parallel and perpendicular lines

In Book 2, we learnt that the gradient of a line is a measure of how steep the line is. It is the ratio of the vertical
vertical change
change (or rise) to the horizontal change (or run): gradient = horizontal Or
rise
change rn
In Section 5.2, we have also learnt how to calculate the gradient of a line segment joining (x,, y,) and

In this section, we willexplore the relationship between the gradient of aline and the angle of inclinationBmade by
the line with the positive direction of the x-axis.

Investigation Angle of inclination

Fig. 5.11 shows two lines I, and l,.

Big ldea

7 Diagrams
The graph is useful to help
6 us visualise the relationship
between the gradient of aline
and its angle of inclination.
3

4 3 -2 -1 5 6

Fig. 5.11
CHAPTER 5 CoordinateGeometry
G144 OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
actiseNow 13 The coordinates of three points are O(0, 0), A(5, 1) and B(p,q).
OPEN Find a possible set of
nilarand values of pand qif OA is perpendicular to OB.
rtherQuestions
rercise5E
vestions 6,14

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 5E

The coordinates of four points are O(0, 0), A(2, 3k), 8. Explain whether the two lines with equations
B(4k, 6) and C(10k, 7). Find the value(s) of k if 3y - 2x= 4and 4x =6y -8are parallel toeach other.
() OA isparallel to BC,
(i1) the points O, Aand Bare collinear. 9. Show that P(-1, 3), Q(6, 8) and R(11, 1) are the
vertices of an isosceles triangle. Is APQR a
The coordinates of three points are A(1, 1), right-angled triangle? Give reasons for your
B(-1, 4)and C(6, k). Find the value of k if AB is answer.
perpendicular to BC.
10. Given that Ais the point (0, 4) and Bis (6,6), find
3. The vertices of AABC are at A(-1, -3), B(2, 3) and (a) the coordinates of point Con the x-axis such
C(k + 5, k). Find the value of k ifAB is that AB = BC,
perpendicular to BC. (b) the coordinates of point D on the y-axis such
that LABD = 90°.
The coordinates of three points are A(-1, -6),
B(3, -12) and C(k, 6). Find the value of k if 11. The linex + 3y = lintersects the curve
i) ABis perpendicular to AC, 5y = 20 -3x- x* at the points P and Q. Given that
(i) A, Band C are collinear. the equations of ABand CD are y - 3x= 4 and
3y + x= 4, what can you say about the lines
(a) AB and PQ? (b) CD and PQ?
Explain whether the following pairs of lines are
parallel, perpendicular or neither.
(a) y=7x + 14 andy =7x+ 16 12. Give two reasons why 3x + y= 8 is not the
perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining
(b) y= 4x -7 and y=
4 x+5 (-4, 1) and (8, 7).
(C) y=-2x +2 and 2y =x+6
(d) x+ 2y =6 andy= 3x - 8 13. The coordinates of three points are A(-1, -3),
B(2, 3)and C(6, k). If ABis perpendicular to BC,
Ine coordinates of three points are A(m, n), B(4, 6) find
R and C(5,3). Find an example of the values of m and (1) the value of k,
nif AB is perpendicular to BC. (iü) the gradient ofAC,
7
(iii) the acute angle that AC makes with the x-axis.
POnt Pis equidistant from R(-2,4) and S(6, -4)
and its X-Coordinate is twice its y-coordinate. 14. The coordinates of three points are O(0, 0), P(a, b)
(1) Find the coordinates of P. and Q(c, d). Find an example of the values of a, b,c
(i) Hence, explain why P, Rand Sare not collinear. OPEN and d if OP is perpendicular to OQ.

Coordinate Geometry
P

OXFORD CHAPTER 5 A
UNIVERSITY PAESS 149 G
 Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 5E

15. Use two methods to determine whether the four 16.) Use two methods to determine whether the four
points (2, 1), (-1, -5), (1, 5) and (-2, -1) are the points (5, 8), (7, 5), (3,5) and (5, 2) are the vertices
vertices of a parallelogram, showing your working of arhombus, showing your working clearly.
clearly.

Equation of astraight line involving parallel

(56) and perpendicular lines
In this section, we shallapply what we have learnt in Sections 5.3 and 5.5 to find the equation of a straight line,
which is either parallel or perpendicular to another line.

Worked Equation of non-vertical line PEN

Example Find theequation of the line l that passes through the points A(1, 2) and B(3, 8).
Hence, write down a possible equation of a line that is perpendicular to .
14
"Solution
Gradient of AB = 2 1

8-2
3-1
=3

Equation of line lis y-y, =m(x- x)

y-2=3(x- 1)
y= 3x-3+2
y=3x1

.. apossible equation of a line that is

perpendicular to lis y = 2.
Practise Now 14 1, Find the equation of the line Iwith gradient 2 and
Similar and OPEN Hence, writedown a possible equation of a line thatpassing
is
through (1, 4).
Further Questions
Exercise 5F
perpendicular to l.
2. Find the equation of the line
Questions 1a), (b), passing through the point
2la)-(d), (a) (2, 7) and perpendicular toy= x+ 5,
3a)-(d), (b) (-2, 3) and perpendicular to 2y + x = 2,
4, 6,7
(c) (4, -9) and parallel to 3y + 2x + 5 = 0,
(d) (-5, -2) and parallel to 6x = 2y - 7.

P
A CHAPTER 5 Coordinate Geometry
E
G150 OXFORD
UNIVEHSITY PRESS
 Whatinformation do I need to find the equation of a
basedonthe type of information given? straight line? Can I describe the strategy that I
would use

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise SF

(a) Find the equation of the line Iwith gradient 6.

3and passing through (-2, 8). Hence, write Find the equation of the line that is parallel to
bPEN
down a possible equation of a line that is 2y-x=7 and bisects the line segment joining the
perpendicular to l. points (3, 1) and (1, -5).
(b) Find the equation of the line l with gradient 7. Given that the x-intercept of a line is
1 twice its
and passing through (7, -3). Hence, write y-intercept and that the line passes through the
down a possible equation of a line that is point of intersection of the lines 3y +x=3 and
parallel to , 4y-3x = 5,find the equation of this line.
8. A rhombus ABCD is such that the coordinates of
Find the equation of the line passing through
(a) A(2, -1)and B(5, 5), A and Care (0, 2) and (12, 8) respectively. Find the
(b) C(1, -4) and D(0, 6), equation of the perpendicular bisector of AC and
of BD.
(c) E(7, 3) and F(-3, 3),
(d) G(-9, -2) and H(-9, 8).
9 The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD where A
is (6, 1), Blies on the x-axis and C is (1, 3). The
Find the equation of the line passing through
the point diagonal BD bisects ACat right angles at M. Find
(a) (-2, 5) and parallel tothe line 3y + 7= 29, (i) the equation of BD,
(iü) the coordinates of B,
(0) (-1,-6) and perpendicular to the line (ii) the coordinates of D such that ABCD is
42 - 7y = 5,
(c) (4, 8) and parallel to the line 3x +y= 17, a parallelogram.
(a) (2, -3) and perpendicular to the line D
y+ 2x = 13. C(1, 3)

Find the equation of the line segment joiningthe

Points whose x-coordinates on the curve y = 2x - 3 A(6, 1)
are -1 and 1.
B
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of
the line segment joining the points
(a) (0, -2) and (2, 0), (b) (1, 8) and (2, 3),
C) (0, -7) and (6, -7), (d) (5, -4) and (5, 9).

Coordinate Geometry OXFORD

UNIVERsITY PAE$s
CHAPTER 5
153
P
 Exercise 5F:

10. The coordinates of three points are A(4,0), 12. In the diagram, the coordinates of
B(-3, 1) and C(-2, 8). and Care A(-3, 1), B(6, 3) and C(1, 8). three points A, B
C(1, 8)
C(-2,8) D D

B(6, 3)
A(-3, 1)

B(-3, 1) (i) Find the gradient of BC and ofAB.

A(4, 0) (ii) If H is thepoint on the y-axis such that B. c
and H are collinear, find the
(i) Find the equation of the line segment joining coordinates of H
(iii) Find the coordinates of the point Dsuch that
the points A(4, 0) and C(-2, 8). ABCD is a parallelogram.
(ii) Explain why AB = BC and that ZABC = 90°, (iv) Find the equation of the perpendicular
showing your working clearly. bisector of BC.
(iii) IfA, B andCare the three vertices of asquare,
find the coordinates of the fourth vertex, D. 13. The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle ABC
(iv) Hence, or otherwise, calculate the area of are A(1, 2), B(6, 7) and C(7, 2). Find the equations
the square. of the perpendicular bisectors of
(a) AB, (b) BC.
11. The vertices of AABC are at A(1, 5), B(4, 4) and
Hence, find the coordinates of the point equidistant
C(8, 6). Given that P is the foot of the perpendicular from A, Band C.
from A to CBproduced, find
(i) the equation of AP, 14.) The coordinates of the points P and Qare P(-1, 10)
(iü) the coordinates of P, and Q(2, 4).
(iii) the lengths of AP, BC andAC,
(iv) the area of AABC,
R
(v) the length of the perpendicular from Bto AC.
P(-1, 10)

C(8, 6)
A(15) Q(2, 4)
H
B(4, 4)
(i) Find the equation of the perpendicular
bisector of the line joining P and Q.
PQcutsthe
(ii) If the perpendicular bisector of respectively,
x- and y-axes at points Hand K answer
your
calculate the length of HK, giving
correct to one decimal place. 0sa
PRÌH
suchthat.
(iüi) Find the coordinates of R
parallelogram.
(iv) Show that PROH is a rhombus.
CoordinateGeometr)

CHAPTER 5
G154 OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PAESS